放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响

静态箱-气相色谱法用于测定内蒙古典型草原温室气体排放.禁牧草原及放牧草原吸收CH₄、排放N₂O和CO₂各自有其相对固定的季节变化形式,草原和大气交换温室气体通量的季节变化形式主要受年度气候变化所控制,而土壤、植被类型、降雨量等禁牧因素和放牧强度等人为因素仅影响排放强度.与禁牧草原相比,自由放牧降低了羊草草原对CH4的吸收和对N₂O的排放,但大大增加了CO₂的排放量.随着放牧强度的增加,草原温室气体排放强度呈线性迅速增长.     

淡水沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量年际变化及其对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法自2002～2004年连续3a观测了三江平原淡水沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放特征及外源氮素输入条件下温室气体通量的变化.结果表明,三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体排放具有明显的季节及年际变化规律.其中生态系统呼吸CO₂排放的最大值[779.33～965.40 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在7、8月份,CH4通量最大值[19.19～30.52 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在8月,N₂O通量最大值[0.072～0.15 mg·(m·h)^-1]出现在5月和9月,3种温室气体通量最小值CO₂为2.36～18.73 mg·(m·h)^-1;CH₄为-0.35～0.59 mg·(m·h)^-1;N₂O为-0.032～-0.009 mg·(m·h)^-1大都出现在冬季,且冬季淡水沼泽湿地表现为N2O的吸收.对气候因子的分析发现,温度条件是影响淡水沼泽湿地温室气体排放通量季节性变化的主要因子,而降水和积水水位变化是影响其排放年际变化的关键因素,特别是降水对CH₄排放通量的影响较其它2种温室气体更显著,且冬季雪融水对夏季CH₄的排放起重要作用.CO₂和CH4排放与土壤温度(5cm)呈显著的指数相关关系,而N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和水深相关性不显著.氮输入促进了三江平原CO₂、CH₄和N₂O 3种主要温室气体的排放,与对照处理相比,其排放通量分别升高了34%,145%和110%.     

水分管理与秸秆施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

2000年6~10月在南京近郊江宁区实施大田试验.主要研究了水稻生长季常规灌溉和连续淹水条件下有机质(小麦秸杆)不同施用量(0,2.25,4.5t/hm2)对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在连续淹水条件下,CH4排放量与秸杆施用量成正比,N2O排放与秸杆施用量成反比.烤田的N2O的排放量在施用2.25t/hm2秸杆与对照之间无明显差异,但施用4.5t/hm2秸杆处理其N2O的排放量仅为对照或施用2.25t/hm2秸杆处理下的13%左右.综合考虑水稻生长季CH4和N2O排放的全球增温潜势(GWP),在增加有机质的施用量(如按4.5t/hm2施用量秸杆还田)的情况下,烤田的GWP只占连续淹水处理的60%,是减少稻田CH4和N2O综合温室效应的一种有效措施.     

我国农田土壤的主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O排放研究

讨论土壤主要温室体ＣＯ２,ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ的排放过程,计算我国农田生态系统排放ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ的总量。１９９０年,中国地区ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ农田排放源强分别是２６０ＴｇＣＯ２,１７．５ＴｇＣｈ４和０．０９６ＴｇＮ,它们占我国相应这些气体排放量的８％,５０％和１０％,论述了温室气体浓度增加可能以农业产生的影响及应采取的控制对策。     

单次降水对高寒草地温室气体通量昼夜变化的影响研究

在全球变化背景下,青藏高原降水格局发生改变,并影响高寒草地温室气体排放.为了更好地认识降水变化与高寒草地温室气体排放的关系,在2015年7月24日,通过人工降水6.7 mm,研究了单次降水对高寒草地温室气体昼夜变化的影响.表明:(1)单次降水没有改变土壤温度,但显著增加了土壤湿度;(2)单次降水后24小时内,高寒草地CH4吸收量降低了2.46倍,CO2和N2 O排放量分别提高15.3%和98.9%;(3)单次降水弱化了高寒草地CH4和N2 O排放量与土壤温度的关系.     

季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放动态

三江平原季节性冻-融时间长达7～8个月,对沼泽湿地温室气体排放有重要影响.采用静态箱/气相色谱法研究了三江平原冻、融期沼泽湿地温室气体排放特征,表明三江平原不同类型沼泽湿地冬季都有明显的CH₄和CO₂排放,且冬季沼泽湿地CH₄排放量在全年CH₄排放中占有重要份额.融冻期沼泽湿地出现明显的CH₄和CO₂排放峰值,季节性积水沼泽化草甸CH₄和CO₂排放量大于常年积水沼泽湿地,而冬季常年积水沼泽湿地CH₄排放通量大于季节性积水沼泽化草甸.融冻期CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(5cm)呈指数相关关系(R²=0.912,p<0.001),沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与CH₄通量间也呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.751,p<0.001).冬季三江平原沼泽湿地是N₂O的汇,融冻期随着土壤温度升高逐渐成为N₂O的源,且在5月份沼泽湿地表层土壤(0～20cm)融冻期间N₂O排放通量明显增大.三江平原土壤冻、融期间沼泽湿地温室气体的排放特征,反映了冬季微生物活性的存在及融冻作用对土壤碳矿化和氮硝化、反硝化作用有重要影响.     

江苏省温室气体排放研究

根据IPCC Guidelines(1995)提供的方法,对1990年江苏省温室气体排放清单统计计算,分析该地区能源、工业及农业CO_2、CH_4等温室气体排放量的状况.江苏省年人均排放CO_2为1970kg、CH_4为22.65kg、N_2O为0.11kg,与全国平均水平接近、为全球均值一半.能源消耗是江苏省各项活动中CO_2的排放主要因素,占总排放量的91.6%;CH_4的排放主要来自水稻田,占总排放量的44.1%.     

Long-term reduction potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases

A methodology is presented here to assess the potential long-term contribution of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in mitigation scenarios. The analysis shows the future development of the mitigation potential of non-CO₂ gases (as a function of changes in technology and implementation barriers) to represent a crucial parameter for the overall costs of mitigation scenarios. The recently developed marginal abatement cost curves for 2010 in the EMF-21 project are taken as the starting point. First-order estimates were made of the future maximum attainable reduction potentials and costs on the basis of available literature. The set of MAC curves developed was used in a multi-gas analysis for stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 550 ppm CO₂-equivalent. Including future development for the non-CO₂ mitigation options not only increases their mitigation potential but also lowers the overall costs compared to situations where no development is assumed (3–21% lower in 2050 and 4–26% lower in 2100 in our analysis). Along with the fluorinated gases, energy-related methane emissions make up the largest share in total non-CO₂ abatement potential as they represent a large emission source and have a large potential for reduction (towards 90% compared to baseline in 2100). Most methane and nitrous oxide emissions from landuse-related sources are less simple to abate, with an estimated abatement potential in 2100 of around 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

Greenhouse gas scenarios for Austria: a comparison of different approaches to emission trends

In the present paper, national and externally organized projections of greenhouse gas emissions for Austria were compared to gain insight on the underlying scenario data assumptions. National greenhouse gas emission trends extend until 2030, an assessment of European Union (EU) countries to 2050. In addition, data for 2000–2100 was extracted from the global emission database described by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). By identifying trends in these projections, it was possible to produce (a) a long-term assessment of national scenarios until 2100, (b) an assessment of the ambition level toward national climate strategies, and (c) a standardized method to compare trends across countries. By extracting RCP data, Austrian’s methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide emissions up to 2100 could be projected for all sources as well as specific sectors. With respect to the RCP scenario emission data, national projections did not seem to employ the mitigation potentials available for the most stringent RCP scenario, RCP2.6. Comparing projections that supported the EU Climate Strategy 2030 with national projections revealed similar trends. Because RCP2.6 is the only scenario consistent with a 2 °C global warming target, and it is much more ambitious than any of the national or European projections, further measures will be required if Austria is to adequately contribute to this widely accepted policy goal.     

Emissions Scenarios Database and Review of Scenarios

This paper reviews and analyzes more than 400 scenarios of global and regional greenhouse gas emissions and their main driving forces - population, economy, energy intensity, and carbon intensity - drawn from an extensive literature survey and summarized in a database. This new and growing database is available online, which makes summary statistics on these scenarios widely available. The scenarios in the database were collected from almost 200 different literature sources and other scenario evaluation activities. The ultimate objective of the database is to include all relevant global and regional emissions scenarios. This paper shows how the database can be utilized for the analysis of greenhouse gas emissions ranges across the scenarios in the literature and for the analysis of their main driving forces. The scenarios in the database display a large range of future greenhouse gas emissions. Part of the range can be attributed to the different methods and models used to formulate the scenarios, which include simple spreadsheet models, macroeconomic models and systems-engineering models. However, most of the range is due to differences in the input assumptions for the scenarios, in particular of the main scenario driving forces. Special emphasis is given to an analysis of medians and ranges of scenario distributions and the distributions of the main scenario driving forces in the database. The analysis shows that the range for projected population increase in the world, across the scenarios in the database, is the smallest of all main driving forces (about a factor of 3 in 2100). The range of economic growth, measured by the gross world product, and the range of primary energy consumption vary by a factor of 10 in 2100. Carbon intensity of energy, an indicator of the degree of technological change, varies by nearly two orders of magnitude in the year 2100. In addition, this paper presents the first attempt to analyze the relationships among the main scenario driving forces. Subsequent papers in this special issue give further analyses of the relationships among the main scenario driving forces and their other relevant characteristics.     

江苏省温室气体排放清单基础研究

随着气候问题日益严峻,温室气体排放清单编制已经成为温室气体研究的一项重要的基础工作。本文概述了中国温室气体清单编制的发展情况,并重点介绍了江苏省能源部门温室气体排放清单编制基础工作,包括江苏省温室气体排放清单编制计算方法和步骤,江苏省温室气体排放清单及数据来源等。江苏省能源部门温室气体清单编制主要统计二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮三种最主要的温室气体,将为国家及其他省份相关研究提供参考。     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

农业生态系统和大气间的温室效应气体交换

农业生态系统是温室效应气体的一个重要的源和汇.主要的温室效应气体直接或者间接的与这个系统有关,自然植被的破坏和土地的农业利用,包括稻田种植面积的扩大和氮肥的大量使用既增加了二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮等主要温室效应气体的释放,又减少了土壤对甲烷的吸收.本文还讨论了土壤过程与温室效应气体释放和吸收的关系以及影响上述过程的因素.     

耕作制度对川中丘陵区冬灌田CH4和N2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法连续2 a田间原位测定,研究川中丘陵区冬灌田CH₄和N₂O的排放特征和不同耕作制度对冬灌田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,1a只种1季中稻冬季灌水休闲的冬灌田(PF),在水稻生长期,CH₄平均排放通量为(21.44±1.77)mg·(m²·h)^-1,非水稻生长期为(3.77±0.99)mg·(m²·h)^-1,分别大大低于以前文献报道的在西南其它地方观测值;全年CH₄排放量以水稻生长期CH₄排放量为主,非水稻生长期CH₄排放量仅占全年总排放量的23.2%.冬灌田N₂O排放通量年均值为(0.051±0.008)mg·(m²·h)^-1,且主要集中在水稻生长季,非水稻生长期N₂O排放量仅占全年总排放量的8.1%.在采用水旱轮作制后,冬灌田CH₄排放量大大降低,稻-麦轮作(RW)和稻-油菜轮作(RR)全年CH₄排放量分别为PF的43.8%和40.6%.但冬灌田改为水旱轮作制后,N₂O排放量显著增大,RW和RR的N₂O年排放量分别是PF的3.7倍和4.5倍.综合考虑冬灌田在采用不同耕作制度后排放CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP),无论是短时间尺度还是长时间尺度,采用3种耕作制度全年所排放的CH₄和N₂O所产生的综合GWP都为:PF RW≈RR.在20a、100a和500a时间尺度上,PF分别约是RW和RR的2.6、2.1和1.7倍.冬灌田改为水旱轮作制度后能大大减少CH₄和N₂O所产生的综合GWP.     

Greenhouse gases fluxes and soil thermal properties in a pasture in central Missouri

Fluctuations of greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties occur at short spatial and temporal scales, however, results are often reported for larger scales studies. We monitored CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes and soil temperature (T), thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and thermal di usivity (D) from 2004 to 2006 in a pasture. Soil air samples for determination of CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations were collected from static and vented chambers and analyzed within two hours of collection with a gas chromatograph. T, K, R and D were measured in-situ using a KD2 probe. Soil samples were also taken for measurements of soil chemical and physical properties. The pasture acted as a sink in 2004, a source in 2005 and again a sink of CH4 in 2006. CO2 and CH4 were highest, but N2O as well as T, K and D were lowest in 2004. Only K was correlated with CO2 in 2004 while T correlated with both N2O (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001) and CO2 (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001) in 2005. In 2006, all gases fluxes were significantly correlated with T, K and R when the data for the entire year were considered. However, an in-depth examination of the data revealed the existence of month-to-month shifts, lack of correlation and di ering spatial structures. These results stress the need for further studies on the relationship between soil properties and gases fluxes. K and R o er a promise as potential controlling factors for greenhouse gases fluxes in this pasture.     

乌鲁木齐市能源部门温室气体排放测算

文章为做好温室气体减排的前期基础研究工作,从乌鲁木齐市能源消耗现状出发,根据《IPCC指南》中的表观能源消耗量估算法及排放系数法,分别对煤炭、成品油和天然气消费所排放的CO2、CH4和N2O量进行测算和分析,结果表明:乌鲁木齐市能源部门温室气体排放量近几年增长非常迅速,且与能源消费量呈显著正相关;三大能源中,煤炭消费为温室气体排放的主要来源。     

Application of the ‘Climafor’ Approach to Estimate Baseline Carbon Emissions of a Forest Conservation Project in the Selva Lacandona,Chiapas, Mexico

We present a methodology for testing and applying a regional baseline for carbon (C) emissions from land-use change, using a spatial modelling approach (hereafter called the Climafor approach). The methodology is based on an analysis of causal factors of previous land-use change (Castillo et al. 2005). Carbon risk matrices constructed from the spatial correlation analysis between observed deforestation and driving factors (Castillo et al. 2005), are used to estimate future carbonemissions within acceptable limits for a forest conservation project. The performance of two risk matrices were tested by estimating carbon emissions between 1975 and 1996 from randomly selected sample plots of sizes varying from 1,600 to 10,000 ha and comparing the results of the observed emissions from these sample plots with the model estimations. Expected emissions from continued land-use change was estimated for the community applying the risk matrices to the current land cover. The methodology provides an objective means of constructing baseline scenarios including confidence intervals, using the sum of variances of the various data sources, such as measured carbon densities, classification errors, errors in the risk matrices, and differences between the model prediction and observed emissions of sample plots due to sample size. The procedures applied in this study also give an indication of the impact of the variance in the various data sources on the size of the confidence intervals, which allows project developers to decide what data sources are essential to improve his baseline. The modelling approach to estimate the deforestation pattern is based on readily available cartographic and census data, whereas data on carbon densities are required to assess the potential for forest conservation projects to offset carbon emissions.     

重点产业源增长对北部湾地区气态污染物模拟的影响

根据污染源普查资料制作北部湾地区2007年人为排放源清单,以及中期/远期参比情景(REF15/REF20)和远期调控情景(SCEi20)下的排放源清单.采用WRF-Chem模拟北部湾地区空气质量现状及未来变化.2007年SO2和NO2月平均质量浓度模拟值与监测值比较吻合.广东、广西(海南)地区污染物质量浓度较高(低)....     

同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物的去除及温室气体的释放

采用缺氧-好氧SBR反应器,研究了同步硝化反硝化(SND)工艺污水生物脱氮过程中污染物去除效果和温室气体(N2O,CH4和CO2)的释放情况.结果表明,与顺序式硝化反硝化工艺(SQND)的总氮去除率63.78%相比,SND大大地提高了总氮的去除,去除率达90.39%.同时,SND过程刺激了温室气体的释放,其温室气体释放总量为SQND的4.5倍.SND反应器N2O每周期释放量为34.28 mg,且主要集中于曝气阶段.而SQND过程N2O释放量仅为6.89mg,为SND过程的1/5.SND过程和SQND过程,每周期CO2的释放量分别为493.52,320.28mg.两反应器中CH4的释放量都很低,接近于零.