Carbon sequestration and soil microbes in purple paddy soil as affected by long-term fertilization

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration impacts on food security and climate change and may be affected by soil microbes in fertilized croplands. A 12-year field experiment under the rice–wheat system was used to evaluate the effect of the long-term fertilization on the SOC accumulation, culturable soil microbes, and their interaction in purple paddy soil. Results showed that varied fertilizations resulted in a significant increase of the SOC content and stock in the plow layer, as well as rise in populations of major soil microbes, including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared with no fertilization. Soil with combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment (pig manure or rice straw return) on average had the highest organic carbon content and stock, amounts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, which were 7.8%, 5.8%, 75.8%, 130.5%, and 16.2% higher than the NPK fertilization alone. Fertilization differentially altered populations of the functional anaerobic bacteria in paddy soil. With the combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment, soil displayed higher amounts of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria, anaerobic fermentative bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogen, methanogenic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and sulphate-reducing bacteria than that with the NPK fertilization alone or no fertilization. Populations of all three major soil microbes showed significantly positive correlations with the SOC content, indicating their interaction was of mutual promotion. Data suggest that the combined application of the NPK fertilizer with organic amendment especially by the rice straw return is recommended to sustain the soil biological fertility and mitigate the emission of the greenhouse gas by the SOC sequestration in purple paddy soil.     

Incorporation of pesticides by soil micro-organisms as a way of bound residues formation

We studied the ¹⁴C-tagged biochemical compartments such as proteins, lipids and polysaccharides from bacterial and fungal cultures supplied with ¹⁴C-pesticides and ¹⁴C-glucose. We showed that ¹⁴C incorporation depends both on the substrate structure and on the nature of the micro-organism. Both bacterial and fungal cells incorporated glucose ¹⁴C mainly into cell wall proteins. By contrast, glyphosate ¹⁴C was mainly incorporated into cytoplasm carbohydrates by fungi. On the other hand, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ¹⁴C was mainly found in the carbohydrate fractions of the bacteria walls.     

A sandy loam soil as a natural control for Pb contamination

The Pb (II) adsorption/desorption mechanism onto a natural sandy loam soil was studied by batch experiments at different pHs (3.0, 4.5, 6.0), at different ionic strength (0, 0.02 and 0.1 M) and with different electrolytes solutions of NaCl, NaAcO and NaNO₃. Pb was strongly adsorbed onto the soil due to the formation of a mix of inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexes. Experimental adsorption data fitted Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The desorption results with 0.1 M Mg (NO₃)₂ and 0.1 M NaAcO solutions corroborated the mechanisms proposed. The strong binding of Pb (II) to high affinity sites on soil minerals seems to be responsible for the extent of hysteresis. The sandy loam soil under study thus constitutes a natural control for Pb contamination.     

Spatial distribution of main forest soil groups in Croatia as a function of basic pedogenetic factors

The model of spatial distribution of main forest soil groups in Croatia was developed as a function of basic pedogenetic factors: lithological substratum, macroclimate and relief. Used data about soil group, lithological substratum, terrain slope and aspect were collected on 1881 soil profiles. Macroclimatic data were estimated for each soil profile by spatial interpolation between meteorological stations. Feedforward neural networks were used as modelling tool. The final model has total classification correctness of 63.5% for training data set and 62.3% for independent test data set. The best result (86.4%) was achieved for fluvisols which are strongly spatially correlated with alluvial sediment in a flood plains. The worst result was achieved for luvisol (14.2%) which mainly comprised very old soils, probably developed under pedogenetic factors different from actual. The model was applied on entire Croatian territory aiming at construction of potential spatial distribution of main forest soils (without human impact), which was compared by the potential spatial distribution of major forest types modelled independently.     

阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤磷酸酶的影响

通过室内恒温培养法，研究除草剂阿特拉津对4种长期定位施肥处理下的土壤的磷酸酶活性的影响。试验结果表明，在阿特拉津质量分数不同和处理时间长短不同的情况下，阿特拉津对土壤磷酸酶的活性既有激活作用又有抑制作用。在试验过程中，4种不同肥力的土壤其磷酸酶活性随着处理时间的延续而呈现出“降低→升高→降低→升高”的消长趋势。不同阿特拉津质量分数对磷酸酶的影响没有规律，同一质量分数处理既有激活作用，也有抑制作用。在4种不同肥力的土壤中，磷酸酶活性最高的是以氮、磷、钾无机肥配合有机肥施用的土壤。     

施肥与设施栽培措施对土壤微生物区系的影响

微生物肥料的施用能显著增加土壤中放线菌的数量，而降低细菌和霉菌的数量；施用有机肥对土壤微生物有较大的影响，其中，有机肥与无机肥，有机肥与生物肥配合施用的影响尤为明显，与对照相比，土壤中细菌数量分别增加109．8％和405．0％，放线菌数量分别增加320．3％和215．0％，而真菌数量分别降低44．0％和47．2％。大棚栽培条件下土壤微生物数量高于露地；在大棚中，种植年限长的土壤微生物数量低于种植年限短的。     

Unexpected control of soil carbon turnover by soil carbon concentration

Soils are a key component of the terrestrial carbon cycle as they contain the majority of terrestrial carbon. Soil microorganisms mainly control the accumulation and loss of this carbon. However, traditional concepts of soil carbon stabilisation failed so far to account for environmental and energetic constraints of microorganisms. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that these biological limitations might have the overall control on soil carbon stability. In a long-term experiment, we incubated ¹³C-labelled compost with natural soils at various soil carbon concentrations. Unexpectedly, we found that soil carbon turnover decreased with lower carbon concentration. We developed a conceptual model that explained these observations. In this model, two types of particles were submitted to random walk movement in the soil profile: soil organic matter substrate and microbial decomposers. Soil carbon turnover depended only on the likelihood of a decomposer particle to meet a substrate particle; in consequence, carbon turnover decreased with lower carbon concentration, like observed in the experiment. This conceptual model was able to simulate realistic depth profiles of soil carbon and soil carbon age. Our results, which are simply based on the application of a two-step kinetic, unmystify the stability of soil carbon and suggest that observations like high carbon ages in subsoil, stability of carbon in fallows and priming of soil carbon might be simply explained by the probability to be decomposed.     

施用营养型土壤改良剂对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应

探讨了营养型土壤改良剂(简称改良剂)对水稻产量、土壤酸度、土壤养分、土壤肥力和土壤物理性能的效应。连续2年4造水稻试验结果表明,施用改良剂比对照稻谷产量增加8.6%~11.3%(平均10.3%),增产达极显著水平,并且有良好后效。施用土壤改良剂具有提高pH,降低活性Al,增加N、P、K有效养分和代换性K、Ca和Mg的效果。     

长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征

为探讨长期施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化及其与土壤肥力的关系,该文对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明.土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰.土壤脲酶在玉米拔节期及成熟期出现两个活性高峰,土壤蔗糖酶在整个玉米生育期内活性变化幅度较小.长期施肥能明显提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,其中有机肥与化肥配施对于增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著.长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性.并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大.土壤酶之问及其与土壤养分因子之间具有明显相关性,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶及磷酸酶与土壤养分各因子均呈显著或极显著正相关,除碱解氮外,过氧化氢酶与其余各养分因子呈显著或极显著负相关.     

紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物活性和养分含量的影响

为探讨干旱地区种植紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物生物量及其活性和土壤养分的影响,选择河西走廊黑河流域国有临泽农场的草甸盐土荒地作为对照,研究了种植紫花苜蓿2、3、4年后的改土效果。结果表明：与CK相比,连续种植4年后,所测定的土壤化学性质和微生物化学性质指标都发生了极显著（P〈0.01）的有利变化,电导率下降5.96 mS.cm-1,pH下降0.25,有机碳增加1.50 g.kg-1,微生物生物量碳增加48.93 mg.kg-1,微生物熵上升0.43%,荧光素二乙酸酯水解率提高10.87μg.g-1.h-1,碱解氮增加17.37 mg.kg-1,速效磷增加2.87 mg.kg-1,速效钾增加44.93 mg.kg-1。相关分析表明,微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、荧光素二乙酸酯水解率、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾与土壤有机碳之间极显著（P〈0.01）正相关,相关系数分别为0.86、0.80、0.87、0.85、0.79、0.80,而与电导率之间极显著（P〈0.01）负相关,相关系数分别为-0.83、-0.79、-0.84、-0.86、-0.88、-0.78。研究认为,种植紫花苜蓿对草甸盐土有显著的改良效果,电导率下降,有机碳含量提高,微生物活性增强,速效养分含量增加。     

Balkan endemic nephropathy and aristolochic acid I: an investigation into the role of soil and soil organic matter contamination,as a potential natural exposure pathway

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are carcinogenic and nephrotoxic plant alkaloids present in Aristolochia species, used in traditional medicine. Recent biomolecular and environmental studies have incriminated these toxins as an etiological agent in Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), a severe kidney disease occurring in the Balkan Peninsula. The questions on how the susceptible populations are exposed to these toxins have not yet been clearly answered. Exposure to AAs through the food chain, and environmental pollution (soil/dust), could provide an explanation for the presence of BEN in the countries where no folkloric use of the plant has been documented (Bulgaria, Croatia). Additional exposure pathways are likely to occur, and we have shown previously that AAs can contaminate crop plants through absorption from soil, under controlled laboratory environment. Here, we attempt to provide additional support to this potential exposure pathway, by revealing the presence of AAI in soil and soil organic matter samples collected from BEN and non-BEN areas. The samples were processed in order to be analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and ion trap mass spectrometry. Our results showed the presence of AAI in small concentrations, both in BEN and non-BEN soils, especially where Aristolochia plants and seeds were present.     

生物修复PAHs污染土壤对酶活性的影响

在PAHs污染土壤生物修复过程中,以黑麦草、苜蓿为修复植物,固定化微生物菌剂为外源微生物,通过盆栽实验研究了不同处理对土壤酶活性的影响,以及酶活性与PAHs的去除效果之间的相关性。结果表明,植物修复、微生物修复及两者联合修复均显著提高了土壤PAHs的去除效果,其中黑麦草和苜蓿与微生物菌剂联合修复效果分别达到37.57%和38.41%,比单独的植物修复和菌剂修复高出一倍左右。各种生物修复同时促进了土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶及脲酶的活性,减少了过氧化氢酶活性。过氧化氢酶活性与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）、而脲酶与多酚氧化酶显著正相关（P〈0.05）。进一步分析表明PAHs的去除率与脱氢酶活性极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,与过氧化氢酶活性呈负相关（P=0.564）;因此,在PAHs污染土壤生物修复过程中,可以选择土壤脱氢酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性作为PAHs修复效率的微生态指示指标。     

耕作方式对土壤微生物和土壤肥力的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,对比研究了免耕+秸秆覆盖、旋耕+秸秆覆盖和传统耕作:三种耕作方式对土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和土壤肥力状况的影响.结果表明:秸秆覆盖对地温的影响存在"双重效应";土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率和土壤微生物量碳三者之间存在凸面关系;秸秆还田后耕作措施对土壤0～10和10～20 cm的微生物数量的影响不同,但均能增加土壤微生物量;土壤微生物能够加快秸秆中的有机碳向土壤有机质的转化速率;土壤微生物量碳可以作为反映土壤生产力状况的重要生物学指标之一.     

Vertical distributions of soil carbon and nitrogen fractions as affected by land-uses in the Ili River Valley

In this study, soil samples were collected to a depth of 100?cm from different land-uses, including maize field (MZ), wheat field (WT), paddy field (PD), apple orchard (OC), grassland (GL) and wetland (WL) in the Ili River Valley in northwest China, to investigate the effects of land-use on vertical distributions of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions, and examine whether such effects were different between topsoil (0–40?cm) and subsoil (40–100?cm). The results showed that soil organic C, water-extractable organic C, microbial biomass C, total N and microbial biomass N of croplands (MZ, WT, PD and OC) were significantly lower than those of natural lands (GL and WL) in both topsoil and subsoil, indicating that contents of soil C and N fractions can be reduced by agricultural land-uses, and the reductions are not limited to topsoil. However, the contents of soil ammonium N and nitrate N showed complex trends under different land-uses, possibly due to that the plant species and agricultural practices (e.g. application rate of fertiliser and irrigation) are considerably different among land-uses. Therefore, we suggest that more nutrient inputs should be applied to croplands to improve soil fertility in the Ili River Valley.     

岩溶表层带土壤温度和含水率对呼吸作用的影响

全球环境变化对岩溶区的碳循环产生重要的影响,而土壤呼吸作用在全球环境变化的影响和反馈的过程中具有十分重要的作用。因此,以岩溶区的岩溶表层带为研究对象,研究了土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度和大气降水量之间的响应机理和内在联系。研究结果表明：岩溶表层带的土壤呼吸作用具有单峰型的季节性变化特征。洼地0~5、10~20 cm 的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化分别为82.58 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、151.39 mg· m-2· h-1至523 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现在8月中旬。坡地0~5、10~20 cm的土壤呼吸速率在范围变化55.05 mg· m-2· h-1至412.89、137.63 mg· m-2· h-1至495.47 mg· m-2· h-1,最大值出现也在8月中旬。洼地的土壤呼吸作用相对强于坡地,主要是由于坡地土壤相对洼地土壤较薄并且容易被降水冲刷搬运。在大气降水量不成为限制土壤呼吸作用的因子下,土壤温度为主要控制土壤呼吸作用的因子。因此,该研究可为控制土壤呼吸作用缓和大气CO2的升高和温室效应应对策略,为国家固碳减排的科学决策提供理论依据。     

土壤与酸的反应时间对土壤酸度及土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响

用两种土壤研究土壤与酸的反应时间对土壤酸度及土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响。结果表明,土壤溶液pH随反应时间增加而增加,安徽红壤pH的增幅大于江西红壤。在pH3.0的HNO3溶液中,土壤溶液中的总铝及Al3 均随反应时间增加而减少,而在pH3．5的HNO3溶液中,土壤溶液中总铝及Al－F络合物先随反应时间的增加而减小．然后又有所增加。     

绿肥轮作对植烟土壤酶活性与微生物量碳和有机碳的影响

为探讨绿肥作物改良土壤的生态作用,试验以冬闲连作地为对照,在云南曲靖和晋宁烟草种植区,研究了小麦轮作收获后留根茬（20 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（麦-烟）,紫花苕子收获后留根茬（30 cm左右）翻压后种植烟草（绿-烟）及豆类轮作（豆-烟）收获后根茬及秸秆全部移除地外种植烟草的4种轮作模式,结果表明：绿-烟和豆-烟复种模式下,植烟生长期内根区土壤酶活性（SEA）、土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）及土壤有机碳（SOC）均高于麦-烟复种及冬闲连作地,并且差异达显著或极显著水平;不同复种模式的SMBC、SOC及SMBC/SOC间呈显著相关性,对提高土壤SEA、SMBC与SOC质量分数影响为：绿-烟〉豆-烟〉麦-烟〉冬闲地。研究认为,SEA及SMBC/SOC可作为评价轮作模式影响烟地红壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

干旱区土壤小麦根系界面Cd行为的环境影响研究——以甘肃省白银市区耕作灰钙土为例

通过大田环境-土壤-作物系统Cd行为的环境影响研究,初步发现,共存元素Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn对Cd元素在土壤-作物根系界面行为的影响表现为正效应,其影响顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni;pH值、粘粒、粗粉粒含量与根系Cd含量呈负相关;磷和砂粒含量与根系Cd含量呈正相关;细粉粒、粗粘粒、有机质和CEC     

Contaminant transport in an unsaturated soil: laboratory tests and numerical simulation model as procedure for parameters evaluation

In this paper, lab tests coupled to a semi-pilot test section are used to derive data for the calibration of a numerical model. The paper is aimed at proposing a set of experiments, which can be used to calibrate a numerical model before using it on defined soils. The complexity of the phenomenon of transport of reactive pollutants in soil has to be faced in the most complete way. The different behaviour of soil after wet/dry cycles with respect to the fluidodynamic characteristics and the importance to consider the local biomass behaviour in case of organic contaminant has been underlined. An optimal approach has to take into account all the different components and here a simple series of experimental procedure is presented. The sensitivity analysis of the numerical model has shown that its results are not so much dependent on the classical numerical aspects (time or space increments) but mainly on a set of parameters related to soil structure which must then be derived through a good calibration.