微波场协同提取金银花黄色素的正交工艺优化研究

目的是研究金银花黄色素的最佳提取工艺条件。采用正交试验法，以提取剂与原料用量比（A）、提取时间（B）、微波功率（C）和提取次数（D）4个因素，每个因素选取3个水平进行实验，提取次数与微波功率对提取有极显著影响。其最佳工艺条件为：提取剂为无水乙醇，提取剂与原料用量比为1：50（g／ml），提取时间为50s，微波功率为700W，提取次数为3次。     

从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白

本文分析了从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白的工艺条件。结果表明：以０７％ＮａＯＨ作提取剂,料比１∶７,于６０℃搅拌提取６ｈ,叶蛋白的提取率为８４１２％;再用（１＋１）ＨＣｌ调ｐＨ值为３５,即得叶蛋白沉淀。按上述工艺条件,叶蛋白得率（以蚕沙干物计）为１００９％,蛋白质含量为７６６８％,提高了蚕沙的综合利用价值     

超临界萃取葡萄籽原花青素的研究

葡萄籽中含有葡萄籽油和植物多酚类化合物——原花青素。研究了常温下以超临界萃取方式从葡萄籽中提取原花青素的方法，实验中甲醇或乙醇作为夹带剂可增加原花青素的萃取率。此外，对原花青素的测定方法进行了比较和实验。     

MBR中污泥脱氢酶活性测定方法的改进

以MBR中活性污泥为材料，以硫化钠为还原剂，丙酮为萃取剂，对传统TTC-脱氢酶活性测定法进行了改进，解决了标准曲线制作繁琐和稳定性差的缺点，并对测定中诸多影响因素进行了比较分析，确定了最佳实验条件。     

蚕沙中叶黄素的提取研究

研究了从蚕沙中提取叶黄素的方法,并通过紫外线对叶黄素进行了表征研究。结果表明:利用95%乙醇在常温下提取16h,石油醚作为萃取剂,叶黄素的提取效果较好,产率为0.4%。     

多花黄精总蛋白质提取工艺优化

对多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质的提取工艺进行了研究.在对料液比、离心转速、NaCl溶液的浓度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质提取的最佳工艺条件,即对多花黄精主根蛋白质的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.10mol/L、转速为2500r/min;须根蛋白的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.20 mol/L、转速为4500r/min.在相同的提取条件下,多花黄精主根与须根的蛋白质得率差异显著.须根中蛋白质的含量与主根的差异性不显著,须根的利用价值也很高,有待于进一步开发利用.     

棉籽饼粕脱毒作饲料蛋白质资源的现状与对策

1 引言棉籽饼粕是一种重要的蛋白质资源。我国是世界第一产棉大国,棉籽年拥有量约为500万 t。榨油后可得棉籽饼粕约300万 t,如果这些棉粕全部用作饲料蛋白质,可以多养6000万头猪或其它家禽;但长期以来,由于未彻底解决棉粕含毒物棉酚的工业化脱毒,含毒棉粕作饲料,对牲畜和家禽的肝脏及雄性生殖系统损害较大。因此,这一宝贵资源未能得到充分的利用,绝大多数棉粕仅作肥料使用。     

仿野生发菜的生产工艺研究

文章报道了以价廉的植物性资源(淀粉等)原料为主料、海藻酸钠为固型剂，添加蛋白质等食品添加剂，通过一定的工艺过程可制作仿野生发菜。最佳的生产工艺条件是：W海藻酸钠：W蛋白质：W淀粉=2：1：1，水与固体原料之和的重量比为16～20：1，制浆液的温度在70℃左右，出丝的温度在50℃以上，以叶绿素类色素与天然的红色素如高梁红色素一起调配，可得外观形态、颜色、营养价值、口感与天然野生发菜相接近的仿生发菜产品。该工艺投资小，生产成本低，可进行大规模工业化生产。     

从蓖麻粕中提取复合氨基酸

从蓖麻粕中提取复合氨基酸,研究水解反应中酸浓度、反应时间、温度等因素对氨基酸收率的影响。粗品收率为16．40％,纯度38．14％,测定了水解液中含有17种氨基酸,为蓖麻粕的综合利用开辟了一条新途径。     

甘肃党参中蛋白质的提取分析

实验采用盐溶法提取甘肃党参中蛋白质,用饱和(NH4) 2SO4溶液进行分级盐析、透析、浓缩后用SDS- PAGE分析,测定不同提取液中主要蛋白质的分子量.结果表明,用pH为6.0的PB缓冲液提取并用饱和度在60％以上的(NH4)2SO4溶液盐析时蛋白提取效果最好;经SDS- PAGE电泳后,初步鉴定出所提取党参蛋白质亚基中最大分子量为68885Da,最小分子量为15570Da.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.