面向社区的参与式灾害风险评估模型研究

以社区为基础的灾害风险评估是目前国际研究的热点问题.在对社区灾害风险评估的基本理论和特点分析的基础上,针对现有灾害风险评估模型的不足,构建了面向社区的参与式灾害风险评估模型(CBPDRAM),为提高我国社区灾害风险评估的科学性提供参考.     

Learning from others: the scope and challenges for participatory disaster risk assessment

This paper develops a framework based on procedural, methodological and ideological elements of participatory vulnerability and risk assessment tools for placing individual approaches within the wide range of work that claims a participatory, local or community orientation. In so doing it draws on relevant experience from other areas of development practice from which the disasters field can learn. Participatory disaster risk assessments are examined for their potential to be empowering, to generate knowledge, to be scaled up, to be a vehicle for negotiating local change and as part of multiple-methods approaches to disaster risk identification and reduction. The paper is a response to an international workshop on Community Risk Assessment organised by ProVention Consortium and the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University of Cape Town. The workshop brought together practitioners and academics to review the challenges and opportunities for participatory methodologies in the field of disaster risk reduction. In conclusion the contribution made by participatory methodologies to global disaster risk reduction assessment and policy is discussed.     

Revisiting Sphere: new standards of service delivery for new trends in protracted displacement

The proportion of people living in protracted displacement, as well as the duration of this displacement, is increasing. International humanitarian standards for services provided in protracted displacement are based on the Sphere Standards, which were formulated using evidence and experience from acute phase emergencies. However, the majority of protracted emergencies are in the post‐emergency phase. This paper discusses trends in displacement, outlines reasons why using the Sphere Standards as minimum standards of service provision in protracted displacement does not adequately meet the needs of these populations, and analyses areas where greater standards of service provision are necessary. An expansion of the evidence base regarding determinants of morbidity and mortality in protracted emergencies is needed. This, followed by a joint approach to designing new, effective standards focused on proactive policies, will allow the humanitarian community more appropriately to serve and enable the millions of people currently living in protracted displacement.     

HIV risk and prevention in emergency-affected populations: a review

While basic guidelines on HIV prevention in emergencies have been available for several years, international agencies involved in the provision of health services have not placed sufficient priority on the prevention of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in complex emergencies. This paper reviews the factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission in populations affected by complex emergencies and outlines recommendations for research and programmes. Research into the most appropriate methods of carrying out HIV surveillance and interventions in these settings is needed. In the post-emergency phase programmes need to be far more extensive than those offered under the Minimal Initial Services Package (MISP). While the potential for stigmatization represents an important constraint, there is a need to prioritize HIV/STI interventions in order to prevent HIV transmission in emergency-affected populations themselves, as well as to contribute to regional control of the epidemic.     

Control or rescue at sea? Aims and limits of border surveillance technologies in the Mediterranean Sea

The matter of boat migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, seeking to reach Europe, is interchangeably defined as a ‘security issue', requiring stricter border controls, and as a humanitarian issue with corresponding rescue and protection requirements. This paper seeks to understand what role various surveillance technologies, such as radar, satellites, and unmanned aerial vehicles, can play in this respect (legally and technically), in comparison to the role that they are assigned (that is, political expectations). To unravel what surveillance technologies can and cannot do vis‐à‐vis the aims of control and rescue, there is a need to comprehend what information can be collected and what information is needed to fulfil these objectives. The paper contends that there is a mismatch between the information sought to ‘control’ borders, but which cannot be gathered effectively by or processed using surveillance technologies, and the valuable information needed to perform rescue operations, which these surveillance technologies can supply.     

供水管网系统地震易损性风险评估

供水管网易损性风险评估就是通过识别和分析系统的易损性,找出管网中相对比较薄弱的部分,为确定安全策略和采取控制措施提供理论依据。借鉴网络脆弱性评估理论和方法,基于震后供水管网的连通性分析和水力分析结果,采用分层的分析方法,以管网的拓扑位置和节点服务特性作为影响管网易损性的因素,分配给各节点一定的权值,计算其易损性指标,采用定性与定量相结合的方法评判其易损性程度。对一实际管网进行地震易损性风险评估,说明了该方法的有效性与合理性。     

Study on Middle and Short Term Forecast and Assessment Technology on Atmosphere Hydrosphere Disasters

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Public Nutrition from an Approach to a Discipline: Concern's Nutrition Case Studies in Complex Emergencies

The Public Nutrition approach, like that of Public Health, is context specific. It places an emphasis on populations rather than individuals and is inter-disciplinary in nature. Both approaches seek to understand the complex aetiology of a clinical outcome such as malnutrition within the widest possible framework. Public Nutrition uses the UNICEF conceptual framework and adapts and expands it. The authors of this article argue – through the examination of a number of case studies taken from the work of Concern Worldwide (hereafter referred to as Concern) in southern Sudan, Rwanda, Angola, Tanzania and DRC – that there are two critical constituents of the Public Nutrition approach. These are: a contextual analysis (including the use of surveillance information for programme design and advocacy) and community involvement at all stages of the project cycle. Some of the key obstacles to the adoption of the Public Nutrition approach are identified by illustrating two practical programme settings. For the Public Nutrition approach to be more widely used, the authors recommend a number of key strategies including the further dissemination of case studies and the clarification of the scope and boundaries of the approach. These strategies will enable Public Nutrition to evolve both as a practical programme framework as well as an academic discipline.     

降水概率模型在旱涝监测评价中的应用研究

选择正态、准正态和偏态Gamma多种理论概率分布模型对河南年、月、旬不同统计时段降水概率进行了模型拟合试验,推求了准正态概率分布密度函数的通用公式,提出了二参数Gam—ma分布参数Thom估计方法的修正方案,并对旱涝监测评价分析中有关概率特征量的数值计算方法进行了试验研究。     

气候旱涝灾害诊断及其防抗服务

本文采取改进的“ＢＭ”方法,分旬、分县（市）客观、定量诊断气候旱涝灾害,进而模拟未来旬由旱（涝）转为正常所需的降水量（或无雨旬数）及其出现的气候概率。并在此基础上设计应用服务的实施方案．有效地提高防抗灾害的决策能力。     

基于贝叶斯随机评价方法的小城镇灾害易损性分析

为了准确评价小城镇灾害易损性所处的状态,进而为制定小城镇防灾减灾规划提供科学依据,提出了基于贝叶斯公式的小城镇灾害易损性随机评价方法。该方法通过计算小城镇灾害易损性单个指标属于某个评价级别的概率,由最大似然分类原则确定单个易损性指标的评价级别,进而采用最大加权概率原则推求其综合评价级别。通过实例计算分析,并与模糊评估方法、可拓物元评价方法进行比较验证,说明了该方法的可行性及其简单、实用的特点。     

青藏高原东部牧区大—暴雪过程雪灾灾情实时预评估方法的研究

利用青藏高原东部牧区26个县气象站30a的大－暴雪过程资料,以雪灾形成的主导因子－持续积雪日数作为灾情评估的等级标准,应用逐步回归方法,建立了冬半年持续积雪日数对大－暴雪过程的累积降水量、平均气温、最大积雪深度和最低气温降温4个因子的回归方程。经F检验,所有方程的回归效果达到十分显著成显著的水平,从而建立了大－暴雪过程雪灾灾情的灾时预评估方法。通过对1996－1999年资料的对比试用,表明这种预评估方法具有较高的精度和业务化的潜力,可作为雪灾情报服务的一种手段。     

正确处理国土开发整治与防灾减灾的关系

正确处理国土开发整治与自然灾害防治的关系,可以避免不合理的国土开发整治导致自然灾害的发生和灾情的扩大,通过科学的国土开发整治促进防灾减灾,同时以灾害防治保障国土开发建设.为此,本文提出国土开发整治与灾害防治统一规划,同步实施,保证投资,合理运用,对区域规划和开发建设项目进行灾害影响评价等措施,实现二者相互促进,相互保障。     

基于熵权的防灾工程项目融资方式评价决策模型

对防灾工程项目融资方式的评价决策问题进行了讨论,分析了项目评价决策中的客观信息和评价决策者个人经验的主观信息,提出在量化打分的基础上整合为一个复合权重集,建立了基于熵权的防灾工程项目融资方式评价模型和方法。通过实例计算,结果表明该模型在融资方式的评价、优劣排序和选择方面具有较强的可行性和可操作性。     

中国泥石流监测预报研究现状与展望

论述了中国泥石流监测预报研究已取得的成就,分析了目前泥石流监测预报中存在的问题,提出了泥石流灾害监测预报系统的结构模型。     

“放管服”改革下建设工程地震安全监管的制度重构

国务院推行“放管服”改革后,投资项目前置审批条件进一步精简,建设工程地震安全性评价由行政审批改为强制性评估,监管的方式发生了变化。改革后的地震安全监管具有技术服务属性、审查时序变化、用户主体责任和市场竞争机制等特征。建议主管部门从拓展公共服务、建设监管平台、引入信用评价、完善协同机制四个方面重构建设工程地震安全监管制度体系,确保建设工程抗震设防水平不降低。     

台湾海峡区域防灾减灾信息服务系统研究

台湾海峡及其周边海域是我国海洋灾害发生的重点区域,充分利用我国在该区域投入巨资构建的海洋动力环境实时立体监测系统所获取的海洋动力参数数据,构建区域性防灾减灾信息服务系统具有重要的意义.从台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测数据防灾减灾应用和网络服务角度出发,提出了防灾减灾信息服务的数据服务、信息服务和决策服务等3个层次的划分方法,研究了基于数据仓库、XML、中间件和基于地球球体模型的三维可视化等的服务技术实现策略.提出的防灾减灾信息服务系统构建技术充分考虑了不间用户的应用需求,并通过工程化实践提升了我国海洋动力环境立体监测信息的广泛共享和深度应用的层次.     

我国自然灾害时空分布及其粮食风险评估

分析了旱灾、水灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾、台风灾和农业病虫害、草害、鼠害8种自然灾害的时空分布情况,计算了其造成的历年粮食减产量,并在此基础上评估2020年自然灾害对粮食产量的影响。结果表明,2020年不同自然灾害对我国各省粮食生产的影响程度不同。旱灾风险区集中在我国北方地区,分布在黄淮海区、西北区等;涝灾风险区集中在我国南方地区,分布在长江中下游区等;风雹灾风险区对我国粮食产量影响相对较小,主要分布在新疆和青海;台风灾风险区集中在我国南方沿海地区;农业病虫害风险区集中在我国的南方地区,分布在华南沿海区和西南区等;而霜冻灾、农业草害、鼠害对粮食生产的影响范围和影响程度较小。     

海面上升对太湖流域经济影响的模拟与评估

以地处长江三角洲核心部位的太湖流域为研究区,应用Bootstrap方法预测了各市县至2030年的GDP值,进而基于海面-地面系统演变模型,就海平面上升到2030年对区域经济的影响进行了多场景模拟与评价。结果表明:由于区域内经济发达的市县多处于地势低平的地区,未来海面上升对太湖流域区域经济发展影响极为显著,其影响程度主要取决于各县市地形地貌条件及其经济发展水平。当海面上升值为23 cm、31 cm和60 cm时,受影响面积和GDP损失分别高达13.2%～24.0%和15.7%～26.9%。海面上升影响表现出区域分异的特征,以太湖、长江及其各支流为中心向外扩张,中部平原、洼地受影响较为严重,外围的北部和东部受影响较小。区域未来发展应考虑分区治理及区域内联合策略,以积极应对海面上升的可能威胁。