碱熔法生产二氧化锆污染的综合治理

采用新型反应器及胶凝除硅、直接酸溶重结晶、直接煅烧等技术对二氧化锆的生产工艺进行了改革 ,降低了原材料消耗及能耗 ,减少了废液排放量 ,并将回收的废物加工成副产品白炭黑 ,在生产过程中防治污染。     

The effects on forest growth of air pollution from energy production

The properties of the atmosphere have changed and will continue to change due to changes in anthropogenic activity. The change in the atmosphere is reflected in the functioning and growth of forests. This is analyzed by considering the changes in the amounts and flow rates of different substances in the entire system of the atmosphere, forest soil and forest trees. Possible effects are either direct or indirect. Three direct effects are treated in more detail, i.e. the effect generated by toxic compounds, increasing CO₂ and N deposition. The indirect effects are connected to the acidification of soil, i.e. the amounts of nutrients and toxic compounds in the soil.The study concerns coniferous forests on sandy soils in Finland. Generalization of the results and a forecast to the year 2040 is based on a multiplicative model based on the five components. According to the growth data in conservation stands the growth on sandy soils has increased by 30% during the period 1900–1980. Model analysis for the same period is shown to produce good agreement with the measured growth data. The increase of growth is presumed to be due to the steady increase in CO₂ and nitrate deposition. Continuing changes in the environment will affect negative changes in the forest growth by the end of the 20th century. The decrease is presumed to be due to acidification effects in the soil. The ion exchange process in the soil will generate a time lag between acid deposition and its effect. This time lag in the soil in Finland is expected to be 20 ±10 years. Effects of two other time lags are also analyzed.     

施肥过程中的污染控制

农业生产造成的自身污染是一个不可忽略的环境问题,化肥施用不当造成植物体内硝酸盐含量增加以及水源的污染,城市活性污沁的农用处理,扩大了农田重金属污染的途径和范围,因此要提介科学种田,合肥施肥,以减轻对农业环境的污染。     

化工生产中污染源强分析

根据生产数据和实测参数,通过工程分析和物料平衡,计算确定生产过程中物料微和污染源强,为清洁生产审计,污染防治对策提供依据。     

Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems: A review of an air pollution problem

Livestock housing is an important source of emissions of particulate matter (PM). High concentrations of PM can threaten the environment, as well as the health and welfare of humans and animals. Particulate matter in livestock houses is mainly coarse, primary in origin, and organic; it can adsorb and contain gases, odorous compounds, and micro-organisms, which can enhance its biological effect. Levels of PM in livestock houses are high, influenced by kind of housing and feeding, animal type, and environmental factors. Improved knowledge on particle morphology, primarily size, composition, levels, and the factors influencing these can be useful to identify and quantify sources of PM more accurately, to evaluate their effects, and to propose adequate abatement strategies in livestock houses. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of PM in and from livestock production systems. Future research to characterize and control PM in livestock houses is discussed.     

MgO-ZrO_2固体碱催化废弃动物油制备生物柴油

采用稀释共沉淀法制备了Mg O-Zr O2固体碱催化剂,通过催化预处理低酸值油的酯交换反应来制备生物柴油。采用BET、SEM、XRD等方法对催化剂进行表征。主要研究了固体碱制备中Mg O-Zr O2物料比和煅烧温度对催化剂催化活性的影响,通过对比发现:制备的催化剂孔径均在2~10 nm之间,Zr O2以单斜晶相微晶形式存在并很好地分散于Mg O相中,表现出较高的催化活性。当固体碱中Mg/Zr物料比为3∶1,煅烧温度为500℃时催化剂的活性最佳,通过对酯交换反应影响因素的考察得到了催化反应的最佳工艺条件;酯交换率达到96.9%。     

Environmental pesticide distribution in horticultural and floricultural periurban production units

The environmental pesticide distribution on non-target systems (soil, drift and agricultural plastics) during the application step at small periurban production units, was studied in open field and greenhouses, for different crops (tomato, lettuce, broccoli, strawberry and flowers) using different pesticides (endosulfan, procymidone, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin). In all cases, soil was the most exposed non-target system. For greenhouses, a general pesticide distribution was found of approximately 2/3 for crop, 1/4 for soil and 1/20 for plastic, of the total amount applied. In horticultural open fields, although the distribution was very dependent on the crop size and type, soil was also the most exposed non-target subsystem. Pesticide drift seems not to be significant in these production units, whilst pesticide accumulation on agricultural plastics reached up to 45% of the total applied, for polyethylene mulching in strawberry fields.     

PFOS and PFC releases and associated pollution from a PFC production plant in Minnesota (USA)

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS-related substances have been listed as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention. From August 2012, Parties to the Convention needed to address the use, storage, and disposal of PFOS—including production sites and sites where PFOS wastes have been deposited—in their national implementation plans. The paper describes the pollution in Minnesota (USA) caused by the 3M Company at one of the largest per/polyfluorinated chemical (PFC) production facilities. From early 1950s until the end of 2002, when 3M terminated PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) production, PFOS, PFOA, and other PFC production wastes were disposed around the plant and in local disposal sites. Discharges from the site and releases from deposits caused widespread contamination of ground and surface waters including local drinking water wells. Fish in the river downstream were contaminated with PFOS to levels that led to fish consumption advisories. Human exposures resulted from ingesting contaminated drinking water, requiring installation of water treatment facilities and alternate water supplies. The critical evaluation of the assessments done revealed a range of gaps in particular of human exposure where relevant exposure pathways including the entire exposure via food have not been taken into consideration. Currently, the exposure assessment of vulnerable groups such as children or Hmong minorities is inadequate and needs to be improved/validated by epidemiological studies. The assessment methodology described for this site may serve—with highlighted improvements—as a model for assessment of other PFOS/PFC production sites in the Stockholm Convention implementation.     

Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from animal production sector in Taiwan during 1990-2000

To investigate the greenhouse gases emissions from the feeding and waste management of livestock and poultry, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated from the local measurement and IPCC guidelines during 1990-2000 in Taiwan. Hog is the major livestock and is followed by goat and cattle, while chicken is the major poultry and is followed by duck and geese. Methane emission from enteric fermentation of livestock was 30.9 Gg in 1990, increased to 39.3 Gg in 1996, and then decreased gradually to 34.9 Gg in 2000. Methane emission from the waste management was 48.5 Gg in 1990, reached the peak value of 60.7 Gg in 1996, and then declined to 43.3 Gg in 2000. In the case of poultry, annual methane emission from enteric fermentation and waste management was 30.6-44.1 ton, and 8.7-13.2 Gg, respectively. Nitrous oxide emission from waste management of livestock was 0.78 ton in 1990, increased to 0.86 ton in 1996, and then decreased to 0.65 ton in 2000. Nitrous oxide emission from waste management of poultry was higher than that of livestock with 1.11 ton in 1990, 1.68 ton in 1999, and 1.65 ton in 2000. There is an urgent need to reduce methane emission from enteric fermentation and recover methane from anaerobic waste treatment for energy in livestock and poultry feeding in Taiwan.     

The fermentative production of L-lysine as an animal feed additive

A new and innovative process for the biotechnological production of L-lysine is presented, exemplified here by the fermentative production of the feed additive Biolys60. The novel feature of this product is that the entire manufacturing concept, i.e. the production strain, the raw materials, all process stages and the product specifications have been systematically tailored for optimal environmental compatibility and for minimum resource depletion and waste. The process completely dispenses with the need to discharge residual and waste material and reduces the handling of hazardous materials to a minimum. Since only a few process stages are involved, the method is economical to use and investment outlay is reduced. The process, which also leads to a higher grade product, is thus highly attractive in both ecological and economical terms. By boosting the nutrient value of the plant-based feedstuffs, the product itself makes an cost-effective contribution towards a more sustainable form of animal feeding and by reducing nitrogen emission levels promotes a more environmentally compatible form of animal husbandry.     

300MW燃煤机组烟气控制装置对气态汞去除效果

利用美国EPA OH法对烟气中不同形态汞的气态汞进行测试,研究300 MW锅炉的袋式除尘、静电除尘和湿法烟气脱硫对气态汞的去除效果。研究结果表明,静电除尘器对气态汞的去除效率仅为32.50%,对颗粒态汞的去除效率达76.88%,而使用袋式除尘器对气态汞的去除效率可达44.33%,可脱除99.92%以上的颗粒态汞;应用湿法烟气脱硫对二价汞的去除率可达49.03%。通过对粉煤灰、炉渣和脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物汞含量分析发现,脱硫石膏中汞的含量最高达0.77 mg/kg,汞及其环境毒性是燃煤副产物安全利用时需要注意一个主要问题。     

Seveso: from pollution to regulation

The first part of the paper analyses the Seveso accident, which occurred in 1976 in northern Italy. It focuses mainly on sociological and organisational aspects, pointing to the lack of preparation and the improvisation in response from the company and the public authorities. Despite such inadequacies and despite all suffering, community recovery was finally accomplished. Yet, to some extent, this local success in recovery was achieved by exporting part of the problem. In this sense Seveso is representative of high technology industry, where successful consumer satisfaction has so far been sustained by the 'externalising' of its environmental costs and also social problems. The second part of the paper analyses and discusses the 'Seveso Directive', whose approval was accelerated by the Seveso accident. This establishes European legislation on major accident hazards, of which an essential feature is publicity about industrial operations.     

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的污染及其对我国汽油生产的影响

本文简要介绍了汽油添加剂MTBE对环境的污染及减少MTBE污染机理研究的进展 ,同时介绍了对我国汽油生产的影响     

房地产开发项目的环境污染和防治措施

随着我国房地产事业的蓬勃发展 ,建设开发过程中的环境问题日益突出 ,如果防治措施不当 ,会对环境造成一定危害。根据房地产开发项目的污染特点 ,分别采取不同的防治措施后 ,可以实现项目开发和环境保护的双赢。