环境样品中抗生素的预处理及检测分析

环境样品中抗生素残留的检测是目前环境健康安全评价中的重要课题,但环境中的抗生素往往是痕量的,难以使用现有仪器直接检测,对样品进行有效的预处理往往是必要的。针对环境样品中抗生素的检测,阐述了目前抗生素样品的前处理和检测方法,并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。     

环境中抗生素的来源及其生态影响研究进展

医用抗生素和农用抗生素在世界各国中广泛使用,这些抗生素在使用时不能被完全吸收而大量进入环境。在介绍环境中抗生素的来源及其在环境中的分布现状基础上,简要综述了环境中痕量典型抗生素的测试方法及其在环境中的分布现状,阐述了其对生态环境的影响,最后针对目前存在的问题,提出相应的对策措施和发展方向。     

抗生素的生态毒性效应研究进展

长期以来,抗生素大量用于防治人类和动物疾病,促进牲畜生长。由于抗生素机体代谢率较低,进入人类和动物体内后不能被完全吸收,大部分抗生素以原药或代谢物的形式排入环境中,造成环境介质中的残留。环境中的抗生素会对水体和土壤介质产生不同程度的毒性效应,甚至还会诱导抗性基因的产生,给人类生活健康带来严重威胁。文章介绍了抗生素的使用和污染现状,着重分析了抗生素对水生态环境以及土壤环境的毒性效应,对抗生素抗性基因问题进行了讨论,提出了目前抗生素研究中存在的一些问题,并对未来研究做出了相应展望。     

抗生素在污水处理系统中的迁移分布研究进展

抗生素是近年来受到环境界普遍关注,具有潜在生态风险的新兴污染物。城市污水处理厂作为水循环和水污染控制的重要环节,是抗生素向环境迁移转化的重要来源。根据目前已有的研究结果,对几类典型抗生素在国内外污水处理厂的分布和迁移进行了综述,详细总结分析了污水厂出水和污泥中的抗生素浓度分布、典型抗生素在污水处理厂的去除效率和吸附降解规律等,并对今后的研究重点及方向进行了展望。     

环境中抗生素的残留、健康风险与治理技术综述

抗生素在人类的生产生活中发挥了重要的作用,然而由于抗生素的大量使用与滥用,造成环境中抗生素的长期持续污染,对生态系统和人类健康带来了巨大的潜在危害.文章系统性地总结了抗生素在典型环境中(水体、土壤、空气、食物等)的残留状况,分析了环境中残留抗生素对人类健康的影响,探讨了物理、化学与生物技术等目前抗生素污染治理技术进展;最后,从抗生素污染效应与多学科交叉的定量研究、绿色高效的治理技术等方面提出了未来的研究建议,从政策管理方面指出了在抗生素源头控制与减排等方面的具体措施.文章对于深入认识与防控环境中抗生素的危害具有重要意义.     

大连水产养殖业抗生素残留风险及其检测方法研究进展

在水产养殖业中,抗生素作为疾病治疗剂和促生长剂被频繁使用,已给环境和人类健康带来隐患。对大连市水产养殖业的调研结果表明,虽然抗生素作为饲料添加剂曾经为水产养殖业的发展做出了重要贡献,但其负面影响已逐渐显现,成为阻碍养殖业继续深入发展的瓶颈问题。本文通过调查抗生素的使用现状、环境来源、管控措施以及分析方法,对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来进行了展望。     

兽药抗生素的环境暴露水平及其环境归趋研究进展

兽药抗生素作为治疗药物及饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖业。文章通过对国内外4类普遍使用的兽药抗生素(四环素类,磺胺类,喹诺酮类,大环内酯类)使用量和使用情况进行对比,得到使用量的大致排列顺序为中国(亚洲)美国(北美洲)韩国(亚洲)欧洲(丹麦,英国)肯尼亚(非洲)新西兰(大洋洲),各国对于不同种抗生素的使用比例也有所差异。并且结合兽药抗生素在不同暴露环节的环境行为特性,综述4类兽药抗生素在不同环境介质中的污染状况,总结影响兽药抗生素环境暴露水平的主要因素。目前兽药抗生素的暴露研究主要集中于针对单一环境介质的研究,今后可将研究重点放在探讨兽药抗生素在环境中纵向暴露链的作用机理与实际测量数据之间的内在联系,从中寻求降低环境中兽药抗生素污染的方法。     

水体中抗生素的检测及去除方法研究综述

抗生素是目前世界上应用最广泛的药物之一。大量抗生素的使用,不可避免地给自然环境造成巨大的压力。由于污水截流不彻底等原因,工业、养殖及医疗活动等进入环境中的抗生素通过各种途径进入饮用水体,对水质安全及人类健康构成威胁。针对抗生素对水环境造成的污染,讨论目前国内外水环境中抗生素检测技术和去除手段的研究情况,主要对水中抗生素的富集方法、仪器检测及臭氧氧化去除技术进行分析,最后对抗生素污染的研究方向进行了展望。     

制药废水中抗生素抗性的污染特征、检测手段和控制方法

制药行业废水中含有大量的抗生素、抗生素抗性细菌（ARBs）及抗性基因（ARGs）等新污染物,现今的生物处理工艺尚不能有效地对其进行去除.最终以上新污染物随出水进入各类水体或渗入土壤,造成环境污染,影响人类健康.因此,探明制药废水中抗生素、ARBs和ARGs的污染特征,知晓检测和控制废水中抗生素抗性污染的方法,对于削减环境中的抗生素和ARGs,评估抗生素抗性的生态风险至关重要.针对制药废水处理厂（PWWTPs）环境中的抗生素抗性污染问题,讨论了制药废水中的抗生素、ARBs和ARGs的污染现状;概述了制药废水环境中抗生素抗性的不同评估方法;最后对PWWTPs中常用去除抗生素及ARGs的废水处理技术进行了概述,以期为环境中抗生素及抗性基因的生态风险评价及科学防治提供理论依据.     

抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)——一种新型环境污染物

抗生素的环境污染与生态毒性近年来引起了日益广泛的关注.水产养殖和畜牧业抗生素长期滥用的直接后果,很可能诱导动物体内抗生素抗性基因,经排泄后将对养殖区域及其周边环境造成潜在基因污染.抗性基因还极有可能在环境中传播、扩散.对公共健康和食品、饮用水安全构成威胁.为此,提出了将抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,对该类污染物在环境中的来源、潜在的传播途径以及国内外相关研究进展进行综述,指出了当前形势下我国开展环境中抗生素抗性基因污染研究的必要性,建议尽快从国家层面上系统进行抗生素抗性基因的环境污染机理与控制对策研究.     

中国地表水酸化敏感性的区划

地表水体的酸化与集水区的许多环境因子密切相关,如土壤对酸的缓冲能力、基岩中和酸沉降的能力以及土地利用方式等.其中,土壤的抗酸化能力是关键因素.因此可以根据集水区土壤、基岩和土地利用方式等信息来评估地表水在不同流量下发生酸化的可能性.本研究成功地应用已有资料和数据得到了我国地表水对酸沉降的敏感性等级,并绘制了地表水酸化敏感性区划图.结果表明,我国大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感.极易酸化和较易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北的北部地区,占所有国土面积的2.67%,是该地区强酸性漂灰土、酸性母岩和针叶林植被共同作用的结果.对酸化敏感性为中级和低级,即不易酸化的地表水主要分布在东北暗棕壤地区和南方富铝土区域,占所有国土面积的15.2%.其余82.11%国土面积上的地表水对酸化不敏感,完全不可能发生酸化.北方地区主要是由于土壤的强缓冲能力,而在南方,石灰质土壤以及耕作农田的广泛分布是最重要因素.南方重酸雨区由于土壤对酸化并不很敏感,因此在短期内不会出现大面积水体酸化现象.由于东北近年来频频出现酸雨,因此东北的酸沉降必须及早防治,以免出现大面积酸化水体.     

Simultaneous Concentration of Enteric Viruses and Protozoan Parasites: A Protocol Based on Tangential Flow Filtration and Adapted to Large Volumes of Surface and Drinking Waters

A filtration system, based on tangential flow filtration (TFF) followed by ultracentrifugation was developed in order to concentrate simultaneously viruses and parasites from large volumes of water. For TFF, no pre-treatment of the membrane is performed but a post-rinsing step using high pH-beef extract-based eluant. Applying our protocol to 20 l of surface waters spiked with vaccinal poliovirus-1, ϕX174 and MS2 bacteriophages resulted in an averaged viral recovery of 75% by TFF and 91% by ultracentrifugation (total viral recovery of 70%). Our protocol was further applied to 31 environmental samples including surface, ground and drinking waters from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in order to assess the occurrence of protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia (oo)cysts), pathogenic viruses (enterovirus, norovirus and adenovirus) and infectious bacteriophages (somatic coliphages and F-specific phages) in these samples. High viral recovery rates of > 70% were confirmed concentrating environmental strains of somatic and F-specific coliphages from non-spiked surface waters. Parasites and enteric viruses were detected in 86 and 40% of the surface waters used for drinking water production, respectively. Infectious bacteriophages were isolated from all surface waters and in two out of seven (29%) groundwaters revealing a susceptibility of the corresponding wells to viral pollution. TFF-based method proved to be efficient for surveying the occurrence of non-bacterial pathogens such as enteric viruses and protozoan parasites in large volumes of environmental waters.     

应用稳态模型计算中国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷

为了解我国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态模型计算我国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷.文中根据我国实际情况获得了计算地表水背景硫酸盐浓度的经验公式.结果表明,我国南方绝大部分地表水的硫沉降临界负荷大于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,对酸沉降不敏感.临界负荷小于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1的水体主要为部分山地水体.除了这部分山地水体外,其余水体的现状S沉降都没有超过临界负荷,表明它们在短期内不会发生酸化.超临界负荷的地区分布和临界负荷类似,均表现为东南沿海的福建、广东和江西3省低于西南和华中地区.对模型结果的不确定性分析表明,只要模型参数的取值在合适的范围内,参数的不确定性对结果造成的误差较小,可以接受.     

中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷的区划

为了解中国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态法研究中国地表水酸沉降临界负荷区划.结果表明,中国地表水硫沉降临界负荷呈较明显的地带分布.其中,大兴安岭北端水体的硫沉降临界负荷最低,大部分小于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,东北北部部分水体和秦岭-淮河以南大部分地区水体的硫沉降临界负荷介于2～10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1之间,其余地区水体硫沉降临界负荷普遍大于10 keq·(hm²·a)^-1.地表水酸度临界负荷的地区分布和数值大小类似于硫沉降临界负荷由于中国地表水酸度临界负荷普遍大于2 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,因此大部分地表水对酸化并不敏感,近期内不易酸化.     

东辽河流域地表水体中Atrazine的环境特征

在野外踏勘调查与室内分析的基础上,以GIS技术为关键数据处理平台,系统剖析了东辽河流域地表水体中莠去津(Atrazine)的含量和富集特征的时空分异;并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,东辽河流域旱田分布区和非旱田分布区内地表水中Atrazine的平均含量分别为9.71μg·L^-1和8.854 μg·L^-1 ,在干流下游形成了分布的高值区;7月份是流域地表水中Atrazine含量最高的时期,最大值可达18.93μg·L^-1.水体中Atrazine的空间分布进一步表明,在东辽河流域旱田施放的Atrazine已经危及到整个流域的地表水水质,将对流域的生态环境产生严重的影响.相对于植物来说,东辽河流域Atrazine在地表水中富集的归一化指数为0.605～1.750 ;从空间分异上看,干流右侧流域形成了连片的高值区,而左侧形成了连片分布的低值区,且在下游形成富集程度的集中高值区.地表水中Atrazine相对于土壤的富集特征的空间分异与相对与植物的富集特征相类似,但其高值区和低值区都是散斑状分布.从土壤类型对水体中Atrazine含量的影响看,低位泥炭土的综合表征指数较高,泥炭沼泽土和水稻土的综合表征指数较小;从景观格局对地表水中Atrazine含量的影响看,随着斑块间相互作用能力的增强,水中Atrazine的综合表征指数逐渐升高.在一定的范     

基于限定motif关联规则的海洋热浪事件模式发现研究

海表温度作为近岸海洋热浪事件的重要孕灾环境要素,揭示其变化规律有助于预测未来热浪事件的发生。本文将用于表达热浪事件发生前和发生时海表温度变化规律的关联规则定义为事件模式,提出了基于限定motif关联规则挖掘的模式发现方法。方法通过STAMP算法挖掘出motif,运用MDL评分策略分割motif形成候选关联规则,结合热浪事件发生的约束条件,实现对海洋热浪事件模式的提取。本文利用中国近海3个站点的海表温度数据进行海洋热浪事件模式发现实验,研究结果表明,中国近海的海洋热浪呈季节特征,主要发生于夏季,且持续时间达20天以上,海洋热浪事件模式呈现有规则的升温和下降趋势,升温速率和降温速率呈对称特性,且在热浪发生前,海表温度有一个短暂的升温间歇期。     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

地表水中多环芳烃迁移转化研究进展

多环芳烃类(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)物质是广泛存在于环境中的一类持久性有机污染物,具有难降解、易富集和"三致"的特点,可能严重危害人类健康和生态环境.文章主要阐述PAHs在环境中的污染,重点是对地表水环境的污染;总结PAHs在地表水环境中迁移转化研究的进展和成果,重点...