火炸药环境性能试验安全问题的探索

环境试验的安全问题在火炸药产品性能检测的过程中扮演着重要角色,因为只有通过安全的环境试验,才能保证各种环境条件对火炸药产品性能影响的试验得以顺利完成。在多年的研究工作中,我们完成了大量的有关火炸药产品性能的环境试验,本文详细地分析和探索了火炸药产品进行环境性能试验所涉及的安全措施、安全防护、安全概念以及试验前的安全准备等问题,这些分析和探索能够为火炸药样品环境性能试验及安全地完成试验提供了一定的参考。     

全球环境安全发展态势及策略分析

伴随资源环境约束日益强化,环境安全问题成为我国提高生态文明建设水平、加快建设两型社会的关键瓶颈,也是我国转变经济发展方式的着力点。本文从全球环境安全的视角重新审视国家环境安全战略,开展战略性和前瞻性研究,对建设生态文明、探索中国环保新路,具有十分重要的战略意义。     

金融危机下欠发达地区生态安全的胁迫分析——以德州市为例

由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机已经波及全球,2008年我国的GDP下滑至8%.金融危机的缓释和经济恢复需要大量政府资金的投入,更需要资源与环境等要素的支撑.从可持续发展的角度,任何行为都不应以牺牲资源与环境为代价,如何避免因资源的过度消耗和环境的极大破坏而对区域生态安全带来的影响必须要引起高度重视.用生态足迹方法对金融危机发生之前(2006年)德州市生态安全状况进行了定量测评,针对目前金融危机的影响,提出保证德州市生态安全及可持续发展的建议.     

基于信息熵的区域环境安全评价——以武汉市为例

土地利用变化所引起的环境影响及其环境安全评价已成为全球变化研究的核心。根据区域环境质量评价方法，引入信息熵的概念，以武汉市为例分析了近14年土地利用结构变化对环境的影响，并从土地-环境-经济三方面对其作了比较分析。结果表明，武汉市的整体环境趋于恶化，分区环境质量变化不平衡，生态系统经济价值总态势趋于下降。     

生态安全进行时--访国家环境保护总局生态司副司长程立峰

国家生态安全作为一种全新的现代国家安全观,它既是国家安全的重要组成部分,又是国家安全的载体和基础,国际性组织以及许多国家都十分重视生态安全。由于全球环境的变化、国民的生产、生活模式、跨越国际的污染、生物入侵等等,以及科学成果的发明与应用的负效应,都是影响国家生态安全的主要因素。为此,记者专门走访了国家环保总局生态司副司长程立峰。     

环境安全与可持续发展

本文已经提出了如果将环境安全作为人类安全被实现,那就需要较好的环境治理。环境安全可以被理解为一系列的价值观、原则、政策、技术、体制和程序,由此,社区与社会管理环境和自然资源以透明、负责任的参与和公平的方式克服可持续发展的障碍。可持续发展与环境安全是否相互依存、相互促进还需要进一步论证。环境安全和可持续发展之间的关系也常常解释为实际的产出。社会性学习对于应对有关的不安全环境,并导致不可持续发展的挑战至关重要。社会必须利用信息共享、传播和共同的理解改进决策而发展适应改变的能力。这只有通过发展学习型社会才能成为可能。环境安全和可持续发展是社会性学习的产出,而且所有相关方利用创新方法的环境友好政策,是基于环境安全和环境治理的原则为基础的,大大地推动了生态系统的管理、性别公平、尊重人权、解决冲突、建立社区信任为应对未来的意外或潜在风险和新的挑战需要适应性管理,建立社会和生态系统恢复。应集中努力改进人们的生活质量,不要使用超过环境所能承受的自然资源能力。     

西方“非人类中心主义”环境伦理流派价值理念解读——以我国环境法价值理念提升视角

<正>如何改造提升环境法价值理念是当代中国环境法学者对环境法进行理论反思和实践探索的重点、热点和难点。如果这种"反思"和"探索"不是仅仅从功利性或技术性角度进行的,那么"反思"和"探索"必然包括从人与环境道德角度进行的审视和关注。在国际环境立法和西方国家环境法立法过程中吸取了大量环境伦理学中"非人类中心主义"流派的价值理念。西方     

我国农产品产地环境安全研究进展

农产品产地是农产品的直接来源,农产品产地环境的安全状况直接决定着农产品质量的高低,因此,对产地环境安全进行研究和评价越来越受到重视。用文献综述法和综合分析法从环境安全的内涵出发,对农产品产地环境安全的内涵进行了分析,并对现有的相关研究进行了概括介绍。     

认识战争 善待环境

本文从战争对人类资源和物质财富的挥霍浪费及战争是破坏生态环境的罪魁祸首两个方面,论述了战争对于环境的破坏与影响;从环境问题的国际化角度论述了环境问题将成为未来战争的导火索;从人类对生态环境保护重要性认识的不断提高上阐述了生态环境意识的提高将可能抑制战争。通过诸多论点和论据揭示战争与环境的关系,使人们能从生态环境保护角度上去认识战争、研究战争、慎待战争,善待人类共有的生态环境。战争与环境曾是人们心目中风马牛不相及的两个独立问题,但当海湾战争、科索沃战争的新闻报导中,不断地出现环境问题的声像和字样时。引起了人们对战争与环境问题诸多关注,尤其是在世界各国普遍将环境保护提到人类可持续发展的战略高度的今天,战争对环境有何影响,环境对战争又将如何作用,认识和把握其本质,对于我们研究战争,保护环境将是十分必要的。     

漫议环境文化建设

当前,人类正经历着一场严峻的环境危机,面临着毁灭与生存抉择。为了挽救这场危机,保证人类的持续发展,环境保护运动正在全球蓬勃发展,与此同时,环境文化也成了当代文化发展的热点.什么是环境文化环境文化是人类在协调人与自然的关系,保护生存环境过程中,人与环境持续、协调发展这一主题在思想、观念、艺术、科学、技术和传统习俗等文化形态中的积淀成果,当然也包括这些成果的表现形式,如政治制度和经济体制,以及各种艺术形式。广义上,环境文化还包括了上述成果的具体物化,即环境     

我国环境安全的主要问题与安全战略

耕地资源与粮食安全、水资源安全、石油安全、生态安全等已成为建立全球视角“泛疆城”的大安全观,实施可持续发展安全战略是解决中国生态环境安全问题的基础和保证。     

International rivers and national security: The Euphrates,Ganges–Brahmaputra,Indus, Tigris,and Yarmouk rivers1

To understand a state's incentives to invest in conflict or cooperation over their international rivers, this paper argues that it is necessary to appreciate the relationships a river can create and the national security threat riparians may confront. Rivers impose interdependent and vulnerable relationships, which can compromise a state's ability to respond effectively to floods and droughts, meet its domestic food and energy needs, dredge the river, maintain its drainage systems, and allocate its domestic water budget. The inability to accomplish these tasks can contribute to social, economic, and political losses that may threaten a state's territorial integrity. Regardless of whether a state is upstream or downstream, from these relationships it acquires leverage to manipulate the interdependence and vulnerability to inflict losses on its riparian neighbour. This argument challenges several assumptions within the existing literature, including the belief that a shortage of freshwater is the initial force producing a national security threat and that an upstream–downstream river bequeaths all advantages on the upstream state and leaves the downstream state purely dependent. As the paper shows, riparians confront a more complex relationship than captured by the existing literature.     

The environmental dimension of national security: A test of systems analysis methods

The systems approach permits us to analyze national security as a cluster of interconnected elements, in which the environmental dimension appears to be the most important one. The environmental problem is divided into two main aspects: environmental security per se and the impact of environment on the overall status of a nation's security. It is argued here that the quality of life and health serve as both the main objective and the principal criterion of environmental security in a social system. Indices of these two factors are used in this article as indicators of the state of this type of security. They confirm that vast areas of Russia, the Ukraine, and Central Asia (especially the Aral Sea region) should be considered as presenting a substantial risk to local people and even producing global impacts on both natural and man-made systems. Environmental factors that destabilize national security are also divided into two groups: those that impact social systems directly and negatively (mainly natural disasters) and technological and sociopolitical agents that cause indirect impacts, in both war and peace time, as well as in the civil and military sectors of the economy. Developments in the former Soviet Union (the Commonwealth of Independent States) are used as an illustration of the consequences that such impacts may have on the status of national security.     

The environment and global security

The end of the Cold War heralded a vision of a New World Order; a new era of global security and co-operation. There was a belief that the system of collective security established in San Francisco in 1945 (at the founding of the United Nations) was finally beginning to work as conceived. As the strategic justification for a nuclear combat seemed to have evaporated, the new expectation was that international relations should now be conducted in the interest of global security.However, unfolding developments indicate that the end of the Cold War may not necessarily ensure global security. As the old order and the threat of a global nuclear holocaust collapsed, a new order has emerged with new perils, principal among these are the destruction and degradation of the environment. Since the 1970s, ecological movements and scientists have become increasingly aware that mankind is approaching limits to the burdens which it can load upon nature's capacity. This realisation led to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which took place in Stockholm in June 1972, as the first major international effort to address the threat.The Earth's Summit of June 1992, and the resultant Rio Declaration emerged as the strongest attempts yet by the international community to address the issue of global environmental protection and safety, by demanding a spirit of global partnership in conserving, protecting, and restoring the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. This was in realisation of the fact that the Earth is galloping towards a crisis of uncontrollable dimension, and therefore, needs to change course.     

Analysis of energy security and sustainability in future low carbon scenarios for Brazil

This study estimated a series of indicators to assess the energy security of supply and global and local environmental impacts under different mitigation scenarios through 2050 in Brazil, designed with the integrated optimization energy system model MESSAGE‐BRAZIL. The assessment of interactions between environmental impacts and energy security dimensions was complemented through the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Overall results imply energy security establishes more synergies than trade‐offs in increasingly stringent mitigation scenarios, especially patent within the sustainability dimension, which increases energy security and provides additional benefits regarding climate change mitigation and air pollution emissions. It is still necessary to extend analysis to other energy sectors in addition to the power supply sector and to promote a better understanding of repercussions of energy scenario expansion in energy security.     

Integrated rice-fish culture: Coupled production saves resources

Rice is a key component in global food security, as it is the main ingredient in the daily diets of around 3 billion people, especially in Asia. Like all agricultural production, rice cultivation depends on scarce natural resources. This article briefly outlines the utilization of land and water in rice production, and suggests an approach for optimizing use efficiency, namely through the combination of rice and fish culture. The authors argue that the utilization of land and fresh water is optimized through integrated and complementary production of rice and fish — two basic foods items in daily local diets. The article reviews currently available scientific literature on integrated rice‐fish systems. Rice‐fish culture systems are briefly characterized, and respective yield potential and interactions between rice and fish are discussed. Results of socio‐economic surveys regarding the adoption of integrated rice‐fish culture are summarized. The article also reviews literature on the impact of fish culture on rice field ecology as outlined in studies on weed infestation, insect populations, and greenhouse gas emissions. The article concludes that rice‐fish culture can be an option to help rice producing countries keep pace with soaring domestic demand for food, especially fish. Integrated rice and fish culture optimizes the benefits of scarce land and water resources through complementary use, and exploits the synergies between fish and plant.     

The Ethics and Sustainability of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture

The global seafood industry (capture fisheries and aquaculture) is a vital source of food, income, livelihoods, and culture. Seafood demand is steadily rising due to growth in the global human population, affluence, and per capita consumption. Seafood supply is also growing, despite declining wild fish stocks, with phenomenal advances in aquaculture, that is, the cultivation of aquatic organisms. Aquaculture supplied 42 % of the world’s fish in 2012 and is forecast to eclipse capture fisheries production by 2030. The balance between these two seafood production systems has profound implications for global food security, income distribution, and ecological sustainability. Here, a qualitative analysis of the ethics and sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture is presented. An innovative practical ethics approach is introduced which adapts the ethical matrix, a conceptual tool for analyzing the wellbeing, autonomy, and justice of different interest groups, and Rapfish, a rapid appraisal technique used to evaluate the sustainability of fisheries along six performance modalities, including ethics. Using case studies of global large- and small-scale capture fisheries and generalized carnivorous and omnivorous aquaculture systems, I show that human institutions and social actors interact in complex governance processes to influence seafood ethics and sustainability.     

Beyond Rio: Sustainable energy scenarios for the 21st century

Reaching the economic, environmental and sustainability objectives of all societies requires overcoming several major energy challenges; it necessitates rapid progress in multiple areas. The scenario pathways presented in this paper describe transformative changes toward these goals, taking a broad view of the four main energy challenges faced by society in the 21st century: providing universal access to modern energy for all; reducing the impacts of energy production on human health and the environment; avoiding dangerous climate change; and enhancing energy security. The overarching objective of the paper is to provide policy guidance on how to facilitate the transformation of the energy system to achieve these multiple energy objectives. Particular focus is given to the required pace of the transformation at both the global and regional levels, and to the types of financial and policy measures that will be needed to ensure a successful transition. Synergies and trade‐offs between the objectives are identified, and co‐benefits quantified. The paper makes an important contribution to the scenario literature by approaching the global transition toward sustainable development in a more integrated, holistic manner than is common in other studies.     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Mineral reserves: Projected lifetimes and security of supply

This article analyses the lifetimes of reserves of three dozen important minerals. Despite the high rate of their extraction in the past 30 years, the recorded reserves of these non-renewable materials were higher in 1981 than in 1950 and they seem to meet foreseeable demand for a long time to come, as indicated by the estimated static lifetime for each of the minerals covered. The dynamic nature of ‘reserves’ is emphasized: further exploration and scientific and technological advance will add to the present proven reserves, and at a higher price further resources will be ‘upgraded’ into commercially exploitable reserves. Apparent long-term security can be disturbed by natural disasters, political events or other factors, especially in the case of minerals whose reserves and production are highly concentrated in one country. However, any such interruption in the continuity of supply is likely to be short-lived.