铁电极原位产Fe(Ⅱ)诱导过硫酸盐降解水合肼废水

随着中国航天工业的发展,发射过程中产生的水合肼废水对环境的危害逐渐显现。为提高含肼废水的降解效能,该文采用Fe电极活化过硫酸盐降解水合肼废水。研究了Na_2S_2O_8浓度、电流强度和初始pH对水合肼降解率的影响,结果显示,较之铁电极/H_2O_2体系,相同条件下铁电极/Na_2S_2O_8体系的水合肼降解效率和速率得到提升。其最佳运行条件为:Na_2S_2O_8投加量10 mmol/L、电流强度0.11 A、初始pH=6.5,此时一级动力学反应速率-7.81 h~(-1),30 min水合肼的降解率达到98.6%。     

硫自养微生物降解水中低浓度高氯酸盐的研究——反应器效能及微生物种群空间分布

考察了升流式硫自养固定床反应器对水中低浓度高氯酸盐[(468.74±6.80)μg/L]的降解效能及相关机制,并利用高通量测序技术对反应器内微生物种群空间分布特性展开分析.研究发现,当HRT为4.00~0.75h时,高氯酸盐去除率达到97%以上,降解符合1/2级反应动力学模型,1/2K_(1/2v)为39.59[μg~(1/2)/(L1/2·h)].随着HRT由4.00h缩短至0.75h,出水SO_4~(2-)增量由173.37mg/L减小至90.07mg/L,由歧化反应产生的硫酸根占90.75%~93.91%,硫歧化反应与高氯酸盐的降解同步进行,同时,该反应也是碱度过量消耗的主要因素,导致出水p H值降低.测序结果表明,随着高度的增加,反应器内菌群α多样性降低.变形门(Proteobacteria)和绿菌门(Chlorobi)构成了反应体系的优势菌群.菌属Chlorobaculum为歧化反应菌属,是反应器内优势菌属.     

复合微生物制剂在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

以南京溧水县垃圾填埋场的渗滤液为研究对象,选取NH3-N、TP和COD为评价指标,通过渗滤液pH、曝气时间、反应时间和投加量的改变,研究复合微生物菌剂对垃圾渗滤液中有机物、氨氮和磷的影响。结果表明:微生物制剂最适投加量为V菌/V水为1/5 000~1/2 000,最适反应时间为48~60 h,曝气时间为36~48 h,pH为7.5~8.5。通过正交实验确定最佳反应条件为:投加量V菌/V水为1/2 000,反应时间为48 h,曝气时间为36 h,pH为8。复合微生物菌剂对有机物、氨氮和磷有较好的降解能力。     

光催化降解水介质中的人工甜味剂安赛蜜

研究了紫外(UV)体系对水介质中人工甜味剂安赛蜜降解的影响因素和动力学模型。结果表明,在相同的pH值下,光降解反应速率常数随安赛蜜初始浓度升高而减小;不同安赛蜜初始浓度下,光降解反应速率常数受到pH值的影响也不同。当安赛蜜初始平均浓度为13 mg/L时,在pH值为7时的光降解速率最快,且在反应时间6 h内符合一级反应动力学模型,光降解速率常数为0.819 0 h~(-1)。安赛蜜初始平均浓度为108 mg/L时,在p H=9时光降解反应速率常数最大为0.223 4 h~(-1)。安赛蜜初始平均浓度为54 mg/L时,在pH为7和9且反应时间6 h内符合一级反应动力学模型,光降解速率常数分别为0.350 38和0.361 93 h~(-1)。     

空间位阻对溶解态甲基菲生物降解的影响

以菲(Phe)和甲基菲(MP:1-MP、3-MP、4-MP、9-MP)为研究对象,运用同步焚光法研究微生物Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1对5种溶解态多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解特性.结果显示:MP在8×10~(-7),1.2×10~(-6)mol/L2种浓度下,其生物降解过程符合零级动力学,降解速率均为:4-MP9-MP1-MP3-MP;5种PAHs的最大生物降解速率同理论最大跨膜通量存在良好的线性关系;NaN_3对Phe降解速率影响较小,但抑制MP降解且抑制程度与取代基位置有关.     

外加电场强化生物膜工艺去除水中头孢他啶

实验研究了外加电场强化生物膜工艺相比普通生物膜工艺降解水中头孢他啶的处理效果。结果表明,进水COD负荷为3 kg/(m3·d)、反应周期为8 h、进水pH=8时外加电场强化生物膜反应器(R2)各项指标去除效果达到最好。R2对头孢他啶的平均去除率为90.76%,而普通生物膜反应器(R1)仅有80.63%。R2相比R1对头孢他啶去除率更高、更稳定、抗负荷能力更强。两反应器中微生物种类以杆菌为主,R1中的微生物在头孢他啶浓度为3.5 mg/L时生长受到抑制,微生物种类发生变化,而R2中的微生物在较高头孢他啶浓度下生长稳定,处理效果良好。拟合实验数据,符合MONOD模型,两反应器中头孢他啶的比降解速率随头孢他啶浓度增加而增加,R2增速大于R1。     

基于遗传算法的次级河流回水段水质模型多参数识别

根据长江次级河流临江河回水段的实际情况,建立一维水质模型,模型中的各变化项采用有限差分法(FDM)进行离散,以回水段水体中COD和NH3-N的实测资料为基础,利用自适应遗传算法(AGA)对2种污染物的纵向离散系数及一级降解系数进行反演计算,得出回水段COD和NH3-N的纵向离散系数分别为0.5227,0.5196km2/h,一级降解系数分别为0.0342,0.0367h-1;计算值与实测值吻合较好,表明FDM-AGA方法能较好地运用于次级河流回水段水质模型的多参数识别.     

喹啉降解菌Rhodococcus sp.的降解特性与生物强化作用

以喹啉为唯一碳氮源从某焦化废水处理厂活性污泥中筛选出一株喹啉降解菌菌株红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)KDQ2,其在24h内能将400mg/L喹啉降解96%,降解的最适条件为37℃和pH6~9,降解动力学符合Haldane方程.KDQ2能利用吡啶,但不能利用苯酚;在喹啉、吡啶和苯酚共存条件下,150mg/L吡啶和400mg/L苯酚不影响150mg/L喹啉在1d时的降解效率.KDQ2能适应含有高浓度苯酚、吡啶和喹啉等污染物的焦化废水环境条件,可以与活性污泥中的微生物共存,提高实际焦化废水中喹啉和TOC的去除能力.     

不同热解及来源生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响

以西北黄土为研究对象,采用批量法研究不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响.结果表明,敌草隆在添加不同质生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型,且吸附过程主要分为快吸附(0~8 h)和慢吸附(8~12 h)两个阶段,在12 h左右达到平衡;热力学较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆的吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ小于0,ΔH~θ和ΔS~θ大于0;不加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量则随着温度的升高而降低,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ和ΔH~θ小于0,ΔS~θ大于0;在体系温度范围内,E(吸附平均自由能)为1.29~5.00 k J·mol-1,表明无论是否添加生物炭,黄土对敌草隆的吸附都以物理吸附为主.其影响因素分析结果显示,随着生物炭热解温度的升高,溶液中敌草隆的平衡浓度降低,平衡吸附量增大;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量在0.5~6 mg·L-1浓度范围内快速上升,之后吸附量随初始浓度的升高缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡;溶液pH对黄土吸附敌草隆有一定影响,但影响不大.     

不同氮污染特征河流N2O浓度、释放通量与排放系数

以铁岭市22条河流为研究对象,分析了河流N_2O溶存浓度、释放通量及排放系数.根据氮素的主要赋存形态及氮素浓度,22条河流可分为铵态氮污染(铵态氮平均浓度5.86 mg·L~(-1))、硝态氮污染(硝态氮平均浓度3.05 mg·L~(-1))和氮限制(溶解性无机氮平均浓度1.04 mg·L~(-1))河流这3种.总体上,N_2O溶存浓度介于17.03~9 028.60 nmol·L~(-1),均值为546.75nmol·L~(-1),饱和度均值为6 256%;河流水-气界面N_2O释放通量介于17.21~15 655.3μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均值为949.36μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).铵态氮污染河流断面N_2O浓度和释放通量显著高于硝态氮污染和氮限制断面(LSD,P0.05).根据IPCC方法计算了河流N_2O排放系数(EF_(5r)),结果表明3种类型河流EF_(5r)呈现极为明显的差异,EF_(5r)变异系数达到445%.硝态氮污染河流EF_(5r)均值为0.000 5,显著低于IPCC建议值(0.002 5);但铵态氮污染河流硝态氮浓度较低,导致EF_(5r)计算均值高达0.445 6,为IPCC建议值的180倍;氮限制河流EF_(5r)均值为0.005 0,为IPCC建议值的2倍.因此,在计算EF_(5r)时应充分评估河流的氮污染状况.本文根据河流氮污染特征,结合不同类型河流N_2O产生机制,对EF_(5r)进行了分类计算,探讨了EF_(5r)的修正计算方法.建议针对氨氮污染和氮限制河流采用[N_2O]/[NH_4~+]方法计算EF_(5r);如不考虑河流氮污染特征,建议采用[N_2O]/[DIN]方法计算EF_(5r).     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.