山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染特征与风险评价

在山东省范围内采集农田表层土壤样品91个,采用气相色谱法分析了7种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)的含量和组成,分析了其分布特征,比较了大田土壤和大棚土壤中该类农药含量的差异,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药总含量(∑_7SPs)范围在0.01—88.51μg·kg~(-1)之间,均值为5.65μg·kg~(-1).与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等偏低水平.山东省各地区的拟除虫菊酯含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的比例较高.部分地区大棚土壤中的含量高于大田土壤.风险评价结果表明,山东省农田土壤个别采样点中甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯具有生态风险,三分之一的采样点存在潜在生态风险,其余采样点不存在生态风险.     

9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性

螳螂是田间控制害虫种群增加的重要捕食性天敌之一。以中华大刀螂3龄幼虫(Paratenodera sinensis Saussure)为受试生物,利用9种常用杀虫剂配制成不同浓度梯度的药剂,通过喷雾法直接暴露,分别测定了LC50和死亡率来评价不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂毒性和危害程度的影响。结果显示,9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性(LC50值)差异很大,用药后24h的LC50在0.7182～347.7962mg·L-1之间,LC95在8.8057～1734.5650mg·L-1之间;用药后48h的LC50在0.3564～193.6887mg·L-1之间,LC95在3.8958～1548.3258mg·L-1之间;用药后72h的LC50在0.2232～115.3391mg·L-1之间,LC95在1.7730～530.6462mg·L-1之间。不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性差异最高达到543.46倍。毒性大小依次为,高效氯氟氰菊酯﹥啶虫脒﹥联苯菊酯﹥毒死蜱﹥噻虫嗪﹥茚虫威﹥吡虫啉﹥阿维菌素﹥苏云金杆菌原粉(Bt)。根据田间推荐浓度处理的死亡率判断,毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、高效氯氟氰菊酯为有害水平,Bt为中度有害水平,吡虫啉、茚虫威、噻虫嗪为微害水平,阿维菌素接近无害水平。根据LC50与田间推荐浓度的比值判断,阿维菌素、吡虫啉对螳螂种群数量不会产生太大影响;Bt、茚虫威和噻虫嗪对螳螂种群数量会产生一定危害;而毒死蜱、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯将严重影响螳螂种群数量的稳定性。在24～72h范围内,不同杀虫剂LC50和LC95随施药时间的延长而降低,说明暴露时间越长毒性越大,危害程度也越大。建议在中华大刀螂生活范围内减少高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的施用,推荐杀虫剂田间使用量时,除考虑对防治对象的防效,还应考虑对天敌种群的危害,提高药剂使用安全性,保护天敌种群的稳定性。     

甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的光敏降解研究

本文以高压汞灯和自然阳光为光源，研究了甲基对硫磷对氧氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰茂菊酯在玻片表面光致降解的影响。结果表明：甲基对硫磷与三种拟除虫菊酯农药混合照光处理后，可使拟除虫菊酯农药的光解速度加快。氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯的光解半衰期，在高压汞灯下比其单独照光分别缩短１２．１８、８．４６和７．３３倍，在阳光下则分别缩短４．７３，２．６５，和４．４６倍。甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酯农药表现出显著的光敏     

8种拟除虫菊酯农药对稀有鲫的急性、亚慢性毒性研究

８种拟除虫菊酯对稀有鲫的急性毒性和其中２种拟除虫菊酯的亚慢性毒性研究结果表明：溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯、胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯对稀有鲫均属剧毒,它们的ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１分别为３．１６,３．２４,６．３１,７．２１,７．３５,３２．４５,９１．７５和８８２．６;甲氰菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯对稀有鲫７ｄ亚慢性毒性的最低有影响浓度ρ（ＬＯＥＣ）和最高无影响浓度ρ（ＮＯＥＣ）分别为０．８８～０．４４μｇ／Ｌ,４．０～２．０μｇ／Ｌ,以ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１为基准,２种拟除虫菊酯的安全系数均为０．０６～０．１２５．     

珠江河口沉积物中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染及毒性评价

拟除虫菊酯农药是一种广谱、高效、低毒、低残留的亲脂性杀虫剂,它会随农田排水、降雨淋洗进入水体,最终进入沉积环境,故沉积物是其最终归宿之一。本研究针对珠江河口沉积物中菊酯类农药的污染状况进行调查,研究它们的含量、组成比例、污染来源及其潜在毒性,为珠江渔业水生生态环境管理及掌握环境中有机污染情况提供依据,对保护渔业环境安全有十分重要的意义。2012年5月采集珠江河口表层沉积物,采用气相色谱法-电子捕获法（GC-ECD）对表层沉积物中联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯进行残留检测,并利用其对钩虾的生物毒性来评价沉积物的潜在毒性。结果显示,表层沉积物（以干质量计）中7种菊酯类农药质量分数介于ND~6.59μg·kg-1（ND表示未检出）,平均值为0.75μg·kg-1,其总质量分数与有机碳质量分数呈现一定的正相关性;组成比例表明,氯菊酯最多,占总量的57.63%,它的检出率为61.90%,甲氰菊酯其次,约占总量的16.39%,检出率为28.57%,氯菊酯占主要组成部分,可能与其在珠江三角洲居民生活中被大量使用及其降解速率有关;珠江桥采样点高浓度的菊酯类农药的检出（6.59μg·kg-1）,可能与其靠近人口密集和经济发达的广州有关;与国内外其他地区相比,珠江河口沉积物中菊酯农药处于较低水平;采用毒性单元TU（选用钩虾Hyallela Azteca的LC50）进行毒性评估,∑TU值范围为0~0.09,远远低于1,表明珠江河口拟除虫菊酯不存在生态风险。     

三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应

近年来农药复配使用成为普遍现象,它对生态的危害是否有别于农药单独使用?采用OECD人工土壤法,通过急性毒性、回避行为及抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD)活性3个生态响应水平,研究三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应。结果表明:三唑磷对蚯蚓7 d和14 d的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为331.1 mg·kg~(-1)和122.0 mg·kg~(-1);氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓7 d LC50和14 d LC50分别为897.9 mg·kg~(-1)和656.7 mg·kg~(-1)。2种农药按毒性比1:1复配,表现为协同作用。三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓48 h的半数回避浓度(AC50)分别是41.6 mg·kg~(-1)和6.0 mg·kg~(-1),两者亦表现为协同作用。经2种农药单独处理,蚯蚓体内CAT活性呈现轻微上升后下降,而POD和SOD活性无明显变化;复配导致POD活力显著上升,而CAT和SOD活力则显著下降。研究表明:三唑磷和氯氟氰菊酯复配呈现协同作用,增强彼此对蚯蚓的毒性作用,增大土壤生态危害风险;联合效应的产生与其阻断神经传导这一共同靶标有关。     

纳米二氧化硅对两性生殖和孤雌生殖卤虫无节幼体毒性影响的比较研究

研究了纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO_2)悬浮液对美国大盐湖两性生殖型卤虫(Artemia francisana,GSL)和渤海湾孤雌生殖型卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica,BH)无节幼体的急性毒性和抗氧化酶系统的影响。研究结果表明,Nano-SiO_2对GSL和BH无节幼体24 h-LC50分别为23.02 mg·m L~(-1)和20.96 mg·m L~(-1),属低级毒性。Nano-SiO_2降低了GSL和BH无节幼体还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,致丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,表明氧化应激反应是导致Nano-SiO_2对卤虫无节幼体致死的作用机制之一。     

重金属和聚苯乙烯微球对卤虫的复合毒性效应研究

微塑料是一类重要的海洋污染物,由于其性质稳定、难以降解,对海洋生态系统具有潜在的危害。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,容易吸附海洋中的重金属等污染物产生二次危害,因此研究微塑料与重金属的复合毒性效应对于正确评价微塑料的生态风险具有重要意义。本文以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)作为研究对象,考察了10μm聚苯乙烯微球与2种重金属(Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+))对卤虫无节幼体的单一及复合急性毒性。同时使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了卤虫体内Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度随时间的变化情况,比较分析了聚苯乙烯微球对重金属在卤虫体内富集的影响。研究发现,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)单一暴露时对卤虫无节幼体的24 h半数致死浓度(24 h-LC_(50))分别为(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1)和(164.5±27.3) mg·L~(-1),与聚苯乙烯微球共同作用时24h-LC_(50)分别为(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1)和(178.3±36.4) mg·L~(-1),聚苯乙烯微球的存在显著促进了卤虫对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的摄入和排出,但并未影响二者急性毒性。研究结果可为海洋环境中微塑料和重金属的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的毒性和健康危害研究进展

在现今世界范围内,拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂已被广泛应用于防治农业病虫害以及用作室内杀虫剂,因此对人类日常生活产生重要影响。拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的急性毒性研究已经有较多成果和进展,但对其长期慢性影响至今仍缺乏明确论证。此综述从Pub Med、EBSCO和中国知网等数据库收集了国内外已发表的、有关拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的动物实验、人群调查和实验室检验的长期、慢性影响的典型研究论文,并从中筛选出拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的神经毒性、生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性与肿瘤研究等方面的研究进展,综述长期接触拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂可能对人体产生的神经、生殖及免疫系统方面的危害,为进一步研究和开发无害化农药杀虫剂提供参考思路。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究了济南和哈尔滨两年两地的玉米Zea maysL.经高效氯氟氰菊酯种子处理微囊悬浮剂拌种后,高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米植株、籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量,以及在玉米植株和土壤中的降解动力学规律。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯最终残留在植株、籽粒和土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.005mg·kg-1、〈0.001mg·kg-1和≤0.053mg·kg-1;在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期19.6～28.1d,消解速率哈尔滨慢于济南,这可能与土壤含水量和气温等有关。本研究为制定该农药在玉米上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Toxicity of the pyrethroid bifenthrin insecticide

Bifenthrin is a chiral synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that has been commonly used for agricultural and domestic pest control over the past decades. Due to its widespread application, residues of bifenthrin has been frequently detected in environmental media, residential areas and biota, thus posing potential risks to the health of wildlife and humans. In particular, bifenthrin exhibits high acute lethal toxicity to aquatic species, and it is the primary contributor to the toxicity of insecticides in waters. Additionally, bifenthrin can also cause sublethal toxic effects on various non-target organisms, including developmental toxicity, neurobehavioral toxicity, oxidative damage, immune toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects. Here we review recent studies about the fate of bifenthrin in the environment and biological systems, the toxicity of the chiral parent compound bifenthrin and the toxic effects of main metabolites. The adverse effects of bifenthrin, identified from both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential underlying mechanisms are presented. We discuss the enantiomeric difference in the toxicological effects of bifenthrin, since enantiomers of chiral compounds show different interactions with biological systems. Pyrethroid insecticides metabolites are not acutely toxic, but they have sublethal toxicity, such as endocrine disrupting effects and immunotoxicity. We provide emerging evidence for toxic effects of several main metabolites.     

Effects of various diets on the nutritional value of Artemia sp. as food for the prawn Penaeus monodon

The nutritional value of Artemia sp. as food for marine fish and crustacean larvae has been linked to the level of its polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. Experiments in August 1984 were conducted to determine the effects of various artificial diets and algae on fatty acid composition of PUFA-deficient Artemia sp. (Utah GSL strain) and their resulting value as food for postlarvae of the prawn Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Nauplii of the brine shrimp were grown on extracts of corn, copra, soybean and rice bran containing precursors (C18) to long-chain PUFA and also on algal species containing different levels of long-chain PUFA (C20). The nauplii were then used as food for P. monodon postlarvae. The results revealed that absence of C20 polyunsaturates from the feeds and their presence in the algae were reflected in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the tissues of Artemia sp. When fed with brine shrimp fed on algae, P. monodon displayed better postlarval survival and significantly higher growth; related to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Artemia sp. A practical feeding approach in prawn hatcheries would be to grow Artemia sp. on a cheap diet such as rice bran, and then to enhance its nutritional value with a diet high in PUFA prior to harvesting, in order to improve hatchery production.     

Effects of dieldrin-contaminated food on the development of Leptodius floridanus larvae

Leptodius floridanus (Rathbun) (Decapoda: Xanthidae) larvae were fed dieldrin-contaminated Artemia nauplii throughout their development to megalopa. Sublethal effects were noted at dieldrin concentrations as low as 5.49 ppm, and no larvae completed their development when fed Artemia containing 33.0 ppm dieldrin. Organochloride pesticide residues were measured in zooplankton collected from Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA. These residue levels were found to be much lower than those found to affect Leptodius larvae in the laboratory.     

Deltamethrin-induced alterations in serum calcium and prolactin cells of a freshwater teleost,Heteropneustes fossilis

Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide widely used in many countries, causes significant adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. The concentration of deltamethrin in water reservoirs and the run off from agricultural areas (in water) in many countries range up to 24.0?µg?L^?1 which is higher than the recommendation of the European Union standard. Hence, in this study the effects of deltamethrin were investigated, i.e. its toxic impacts on the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in terms of serum calcium and prolactin cells (located in the rostral pars distalis region of the pituitary). The fish were subjected to deltamethrin for a short-term experiment (96?h; 1.5?µg?L^?1 e.0.8 of 96?h LC₅₀) and a long-term experiment (28 days; 0.37?µg?L^?1 e.0.2 of 96?h LC₅₀). After short-term deltamethrin exposure, serum calcium levels decrease. No histological change in prolactin cells is noticed throughout the short-term experiment. Fish exposed to deltamethrin for 7 days also exhibit a decrease in serum calcium level. This decrease persisted until the end of the experiment (28 days). Prolactin cells of fish treated for 14 days with deltamethrin exhibit increased nuclear volume and degranulation, increasing progressively from the 21st day onwards. After 28 days, a few degenerated cells are discerned. The results of this study show that deltamethrin is moderately toxic for the freshwater fish H. fossilis by producing adverse effects on serum calcium and prolactin cells. Hence, it should be used with caution in areas near fish-inhabited waters.     

Acute toxicity bioassay using Paramecium caudatum,a key member to study the effects of monocrotophos on swimming behaviour,morphology and reproduction

The toxic effects of an organophosphorous insecticide, monochrotophos (MCP) were investigated on Paramecium caudatum in static acute toxicity tests (10?min and 2?h). The lethal concentrations (50%) were determined by probit method, for technical monocrotophos as 60 and 40.6?mg?L^?1, respectively. We have combined conventional light microscopy and a computerized video tracking system to determine behavioural and morphological changes in paramecium on exposure to MCP. Paramecia exposed to highest concentrations (90–100?mg?L^?1) used for 10?min exposure, exhibited initial increase with subsequent decrease in mobility with enormous blebbing, leading to lysis of cells. In the second set of experiments, the cells exposed to lethal concentration (40.6?mg?L^?1) for 2?h were under stress, and reduced their locomotor behaviour, i.e. distance travelled per unit time (mm in 6?min) and swimming speed (mm?s^?1) with increased time of exposure. In the third set of experiments, the number of generations and generation time in 24?h was evaluated with respect to the different sub lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20?mg?L^?1) of toxicant. The number of generations decreased and generation time extended significantly in a concentration dependent manner. The results indicate that the Paramecium toxicity assay could be used as a complimentary system to rapidly elucidate the cytotoxic potential of insecticides.     

Responses of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita to deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations

The effects of deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations on some hematological and biochemical profiles in the Indian major carp Labeo rohita have been examined. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of deltamethrin for 24 and 96 h were found to be 0.44 and 0.38 mg L^?1, respectively. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly increased compared to control group. Plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, and glycogen in gill and muscle were significantly decreased. Upon sublethal treatment (0.044 mg L^?1, 10th of 24 h LC₅₀), RBC and the biochemical parameters, except glucose and cholesterol, decreased significantly, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC values increased up to the 28th day and then declined. Cholesterol level was significantly increased throughout the study period. A biphasic response in the levels of Hb, Hct, WBC, and glucose were observed during sublethal treatment.     

Effects of nano carbon black and single-layer graphene oxide on settlement,survival and swimming behaviour of Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae

The effects of two carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-sized carbon black (nCB), and single-layer graphene oxide (GO) on settlement of Amphibalanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Crustacea) cypris larvae (cyprids) were assessed after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. Additionally, the effects of these nanomaterials on the mortality and swimming behaviour of the nauplius larvae (nauplii) of the same organism were determined after 24 and 48 h. The data indicate that nCB is more effective as a potential antisettlement agent than single-layer GO; moreover, nCB did not show any adverse effects on the larvae. The swimming behaviour of II stage nauplii of A. amphitrite exposed to a suspension of nCB was inhibited only at very high nCB concentrations (≥0.5 mg/mL). Single-layer GO, on the contrary, showed lower antisettlement effects and was more active in altering the survival and inhibiting the swimming behaviour of the nauplii. An indication of the toxic or non-toxic mechanisms of the antisettlement properties of both of these nanomaterials is provided by the reversibility of the antisettlement activity. In conclusion, we propose nCB as an innovative antifouling nanomaterial that shows low toxicity towards the model organism (crustaceans) used in this study.     

Light intensity and the feeding behaviour of herring,Clupea harengus

An infra-red sensitive video-recording technique was used to study the effects of darkness and light intensities from 0.0001 to 270 photopic lx on the feeding behaviour of herring (Clupea harengus L.). When offered natural zooplankton, consisting of a mixture ofCalanus finmarchicus, Euchaeta norvegica, Oithona similis, Balanus sp. nauplii, and crustacean nauplii as prey, the fish fed by biting (snapping) at light intensities above a threshold of 0.001 lx and were size-selective, taking the larger organisms first. When fed on pure cultures of CaliforniaArtemia sp. nauplii (San Francisco Bay brand), the threshold light intensity was 0.01 lx. Swimming speed increased with increasing light intensity when the fish were actively feeding by biting. When the fish were filter-feeding on high densities ofArtemia sp. nauplii in the light, they continued to school and swimming speed was not related to light intensity.