混凝一气浮控制三卤甲烷生成势的研究

研究了混凝一气浮工艺对不同分子量区间三卤甲烷生成势（trihalomethanes formation potential,THMFP）的去除效果及絮体形态对THMFP去除效果的影响。结果表明,混凝一气浮工艺以去除大分子量区间THMFP为主,对小分子量区间THMFP的去除效果较差。UV254值与THMFP值的线性相关系数为0．9449,UV254值可以较好地反映THMFP的含量。絮体的分形维数为1．17～1．2时,孔隙率较大,可增加絮体对THMFP的活性吸附空间,且絮体相对密度较小,可增强同向絮凝作用,增加絮体和THMFP的接触概率,有利于气浮对THMFP的去除。     

造纸中段废水的混凝-臭氧氧化深度处理研究

就混凝-臭氧氧化组合工艺对造纸中段废水生物处理出水的净化效果进行了研究.结果表明,Ca(OH)2对废水色度、TOC、COD和254 nm的紫外吸收值(UV254)的去除效果均优于聚合氯化铝/聚丙烯酰胺(PAC/PAM);Ca(OH)2-O3组合工艺的处理效果也优于PAC/PAM-O3工艺.当Ca(OH)2投加量为1 g/L、臭氧投加量为50 mg/L时,废水色度降低至10倍以下,COD小于150 mg/L.经Ca(OH)2混凝处理后,相对分子量在0.5～1.0 ku和10.0 ku以上的有机物显著减少;进一步臭氧氧化处理后,除0.5 ～1.0 ku范围的有机物大幅度增加外,其余分子量有机物显著减少.由于对色度贡献很大的大分子量物质的去除,废水的色度显著下降直至无色.     

臭氧对混凝剂形态及功能的影响

应用Ferron逐时络合比色法,从铝形态分布及其转化的角度,研究了臭氧对聚合氯化铝混凝性能影响并探究其原因。结果表明,预臭氧对聚合氯化铝(PAC)的混凝效果有显著影响。在一定质量浓度范围内(0~3.60mg/L),臭氧浓度越高,水样浊度越高(其UV254(即254nm波长下水样的紫外吸光度值,表征含芳香环结构和共轭双键结构的有机物含量)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的去除效果较显著)。臭氧对混凝剂水解形态有显著影响。预臭氧后,混凝絮体形成和浊度的去除与铝混凝剂中中等聚合态铝(Alb)的含量有关,Alb的含量越高,浊度去除效果越好。因此,臭氧剂量的增加抑制Alb生成可能是导致浊度升高的一个重要原因。     

常规与深度处理工艺对长江下游浅库型原水的处理效果比较研究

基于长江下游浅库型原水,对比常规与深度处理工艺运行效果,探索溶解性有机物(DOM)分子量分布的变化及其与消毒副产物生成的联系,明确常规与深度处理工艺的工艺适应性。研究结果表明,长江下游浅库型原水经以臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)为核心的深度处理后,出水高锰酸盐指数(IMn)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、254nm单位吸光度(UV254)、UV254与DOC比值(SUVA254)、三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成潜能(HAAFP)分别降低了33%～79%、41%～67%、60%～81%、24%～58%、37%～70%和35%～64%,且出水小分子DOM(分子量≤1ku)占比降至50%(质量分数)以下。常规处理工艺中,混凝、沉淀及砂滤是DOM的主要去除单元;而深度处理工艺中,DOM则主要靠O3-BAC去除。针对长江下游浅库型原水,以O3-BAC为核心的深度处理工艺具有更高的工艺适应性,并能实现对DOM的有效去除。     

聚合铝水解形态对混凝效果及絮体特性的影响

采用微量滴定法制备不同碱化度的聚合铝,并测定其铝形态分布,通过其对腐殖酸-高岭土水样进行烧杯实验,依据絮体的Zeta电位、浊度、UV254及絮体强度因子及恢复因子等参数,以综合评价聚合铝水解形态的混凝机理及其絮体特性。结果表明:聚合铝投加前后铝形态分布存在很大差异,碱化度越低影响越明显,碱化度为0.5的聚合铝中Ala含量由原来的69.57%变为4%左右,而其Alc由9.36%变为50%左右;预制铝的中聚体和高聚体形态在混凝过程中相对比较稳定,而低聚合度的Ala变化显著;Alb电中和能力强,对溶解性有机物去除效果好,其絮体成长速度慢但絮体强度高;Alc具有较强的吸附架桥能力,能促进浊度的去除;预制Alc的吸附架桥能力强于水解生成的Alc,但其絮体恢复性能差。     

水解酸化+A/O工艺对石化废水不同分子量有机物去除效果评价

对某典型石化企业综合污水处理厂"水解酸化+A/O"处理工艺各单元出水不同分子量区间的有机物含量及光谱特性进行了表征。研究表明,石化企业综合污水处理厂各处理单元出水DOC以分子量1 kDa的有机物为主;处理工艺对废水COD、DOC和UV254的总去除率分别为84.58%、86.22%和72.92%,分子量1 kDa、3~5 kDa、10~30 kDa、30~100 kDa的DOC去除率达90%左右,分子量5~10 kDa和100 kDa的DOC增加了28.57%和43.90%;分子量1 kDa的UV254的去除率为76.27%;水解酸化池对分子量30~100 kDa的有机物去除率达90.87%,缺氧段对分子量1~3 kDa的DOC去除率达92.86%,缺氧出水分子量3~10 kDa和30~100 kDa的DOC浓度较水解酸化出水有较大增加,好氧段对缺氧段出水中分子量30~100 kDa、5~10 kDa和3~5 kDa的有机物有很好的去除作用,去除率分别为80.85%、43.46%和72.32%,而分子量1~3 kDa的DOC浓度有所增加。各出水在260~270 nm有紫外吸收峰。各分子量区间DOC的SUVA值随处理工艺沿程增大,废水有机物芳香度提高,UV253/UV203呈减小趋势。     

磁粉在磁加载混凝深度除磷中的作用机理分析

为适应天津新地(DB 12/599-2015)对出水总磷的排放需求,对天津某污水处理厂二沉池出水进行磁加载混凝工艺深度除磷实验。探讨了3种磁粉在粒径、表面电荷和磁感应强度等方面对混凝的影响;对比了磁加载混凝和常规混凝在沉降时间、絮体生长动力学的差异;分析了磁加载混凝和常规混凝对于不同形态磷的去除效果。结果表明,在磁加载混凝技术深度除磷中,磁粉的粒径、电性和磁性的协同作用是提高混凝效果的主要因素,粒径范围适中,表面带正电荷,磁感应强度越大越有利于污染物的去除。磁加载混凝技术可减少混凝剂用量、缩短沉降时间、提升去除效果,磁粉在混凝过程中起电性中和、表面吸附、絮凝成核、快速沉降的作用。     

强化混凝过程絮体形态对锑(V)去除效果的影响

利用混凝烧杯试验法,考察聚硫酸铁(PFS)强化混凝去除五价锑(Sb(V))过程中不同混凝条件对絮体形态(包括粒度和结构)以及出水水质的影响。结果表明,絮体平均粒径和分形维数的变化主要取决于主导混凝机理,且能通过作用于混凝效果而影响沉后水中悬浮态Sb(V)含量,但对最终除Sb(V)效果(主要为溶解态)的影响极为有限;原水p H和PFS投量对Sb(V)的去除有重要影响,而温度和混凝搅拌强度的作用却较小,并且助凝剂PAM的投加会在一定程度上削弱去除效果。在实际运行中,还需尽量避免沉后水因微小絮体过多影响后续工艺的运行工况及出水水质等。     

聚合氯化铝与粉末活性炭联合强化混凝处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了联合粉末活性炭与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝对垃圾渗滤液原水的处理效果。结果表明,在原水COD为4 100 mg/L、浊度为147 NTU、UV254为20的条件下,粉末活性炭的加入可以有效增加垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除率,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,COD的去除率由21.6%提高到29.1%,UV254去除率由29.8%提高到39.9%,剩余浊度由138 NTU降到133 NTU。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性小分子有机物的去除率提高显著,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,在分子量小于1 kDa的范围内,UV254去除率由2.9%上升为10%。     

pH对混凝超滤组合工艺性能的影响

在聚合氯化铝(PACl)投加量为4 mg/L条件下,通过调节原水的初始p H值,考察p H条件对混凝超滤组合工艺的净水性能及膜污染的影响。结果表明:当p H为7.5时,组合工艺对COD_(Mn)、UV_(254)、DOC的去除率分别为40.2%、35.4%和36.1%;当p H降至4.5时,对应的去除率分别增加至52.9%、52.1%和42.0%。酸性条件下,膜池内絮体的分形维数大,絮体结构密实,膜污染速率较快;当p H等于4.5时,絮体分形维数为1.75±0.15,尺寸大于500μm的絮体数占总絮体数的9%。中性及偏碱性条件下,絮体分形维数小,絮体结构松散多枝,膜污染速率缓慢;当p H等于7.5时,絮体分形维数为1.37±0.05,尺寸大于500μm的絮体占65%。针对该水库的水质状况,控制原水p H为7.5有利于混凝超滤膜组合装置的运行。     

Transformation characteristics of refractory pollutants in plugboard wastewater by an optimal electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton process

The treatment of the plugboard wastewater was performed by an optimal electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton. The organic components with suspended fractions accounting for 30% COD were preferably removed via electrocoagulation at initial 5 min. In contrast, the removal efficiency was increased to 76% with the addition of H(2)O(2). The electrogenerated Fe(2+) reacts with H(2)O(2) and leads to the generation of (·)OH, which is responsible for the higher COD removal. However, overdosage H(2)O(2) will consume (·)OH generated in the electro-Fenton process and lead to the low COD removal. The COD removal efficiency decreased with the increased pH. The concentration of Fe(2+) ions was dependent on the solution pH, H(2)O(2) dosage and current density. The changes of organic characteristics in coagulation and oxidation process were differenced and evaluated using gel permeation chromatography, fluorescence excitation-emission scans and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fraction of the wastewater with aromatic structure and large molecular weight was decomposed into aliphatic structure and small molecular weight fraction in the electro-Fenton process.     

Removal of dissolved organic matter in municipal effluent with ozonation, slow sand filtration and nanofiltration as high quality pre-treatment option for artificial groundwater recharge

In the paper the combination process of ozonation, slow sand filtration (SSF) and nanofiltration (NF) was investigated with respect to dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal as high quality pre-treatment option for artificial groundwater recharge. With the help of ozonation leading to breakdown of the large organic molecules, SSF preferentially removes soluble microbial by-product-like substances and DOM with molecular weight (MW) less than 1.0 kDa. NF, however, removes aromatic, humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like substances efficiently and specially removes DOM with MW above 1.0 kDa. The residual DOM of the membrane permeate is dominated by small organics with MW 500 Da, which can be further reduced by the aquifer treatment, despite of the very low concentration. Consequently, the O₃/SSF/NF system offers a complementary process in DOM removal. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) can be reduced from 6.5 ± 1.1 to 0.7 ± 0.3 mg L⁻¹ and from 267 ± 24 to 52 ± 6 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The very low DOC concentration of 0.6 ± 0.2 mg L⁻¹ and THMFP of 44 ± 4 μg L⁻¹ can be reached after the aquifer treatment.     

Characteristics of organic precursors and their relationship with disinfection by-products

The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of precursors and their relationship with disinfection by-products (DBPs) were investigated. Most of the organic matter responsible for the major DBP precursors in the Pan-Hsin water are small compounds with a molecular weight less than 1 kDa. The hydrophobic acids display the greatest ability to produce DBP. Therefore, effective removal of small molecules or hydrophobic acidic organics prior to disinfection process will significantly reduce the DBP concentration in the finished water. Although the coagulation process is effective in removing large organic precursors and the removal efficiencies of CHCl3 formation potential and organic carbon increase proportionally to the molecular weight of the precursors, the conventional treatment methods have limited efficiency in eliminating small precursors, which have high DBP formation potential.     

A column test for leaching of organochlorines from soil by amphiphilic nonionic nanopolymers

Amphiphilic nonionic cross-linked nanopolymers (NPs) were synthesized to examine removal of five organochlorines (OCs), namely lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and DDT, from a range of Thai agricultural soils. The synthesized NP particles had polarity characteristics similar to those of nonionic surfactant micelles and were largely in the size range of 55-155 nm. This work aimed to determine the optimal conditions for leaching of OC contaminated soil with NPs and also to investigate the role and influence of soil properties on this leaching. An investigation of the concentrations of aqueous dispersions of these particles found that a concentration of 10 g L(-1). was found most effective in leaching the OCs from a column of spiked soil. The optimal contact time that allowed a NP dispersion and spiked soil to reach equilibrium was 48 h. The results indicated influencing factors for OC removal and soil remediation were properties both of the soil and the compounds themselves. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil texture played an important role on the sorption as well as compound hydrophobicity expressed as log K(OW) values. The removal efficiency was found to be in the range of 85.2-92.8 % for all soil samples and in the order of DDT < aldrin < heptachlor < dieldrin < endrin < lindane regardless of soil type. This order is inversely related to the log K(OC) values of these compounds. For OC compounds with a similar molecular structure, removal efficiency was related to molecular weight (MW).     

强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液

采用强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺对北京某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行处理。探讨了不同混凝剂投加量、电流密度和反应时间对COD去除率的影响,并考察了溶解性有机物的分子量和结构在本工艺中的变化。结果表明:同时投加Ca(OH)2、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM混凝后,COD去除率为28.00%,含量由4 700 mg/L降低到3 384 mg/L;同时投加KMnO4、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM进行二次混凝,COD去除率为60.20%,含量为1 870 mg/L;混凝后水样在电流密度为400A/m2,经3 h光电氧化后,COD去除率为86.20%,含量为650 mg/L。本工艺将垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液中部分大分子量有机物降解为小分子量有机物;光电氧化后,有机物结构被迅速破坏。     

臭氧光催化降解地下水中天然有机物的研究

在现场开展了中试规模的臭氧光催化降解天然有机物的研究.研究表明,对大分子天然有机物占很大比例且重碳酸盐含量较高的地下水,臭氧投加量10 mg/L和反应时间10 min条件下,TOC的去除率不到20%,但UV254和三卤甲烷生成潜力(THMFP)去除率分别达到近60%和33.5%.臭氧光催化与活性炭吸附相连,能显著提高UV254的THMFP的去除率,但TOC去除率并不明显高于单独活性炭吸附.臭氧光催化使大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,后者在活性炭上的吸附性提高且生化性改善,可望在生物活性炭上更有效地去除.     

Formation of hazardous by-products resulting from the irradiation of natural organic matter: comparison between UV and VUV irradiation

The use of ultraviolet (UV) or vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photo-oxidation followed by biological treatment for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water is a potential water treatment technique under investigation. This paper reports on the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), the haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP), and formation of nitrite and peroxide following both UV and VUV irradiation of NOM prior to biological treatment. The total THMFP was found to decrease with increasing UV and VUV irradiation dose, although there was a linear increase in bromoform formation. Determination of the THMFP of NOM fractions obtained after irradiation, showed that the hydrophobic fraction was dominated by chlorinated species which accounted for the majority of the total THMFP, while bromoform was observed only in the hydrophilic fraction of NOM. VUV irradiation reduced the HAAFP with increasing dose, in contrast, UV irradiation had a limited effect on the overall HAAFP. Following UV or VUV irradiation, the chlorinated species accounted for the majority of HAAFP; however, significant formation of brominated haloacetic acid (HAA) was observed. The nitrate concentration of the untreated water directly influenced the concentration of nitrite produced as a consequence of UV and VUV irradiation. Hydrogen peroxide formation was greater during VUV irradiation than during UV irradiation. Samples exposed to various doses of UV or VUV irradiation (up to 138 J cm(-2)) were deemed non-cytotoxic (African green monkey kidney cells) and non-mutagenic (Ames test).     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aged-contaminated soil using cyclodextrins: experimental study

The removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil using water as flushing agent is relatively ineffective due to their low aqueous solubility. However, addition of cyclodextrin (CD) in washing solutions has been shown to increase the removal efficiency several times. Herein are investigated the effectiveness of cyclodextrin to remove PAH occurring in industrially aged-contaminated soil. Beta-cyclodextrin (BCD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) solutions were used for soil flushing in column test to evaluate some influent parameters that can significantly increase the removal efficiency. The process parameters chosen were CD concentration, ratio of washing solution volume to soil weight, and temperature of washing solution. These parameters were found to have a significant and almost linear effect on PAH removal from the contaminated soil, except the temperature where no significant enhancement in PAH extraction was observed for temperature range from 5 to 35 degrees C. The PAHs extraction enhancement factor compared to water was about 200.     

河流型水源地源水典型氯化消毒副产物及其前体物的强化去除工艺

以长三角某典型河流型水源地源水为研究对象,设计了传统工艺及基于凹凸棒土处理单元的6种强化工艺,对各工艺及其处理单元应用于典型氯化消毒副产物(三卤甲烷和卤乙酸)及其前体物控制的技术和经济可行性进行了系统分析。结果表明,预O3+凹土强化混凝+O3-GAC强化的工艺对上述2种消毒副产物及其前体物的控制效果最佳;在传统工艺中单纯增加O3处理也能在一定程度上提高其对消毒副产物前体物的去除效果;KMnO4控制消毒副产物的效果一般,但KMnO4处理可强化后续单元对消毒副产物前体物的去除效果。各工艺处理出水中三卤甲烷和卤乙酸单项指标均能达标,但传统工艺和经凹土强化混凝+GAC强化的工艺出水三卤甲烷4种化合物的实测浓度与其各自限值的比值之和均大于1.0,不能满足水质要求,必须进行强化处理。凹土强化混凝单元在6种强化工艺条件下对三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成潜能(HAAFP)的去除率较传统混凝单元平均提高15.99%和4.92%;各强化工艺对THMFP和HAAFP的去除率较传统工艺均提高20%以上(除凹土强化混凝+GAC强化的工艺外),消毒副产物产生量降低40%以上,工艺成本降低20%以上。