菌剂强化对水解酸化处理模拟印染废水效果的影响

将具有高效脱色效率的混合菌群FF(优势菌属为Proteobacteria门和Firmicutes门细菌)作为强化菌剂,通过流加菌的方式加入水解酸化反应器,对模拟印染废水进行菌剂强化。通过监测水解酸化反应器进出水的色度、COD、BOD5/COD和VFAs(挥发性脂肪酸)来反应菌剂强化效果。结果表明,经过菌剂强化,模拟印染废水的色度和COD去除率比强化前分别提高了大约15%和20%,同时,印染废水的BOD5/COD值由0.50增加到0.70,表明其可生化性得到显著提高。采用PCR-DGGE技术对菌剂强化前后水解酸化反应器中微生物多样性和群落结构进行探索。结果表明,经过菌剂强化处理,微生物多样性指数从2.17增加到2.56,表明物种丰富度增加,同时微生物群落结构发生显著变化,菌种系统发育树结果表明,菌剂强化后,不仅水解酸化系统中原来存在的优势菌种Bacteroidetes门细菌得以保持优势,同时系统中Proteobacteria门和Firmicutes门细菌得到了显著强化。     

膜曝气生物反应器内DO分布变化及其对有机物和氮去除的影响

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,探讨膜曝气生物反应器在不同的曝气压力下溶解氧的分布特征,并分析了DO的分布对有机物和氮去除率的影响。研究结果表明,不同的曝气压力下,沿曝气膜径向位置DO值逐渐降低呈梯度分布,轴向位置的DO浓度变化随沿程氧分压减小逐渐降低;不同位置的DO分布差异影响反应器内微生物群落的分布情况,进而影响碳氮的去除效果。COD和NH_4~+-N去除主要依靠生物膜内的好氧异养菌,去除率随DO的上升而增大,当反应体系中DO浓度在1.71 mg·L~(-1)以上时,两者的最大去除率分别为84.4%和92.1%;TN的去除率随DO的上升而减小,在低DO的主体料液中,生物膜内侧依然保持高氧低碳环境,在保证硝化反应的同时反硝化作用进行较为充分,去除率可高达76.1%。     

不同温度下曝气生物滤池运行效能与微生物群落结构

采用Biostyr曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,研究了温度变化对其处理效果与微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,温度低于18℃(低温)时,BAF对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率均低于60%;当水温在18~22℃(中温)之间变化时,BAF对COD和NH_4~+-N的去除效果稳定且明显高于低温时的去除率;当水温高于22℃(高温)后,BAF对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率与水温正相关,去除率随温度的升高而显著提高。PCR-DGGE分析表明,温度越高BAF内总细菌微生物群落多样性越好;定量PCR分析表明,BAF内总细菌、氨氧化细菌和硝化细菌的菌群密度均随温度升高而增大,与其对污染物的去除率变化趋势一致。BAF在低温环境下,滤池内的菌群结构变得简单、菌群密度降低,但出水水质仍能满足要求,表明BAF工艺具有良好的抗低温冲击能力。     

曝气生物流化床处理高氨氮粪便污水

应用好氧曝气生物流化床反应器处理动车集便器粪便污水,研究反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮及去除COD效能,以及DO对处理效能的影响,通过镜检观察反应器内微生物特性,探究反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮机理。结果表明,反应器维持DO在2.5 mg/L左右时,对粪便污水中氨氮、TN和COD的去除率分别达99.8%、84.1%和95.5%,在好氧曝气生物流化床反应器中,实现同步硝化反硝化脱氮并去除有机物。分析认为,反硝化脱氮主要发生在生物膜内的厌氧微环境,反硝化反应主要由厌氧反硝化菌完成,曝气生物流化床反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮机理主要从微环境理论解释。     

复合生物膜-活性污泥反应器同步脱氮除磷

通过实验研究比较了复合生物膜-活性污泥反应器(HY)和传统活性污泥反应器(AS)的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)16 h、污泥龄12～15 d、水温19～21℃、pH 6.3～7.8的条件下,复合生物反应器比活性污泥反应器运行更稳定,未发生污泥膨胀。在相同运行条件下,复合生物反应器对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为95%、91%和98%,而活性污泥反应器对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为85%、84%和90%。稳定工况下复合生物反应器的比硝化、比反硝化速率,比吸磷、比释磷速率均高于活性污泥反应器,且微生物相更加丰富。通过建立16S rDNA克隆文库发现生物膜和活性污泥的微生物群落结构均具有高度多样性,但生物膜微生物的微生物相比活性污泥更复杂。     

水解酸化-AMBBR-好氧组合工艺的启动过程研究

对现有污水处理厂进行工艺优化,提出新的脱氮组合工艺——水解酸化-AMBBR-好氧工艺,并研究该工艺的启动过程。采用单池驯化培养的方式,同时启动了水解酸化池、缺氧移动床生物膜反应器（AMBBR）和好氧池,重点就水解酸化池和AMBBR的启动进行详细介绍。结果表明,水解酸化反应器采用投泥启动,小流量进水,逐渐增大流量的方式,可以在15 d之内完成启动,出水清澈;AMBBR宜采用好氧启动,微氧运行的方式,挂膜时间短,膜的更新速度快;组合工艺串联后,在较短的时间内,COD的去除率可达到80%,NH₃-N的去除率达到70%以上;启动污泥和污水回流后,填料很快适应水质水量变化,并在3～4 d内重新挂膜,出水TN平均浓度低于20 mg/L;运行的3周内,系统没有外排污泥。     

优势菌的筛选及其强化活性污泥好氧反硝化的研究

利用含活性污泥提取物的贫培养基筛选SBR系统中的好氧异养优势菌。结合自然温度（15～20℃）、延长培养时间等条件来提高菌群的可培养性。从SBR活性污泥系统中分离出5种细菌。4株去除COD优势菌,1株异养硝化细菌,能在好氧条件下实现对总氮的去除。反应池底采用边缘对称曝气,反应池内细菌在时间顺序和空间位置上循环经历好氧过程及微氧过程。将PVA铝盐法固定的细菌对反应器进行生物强化。结果显示,在好氧工艺的条件下,投加优势菌群后,与未加优势菌群的反应器相比,可以显著改善污泥的沉降性能,COD、NH₃-N和TN降解率显著提高,分别达到98%、97%和90%。生物强化作用明显,反应器内具有良好的好氧反硝化环境。     

生物强化对MBR系统生物特性及群落结构的影响

采用高效菌强化膜生物反应器对溴氨酸废水进行处理,考察了生物强化前后系统对溴氨酸的降解能力及其内部微生物生理状态变化.并采用核糖体基因间隔序列分析技术(RISA)解析了高效菌投加前后污泥系统的群落变化.实验表明,投菌后在进水负荷增加的条件下,上清液和膜出水的溴氨酸脱色率分别约为50%和65%,相应的COD去除率分别约为25%和50%,和投菌前基本保持一致;TTC-脱氢酶活性和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度略有波动,但是运行一段时间后即恢复到投菌前水平.群落分析表明高效菌可以在系统中稳定存在,并且不对原菌群结构造成较大影响.     

活性污泥系统聚糖菌的富集与菌群多样性分析

在实验室规模续批式反应器(SBR)内,采用人工配水作为系统进水,以乙酸钠为唯一碳源,限制进水磷浓度,调整适宜的运行方式对活性污泥进行驯化,培养富集聚糖菌。90 d的培养过程中,系统的进水COD浓度始终维持在260mg/L左右,进水PO3-4-P浓度从20 mg/L逐渐降至2 mg/L,系统除磷能力逐渐丧失。系统内活性污泥的TP/TSS从40.5%降至10.4%,污泥中的糖原/TSS从14.5%增至38.2%,同时COD去除率能保持在90%以上,说明系统中成功富集聚糖菌。采用454高通量测序法分析该系统的活性污泥菌群结构,发现α-proteobacteria,β-proteobacteria,γ-proteobacteria 3类细菌占微生物总量的比例达83.78%。在属的等级上,Tepidicella占活性污泥菌群的比例最高,为20.60%。     

Miseq测序分析活性污泥系统中细菌群落的动态变化

采用基于16S rRNA基因的Miseq测序方法,分析了某小试序批式反应器(SBR)中,细菌群落结构在1年中的动态变化。在研究中,系统运行稳定,COD出水浓度均在40 mg/L以下,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)出水浓度分别在20 mg/L和0.3 mg/L之下。细菌的群落组成变化明显,在检测到的2 094个OTU中,有176个OTU只存在于3个以下的样品中。在385个属的细菌中,有54个属的微生物只存在于3个以下的样品中。移动窗口分析表明,系统中细菌群落的平均变化率Δt(30 d)为21.3%±6.2%,稳定的系统功能并未耦合稳定的细菌群落结构。Mantel test分析表明,溶解氧(DO),进水COD浓度和温度对细菌群落结构有显著影响。方差分解分析(VPA)结果表明,水质参数及运行参数可分别解释23.6%和21.5%的群落结构变化。     

Microbial community and biochemistry process in autosulfurotrophic denitrifying biofilm

The 16S rDNA-based molecular technique was applied to analyze the microbial community of autotrophic denitrification bacteria in a biofilm developed on the surface of sulfur particles and then the biochemistry process involved in this biofilm was discussed based on the microbial community analysis. Six key operational taxonomy units were identified, which were all unknown species belonging to a wide range of bacteria from four major subdivisions (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) of the kingdom Proteobacteria and from the kingdom Chlorobia (green sulfur bacteria). One species was chemoautotrophic and related to Thiobacillus denitrificans, two species were photoautotrophic, and three were chemoheterotrophic. Contrary to expectation, T. denitrificans-like bacteria constituted only 32% of the microbial community. As a result of the study, the entire microbiology of the autosulfurotrophic denitrification process as well as the interactions between the different microbial groups in the biofilm may need to be reconsidered.     

Biofilm formation and microbial community analysis of the simulated river bioreactor for contaminated source water remediation

Background, aim, and scope

The start-up pattern of biofilm remediation system affects the biofilm characteristics and operating performances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the contaminated source water remediation systems with different start-up patterns in view of the pollutants removal performances and microbial community succession.

Methods

The operating performances of four lab-scale simulated river biofilm reactors were examined which employed different start-up methods (natural enrichment and artificial enhancement viadischarging sediment with influent velocity gradient increase) and different bio-fillers (Elastic filler and AquaMats? ecobase). At the same time, the microbial communities of the bioreactors in different phases were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and sequencing.

Results and discussion

The pollutants removal performances became stable in the four reactors after 2 months?? operation, with ammonia nitrogen and permanganate index (COD_Mn) removal efficiencies of 84.41?C94.21% and 69.66?C76.60%, respectively. The biomass of mature biofilm was higher in the bioreactors by artificial enhancement than that by natural enrichment. Microbial community analysis indicated that elastic filler could enrich mature biofilm faster than AquaMats?. The heterotrophic bacteria diversity of biofilm decreased by artificial enhancement, which favored the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) developing on the bio-fillers. Furthermore, Nitrosomonas- and Nitrosospira-like AOB coexisted in the biofilm, and Pseudomonas sp., Sphaerotilus sp., Janthinobacterium sp., Corynebacterium aurimucosum were dominant in the oligotrophic niche.

Conclusion

Artificial enhancement via the combination of sediment discharging and influent velocity gradient increasing could enhance the biofilm formation and autotrophic AOB enrichment in oligotrophic niche.     

生物流化床反应器生物膜特性研究进展

生物流化床技术应用于废水处理领域具有广阔的发展前景。生物流化床反应器对污染物的降解主要依赖于活性生物膜 ,研究生物膜的特性是提高反应器效率的重要手段。本文对描述生物膜特性的主要参数进行了综述 ,其中 ,生物膜种群构成的差异是影响反应器效率的最重要因素 ,本文重点探讨了生物膜中微生物的种群分布特征、种群的生态演替过程与反应器性能的关系。在此基础上 ,提出了对生物流化床生物膜特性进行强化的几种手段     

Biofilm comprising phototrophic, diazotrophic, and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria: a promising consortium in the bioremediation of aquatic hydrocarbon pollutants

Biofilms harboring simultaneously anoxygenic and oxygenic phototrophic bacteria, diazotrophic bacteria, and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria were established on glass slides suspended in pristine and oily seawater. Via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis on PCR-amplified rRNA gene sequence fragments from the extracted DNA from biofilms, followed by band amplification, biofilm composition was determined. The biofilms contained anoxygenic phototrophs belonging to alphaproteobacteria; pico- and filamentous cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophs); two species of the diazotroph Azospirillum; and two hydrocarbon-utilizing gammaproteobacterial genera, Cycloclasticus and Oleibacter. The coexistence of all these microbial taxa with different physiologies in the biofilm makes the whole community nutritionally self-sufficient and adequately aerated, a condition quite suitable for the microbial biodegradation of aquatic pollutant hydrocarbons.     

Response of microbial growth to orthophosphate and organic carbon influx in copper and plastic based plumbing water systems

Consequences of orthophosphate addition for corrosion control in water distribution pipes with respect to microbial growth were investigated using batch and dynamic tests. Batch tests showed that the release of copper in either low or high organic carbon content water was decreased by 69% and 56% with addition 206 microg PO(4)-P, respectively. Dosing of orthophosphate against corrosion did not increase microbial growth potential in the water and in the biofilm in both corroded and uncorroded systems receiving tap water with a low content of organic carbon and of biodegradable organic fraction. However, in tap water having a high concentration of organic carbon from acetate addition, orthophosphate addition promoted the growth of bacteria, allowed more bacteria to assemble on corroded and uncorroded surfaces, and increased the consumption of organic carbon. Orthophosphate consumption did not exceed 1% of the amount of easily biodegradable organic carbon required for microbial growth, and the orthophosphate demand for corrosion control greatly exceeded the nutritional requirement of microbial growth. The results of the dynamic tests demonstrated that there was a significant effect of interaction between biodegradable organic carbon and orthophosphate on biofilm growth, whereby the effect of orthophosphate flux on microbial growth was dependent on the levels of biodegradable organic carbon. Controlling an easily biodegradable organic carbon would be therefore necessary to minimize the microbial growth potential induced by orthophosphate-based anticorrosion treatment.     

染料废水生物膜中酶的作用特性与条件优化

通过对兼氧-好氧染料废水处理系统兼氧生物膜中脱氢酶、脂肪酶和酯酶的活性分析,研究了3种酶的作用特性以及最佳条件优化。试验结果表明,脱氢酶作为一种胞内酶,在出水水样中仍能检测到2.2%的活性存在;82.5%脂肪酶和79.9%的酯酶分布在生物膜中,这说明绝大多数脂肪酶和酯酶是与细胞相连或固定在细胞外多聚絮体基质中。0.4 mmol/L的抑制剂EDTA对脱氢酶活性有促进作用,而对脂肪酶和酯酶的抑制率分别达到59.8%和18.9%。正交试验结果表明,待测3种酶有最大活性的条件均为：温度为60℃,底物浓度为50 μmol/L,pH为8,在优化条件下待测酶活性可达常规作用条件的2.58～6.44倍。各因素对待测酶活性的影响强弱排序为：温度>底物浓度>pH。     

有机负荷对厌氧流化床反应器处理模拟味精废水的影响

在中温(35±1℃)条件下,以新型橡胶颗粒为载体的厌氧流化床(AFB)反应器处理模拟味精废水为研究体系,考察有机负荷(OLR)由2.08 kg/(m3.d)提高到19.20 kg/(m3.d)期间,污染物去除率、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量及其在生物膜和混合液中的分布、生物膜中MLVSS含量及脱氢酶活性等的变化情况。结果表明,随有机负荷增加,污染物去除稳定,COD去除率维持在80%左右;EPS在生物膜中的量大于在混合液中的量,并以蛋白质为主要成分,但其总量呈递减趋势;当有机负荷为19.20 kg/(m3.d)时,生物膜中MLVSS含量约为23.1 mg/g载体,脱氢酶活性则为22.6 mg/(L.h);载体生物膜的生物相以独缩虫属、聚缩虫属、累枝虫属和钟虫等为主。     

Denitrification using PBS as carbon source and biofilm support in a packed-bed bioreactor

Biodegradable polymer was used as carbon source and biofilm support for nitrate removal from aqueous solution as an attractive alternative for biological denitrification. The objective of this paper was to investigate the denitrification performance and microbial community of a packed-bed bioreactor using poly (butanediol succinate) (PBS), a biodegradable polymer, as carbon source and biofilm support. NO₃–N concentration was determined by UV spectrophotometer. NO₂–N concentration was assayed by hydrochloric acid naphthyl ethylenediamine spectrophotometry method. Total organic carbon (TOC) was measured using a TOC analyzer. The morphology of the samples was observed using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The microbial community was analyzed by pyrosequencing method. The experimental results showed that an average removal efficiency of nitrate was 95 %. ESEM observation and FTIR analysis indicated the changes of PBS granules before and after microbial utilization. Pyrosequencing results showed that Betaproteobacteria predominated, and most of PBS-degrading denitrifying bacteria were assigned to the family Comamonadaceae. Denitrifying bacteria accounted for 13.02 % in total population. The PBS granules were suitable support and carbon source for denitrifying bacteria.     

Effect of formaldehyde on biofilm activity and morphology in an ultracompact biofilm reactor for carbonaceous wastewater treatment.

The effects of formaldehyde on biofilm morphology and biomass activity were investigated in an ultracompact biofilm reactor (UCBR) for carbonaceous wastewater treatment. The wastewater contained a fixed amount of glucose (with a chemical oxygen demand concentration of 600 mg/L) and an increasing concentration of formaldehyde (ranging from 21.4 to 271.1 mg/L). An influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 75 mg/L could facilitate filamentous growth (on biofilm) control and lead to a higher biofilm density, which is desirable as it enhanced the UCBR performance stability. However, at an influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 214.4 mg/L, biomass production was inhibited and deteriorations of biofilm morphology and biomass activity were observed. This study showed that it was desirable to maintain an influent formaldehyde concentration lower than 202.2 mg/L, as this concentration could achieve a good biofilm morphology while not inhibiting its microbial activity.     

Assessment of Antifouling Effectiveness of two Natural Product Antifoulants by Attachment Study with Freshwater Bacteria (7 pp)

- Goal, Scope, Background. The traditional solution for keeping unwanted organisms from attaching to submerged surfaces is to apply anti-fouling coatings. The most common antifoulant was tributyltin (TBT). TBT systems were highly effective but were also toxic to non-target organisms. The use of the TBT based coatings will be completely banned by January 1, 2008. Therefore, there is an urgent need to seek out suitable non-toxic alternatives. Methods The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of capsaicin and zosteric acid as natural product antifoulants (NPAs) in deterring bacterial attachment. Two fresh water bacteria systems Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and bacteria isolated from Lake Erie (LE) were used to assess the attachment when the NPAs dispersed in the water. Effectiveness was ascertained based on the decrease in microbial attachment, limited toxicity, and minimum alteration of the coatings properties. Results and Discussion A significant inhibition of bacteria attachment was achieved when aqueous capsaicin concentration was increased from 0 to 40 mg/L. For instance, after 14 days the LE system depicted 93.5% and 98.5% less biofilm coverage for 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L capsaicin, respectively when compared to systems without NPA. Biofilm coverage was reduced by 92.5% and 98.2%, respectively with 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L zosteric acid. Conclusions Both capsaicin and zosteric acid was effective at preventing bacteria attachment. As the NPA aqueous concentration increased, biofilm formation decreased. Evaluating changes in aqueous pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, aqueous microbial population and biofilm formation suggested that the primary antifoulant mechanism of these two NPAs was to block the bacteria's active sites versus posing a lethal level. Recommendation and Perspective From the attachment study, zosteric acid appeared to be more effective in preventing bacterial attachment when the NPAs were dispersed in the aqueous environment. For practical applications, the antifoulant needs to be incorporated into a coating and have a slow release rate. Thus the ability to successfully incorporate zosteric acid into a coating, without deterring bacterial attachment, needs to be investigated.