三硝基甲苯的γ-辐照降解实验研究

基于三硝基甲苯(TNT)溶液采用常规处理方法难以降解,采用60Co-γ射线对三硝基甲苯溶液进行辐照降解,研究了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、双氧水(H2O2)等因素对辐照降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,60Co-γ射线辐照能够有效地降解三硝基甲苯.三硝基甲苯溶液初始浓度为5—50 mg.L-1,当接受不超过15 kGy剂量时,三硝基甲苯的降解率可达100%,化学需氧量(COD)去除率可达55%;弱酸性和碱性环境更有利于三硝基甲苯的降解和COD的去除;加入少量H2O2时,三硝基甲苯降解率和COD去除速率均随之增加,但过高的H2O2加入量将会抑制三硝基甲苯的去除,并且加入H2O2的量愈大其抑制作用愈明显.     

荣成人工湿地净化效果的季节和年际变化

荣成人工湿地污水处理系统占地面积80 hm2,处理规模2.0万m3.d-1,1998年10月开始投入运行。对1999年1月到2004年12月荣成人工湿地污水处理系统净化效果以及净化效果的季节和年际变化进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、BOD5、CODC r均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为(27.6±6.6)、(22.7±4.3)和(90.0±12.5)mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、72.5%和63.8%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为(11.2±2.7)和(2.03±0.29)mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP的去除效果与季节变化有一定关系,NH4 -N受季节变化的影响最大,其次是TP,BOD5和CODC r受季节变化的影响相对较小。分析BOD5、CODC r、NH4 -N和TP去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5、CODC r和NH4 -N去除率有增加的趋势。TP去除率在2001年和2002年基本相同,从2003年开始下降。     

文冠果根系瘤状物可培养内生细菌的特性

针对具有根系瘤状物着生的文冠果植株,纯化并鉴定由根系瘤状物分离出来的内生细菌,分别采用铬天青(CAS)平板检测法、Salkowski比色法、平板溶磷圈法以及钼锑抗比色法分析内生细菌的产铁载体能力、产吲哚乙酸(IAA)能力以及溶磷能力.通过形态和分子鉴定,分离纯化出瘤状物特有的9个菌株,分别命名为XSB1-XSB9,其中6株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),2株属于短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus),1株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).这9个菌株均能产生铁载体,其中XSB3、XSB4、XSB8、XSB9为极高产量菌株,XSB5、XSB6为高产量菌株,高产量以上的菌株占供试菌株的66.7%;9个菌株均能产生IAA,不加色氨酸时其产IAA的能力为10-35 mg/L,加色氨酸后,产IAA的能力为15-50 mg/L,且菌株XSB2、XSB3、XSB4、XSB5、XSB9产IAA能力与不加色氨酸时相比差异显著(P0.05),说明IAA的合成可能是以色氨酸为前体的色氨酸合成途径;这9个菌株均有一定的溶磷能力,菌株XSB1、XSB2、XSB4、XSB5溶磷量极显著高于其他菌株(P0.01),其溶磷量在50-90 mg/L之间,溶磷能力可提高19-29倍.综合分析认为菌株XSB4和XSB5产铁载体、产IAA以及溶磷能力都较强,值得作为备选菌株进行进一步的促生能力和促生机理研究;本研究结果可为文冠果根际微生物的开发利用、抗性机制、提高文冠果的栽培水平等方面的研究和实践提供基础数据和参考依据.     

投加填料强化A/O系统脱氮性能研究

介绍了投加填料法对A/O(厌氧—好氧)工艺生物脱氮的影响。在填料投加率50%(φ(填料)=50%)、好氧段HRT 4.4 h和缺氧段HRT 2.2 h的情况下,进水CODC r为300~800 mg/L、NH4+-N为30~70 mg/L,TN为30~90 mg/L,出水CODC r小于48 mg/L,NH4+-N小于5 mg/L,TN小于15 mg/L,去除效率可分别达到90%、91%和60%以上,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准,明显优于常规A/O系统。     

TNT在氧化塘中降解物的初探

本文主要分析了在混有生活污水、菌、藻共生的氧化塘中TNT降解产物。废水经GDX吸附树脂富集后,用色谱及质谱方法测定。结果表明,TNT初步转变成一氨基二硝基甲苯的两种异构体——4-氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯和2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯。本文还初步讨论了TNT的降解行为。     

城市污染河流水质原位综合净化技术

针对我国城市河流水质污染普遍严重,河道截污不彻底的现状,开发了污染水体就地综合净化方法,利用水闸形成一定深度的水体,在其中安装曝气机、生物膜并投加特效菌种。为了考查其处理效果,在福田河进行了现场试验,试验段长420 m,河底宽7~15 m,平均水深1.85 m,总容积为8 500 m3。试验运行3个月,进水平均CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS分别为88.4 mg/L,62.0 mg/L,6.4 mg/L,8.2 mg/L,0.8 mg/L和17.0 mg/L,出水分别为28.9 mg/L,7.6 mg/L,4.2 mg/L,5.9mg/L,0.4 mg/L和10.0 mg/L,CODC r,BOD5,NH4+-N,TN,TP及SS的去除率分别为67.4%,87.7%,34.3%,30.3%,53.3%和39.7%,河道中溶解氧及透明度分别由原水的0.9 mg/L和12.5 cm提高至7.6 mg/L和137.5 cm。     

环境样品中炸药类物质的分析

近年来,由于炸药的广泛使用,突发事件时有发生.该类物质对环境的污染愈来愈不容忽视,它对人类和环境的危害倍受人们的重视.目前,常用的火药主要有三种:TNT(2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,梯恩梯)、RDX(环三亚甲基三硝胺,黑索金)和HMX(环四亚甲基四硝胺,奥克托金).无论射击,还是炮轰,都会对生态系统造成污染,荼毒周边的生态环境.许多爆炸发生地、射击场等地一片荒芜,土壤和植被都被炸药严重污染.美国环境保护署已将TNT等列为致癌物质,它们对周边环境包括地下水源无疑会造成很大的污染,给人体健康带来危害.我国为控制爆炸物对环境的污染颁布了许多法规.     

一株新的高效偶氮染料脱色菌Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7及其脱色作用

从刚果红染料中分离到一株刚果红高效脱色菌,经16S r RNA基因序列(NCBI accession No.KY655213)鉴定,该菌株属于类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus),将该菌株命名为Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7(简写为GGJ7).将其运用于偶氮染料脱色,并研究不同营养条件、不同培养条件(温度、pH、溶解氧)和不同染料下的脱色性能.结果表明,GGJ7对刚果红脱色效果远高于以前工作中分离到的YRJ1、YRJ2等8株同样具有脱色功能的细菌;该菌株脱色的最佳条件为30℃、pH 7、25 g/L LB培养基厌氧培养;其脱色机理以生物降解为主,且脱色过程符合一级反应动力学方程:-ln(A_t/A_0)=0.6058t-0.1082.经测试,GGJ7对多种偶氮染料的脱色率高达95%,其中50 mg/L甲基橙、25 mg/L藏花猩红和25 mg/L甲基红仅需1 h,50 mg/L橙黄G和50 mg/L橙黄G6仅需3 h,50 mg/L刚果红仅需4 h.可见GGJ7是一株高效偶氮染料脱色菌,具有处理印染废水的开发应用潜能.     

硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼(Poecilia reticulata)的毒性

主要研究了2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)和4-硝基甲苯(4-NT)两种硝基芳烃对虹鳉鱼的急性毒性、亚急性毒性及联合毒性效应,旨在为渔业水质标准的制定与完善提供可靠的科学依据。研究表明,2,6-DNT的急性毒性大于4-NT,二者的96 h LC50值分别为(25.22±0.19)mg/L和(60.26±0.09)mg/L;亚急性毒性研究中,两种化合物的各种质量浓度在40天内,对试验动物的生长有不同程度的影响;应用Marking相加指数法评价二者的联合毒性,结果表明其联合毒性为协同。     

取代芳烃对绿藻、斜生栅列藻急性毒性的自相关拓扑指数

本文提出新的原子生物活性值 (ai) ,由其建构自相关拓扑指数 ( mL) . 1 6种氯代芳烃对绿藻的急性毒性 ( -lgEC50 )与其0 L ,1L的回归方程为 :-lgEC50 =0 6 1 99+2 6 1 6 3× 1 0 - 6　1L2 5+ 0 0 0 92 0 L ,r=0 936 3. 1 8种苯酚、苯胺类化合物对斜生栅列藻的急性毒性 ( -lgEC50 )可以表示为 :-lgEC50 =1 1 374 + 0 1 4 4 71L0 6+ 0 0 0 2 70 L,r=0 95 35 .用Jackknife法检验 ,以上模型具有总体稳健性 .     

耐热石油烃降解混合菌的筛选及其群落结构分析

对克拉玛依采集的部分石油污染土壤进行了筛选,得到了5组石油烃高效降解混合菌,其中混合菌KL9-1在45℃的条件下,通过7 d的降解,稀油的降解率达到43.27%,稠油的降解率达到20.09%。混合菌KL9-1经过多次分离纯化后,获得3株具有石油烃降解能力的优势单菌,3株单菌对稀油的降解率都在30%以上。结合分离单菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定KL9-1-1为Pseudomonas putida,KL9-1-2和KL9-1-3为Pseudomonas sp.。     

Biologische Sanierung von Rüstungsaltlasten

Many sites of former ammunition plants are contaminated with the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, its derivatives and reduction products. Such nitroaromatic compounds have a high human and ecotoxic potential. Plant uptake of these organic pollutants is known and could be confirmed under field conditions. In this paper rhizospheric soil was analyzed to characterize the effect of vegetation on TNT-contaminated soil. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were used as test plants. The experiments were performed on two areas with different TNT concentrations. The data reveal a significant decrease of extractable TNT in rhizospheric soil by a factor of 5 to 6 during the vegetation period. On the area with high TNT concentration, an enrichment of nitroaromatic compounds in root tissue was found compared to the rhizospheric soil. Aminodinitrotoluene could be confirmed as the primary pollutant in the root. These results refer to a potential application of plants to biological remediation of soil contaminated with ammunition-specific pollutants.     

不对称还原α-氨基苯乙酮菌种的筛选及转化条件优化

芳香基手性胺醇是许多手性药物合成的重要手性砌块,生物催化不对称还原前手性酮是合成该类醇的重要方法之一.以α-氨基苯乙酮盐酸盐为模型底物从土壤中筛选获得两株能分别高立体选择性催化底物产生R型、S型相应醇的菌株,对映体过量值(e.e.)分别为99%和77%,编号为1403和4802,鉴定菌株所属为镰刀菌属和地霉属.对两株菌培养时期和转化条件的研究表明镰刀菌1403最适生长时间为24 h,最优菌体浓度20 g/L,最优底物浓度5 g/L;地霉4802最适生长时间24 h,最优菌体浓度80 g/L,最优底物浓度3 g/L.底物特异性研究表明,菌株1403和4802均可转化α-氯代苯乙酮、α-溴代苯乙酮、α-羟基苯乙酮和苯乙酮为相应醇,且以α-羟基苯乙酮为底物时,其产物均为S型,e.e.值达99%.     

The role of black carbon as a catalyst for environmental redox transformation

Black carbon (BC) is an important class of geosorbents that control the fate and transport of organic pollutants in soil and sediment. We previously demonstrated a new role of BC as an electron transfer mediator in the abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by Oh and Chiu (Environ Sci Technol 43:6983-6988, 2009). We proposed that BC can catalyze the reduction of nitro compounds because it contains microscopic graphitic (graphene) domains, which facilitate both sorption and electron transfer. In this study, we assessed the ability of different types of BC--graphite, activated carbon, and diesel soot--to mediate the reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by H(2)S. All three types of BC enhanced DNT and DBP reduction. H(2)S supported BC-mediated reduction, as was observed previously with a thiol reductant. The results suggest that BC may influence the fate of organic pollutants in reducing subsurface environments through redox transformation in addition to sorption.     

Characteristics of culturable endophytic bacteria of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge with tumor roots北大核心CSCD

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge with tumor roots was discovered, and the endophytic bacteria that were isolated from the tumor roots were purified and identified. This paper aimed to study the characteristics of endophytic bacteria. The CAS detection plate, Salkowski colorimetry, phosphate solubilizing circle, and molybdenum antimony spectrophotometry were used to analyze endophytic bacteria ability, which produced siderophores, secreted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and dissolved phosphorus. Strains were isolated from the tumor roots through morphological and molecular identification, and they were named XSB1-XSB9, of which 6 strains belonged to Bacillus sp., 2 strains belonged to Brevibacillus sp., and 1 strain belonged to Pseudomonas sp. All 9 strains produced siderophores; strains XSB3, XSB4, XSB8, and XSB9 were extremely high yielding, and strains XSB5 and XSB6 were high yielding. The strains with high yields were XSB3, XSB4, XSB5, XSB6, XSB8, and XSB9 and accounted for 66.7% of the tested strains. Nine strains secreted IAA; the concentration of IAA secreted by the strains that contained tryptophan was between 15-50 mg/L, and the concentration of IAA secreted by the one strain without tryptophan was between 10-35 mg/L. The IAA ability of the XSB2, XSB3, XSB4, XSB5, and XSB9 strains were significantly different (P < 0.05) after adding tryptophan. These results indicate that the synthesis of IAA may be the tryptophan synthesis pathway where tryptophan is used as a precursor. All 9 strains had some ability to dissolve phosphorus. The concentration of phosphate in the solubilizing strains, XSB1, XSB2, XSB4, and XSB5, were significantly higher than that in the other strains (P < 0.01), and the concentration of phosphate solubilizing was between 50-90 mg/L; the ability to dissolve phosphate was increased by 19-29 times. The XSB4 and XSB5 strains, which produced siderophores, secreted IAA and had a strong capacity to dissolve phosphorus, may be candidate strains for promoting growth. This research provides the foundation for the development and utilization of rhizosphere microbes to understand the resistance mechanisms and cultivation level of X. sorbifolia. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不同纤维素降解菌对玉米秸秆的降解效果

该研究旨在探索不同纤维素降解菌对玉米秸秆降解效果的差异性,为秸秆资源化利用提供参考。利用筛选自宁夏秸秆堆、畜粪和土壤中的四株纤维素降解菌,分别为黄曲霉(Aspergillusflavus)Z5-3菌株,非洲哈茨木霉(Trichoderma afroharzianum)Z6-4菌株,藤黄单胞菌(Luteimonas sp.)X11-1菌株,施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)X3-5-1菌株,通过室内控温秸秆堆肥发酵试验,研究添加不同纤维素降解菌后堆肥温度、pH值、碳损失、氮损失、有效养分含量的变化规律。试验结果表明,与对照(不加菌处理)比较,加菌处理提前1-2 d进入高温期,最高温度提高了0.3-1.3℃,且细菌处理较真菌处理提前1 d进入高温期,最高温度提高了0.5-0.7℃。pH值总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,且在高温期达到最大值。与对照相比,加菌处理NH3和CO2累积释放量具有降低趋势。以全氮含量变化计,细菌X11-1、X3-5-1处理的氮损失分别为26.14%和26.57%,真菌Z5-3、Z6-4处理分别为36.49%和34.19%,表明添加不同纤维素降解菌可不同程度地降低堆肥物料中的碳损失和氮损失,其中细菌处理保氮效果显著优于真菌处理。与对照相比,细菌X11-1、X3-5-1处理、真菌Z5-3、Z6-4处理分别提前腐熟5、2、2、2d,表明添加纤维素降解菌可减少堆肥物腐熟时间,促进物料养分浓缩。综合判断,玉米秸秆堆肥中加入纤维素降解菌,有利于降低物料的碳、氮损失,且细菌的保氮效果优于真菌,其藤黄单胞菌X11-1处理最先达到腐熟,为最佳处理。     

曲霉sp.136的化学成分研究

从曲霉sp.136的固体发酵物中分离得到6个化合物.应用波谱分析及与已知品对照的手段将它们鉴定为烟曲霉酸(1)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2′R)-2′-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-1,3,4-三羟基十八烷(4)、4-羟基苯乙酸(5)和烟碱酸(6).图1参5     

固定化微生物对养殖水体中NH_4~ -N和NO_2~--N的转化作用

采用聚乙烯醇 (PVA) (ρ=gL-1)的方法对沼泽红假单胞菌、诺卡氏菌和假丝酵母 3种菌株进行固定化 ,所得的凝胶颗粒机械强度好 ,经久耐用 .运用这 3种菌株的固定化细胞对养殖水体中NH 4 N和NO-2 N进行转化 ,其最适作用温度范围为 2 5～ 30℃ ,最适pH范围分别为 :6 .5～ 8.5 ,7.0～ 7.5及 5 .5～ 7.0 ,且对水质初始氮浓度有很强的适应性 .3菌株经固定化后 ,其对养殖水体中NH 4 N和NO-2 N的转化效率明显优于其游离细胞 .若将 3菌株按 2 :1:2组合成复合菌株并固定化 ,其对养殖水体中的NH 4 N和NO-2 N转化效果将更佳 .图 3表 3参 9     

由一株青霉菌产生的聚乙烯醇降解酶

从纺织污水活性污泥中筛选得到一株新型聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶产生菌,根据形态学特征鉴定该菌属于青霉属(Penicillium sp.),实验室编号WStt02-21.这是由霉菌产生PVA降解酶的首例报道.在考察了菌株WSH02-21基本生长和产酶特性的基础上,研究了营养条件对PVA降解酶合成的影响.通过对营养条件的单因素考察和正交试验,确定了最优培养条件为PVA 40 g L-1、葡萄糖3.0 g L-1、NH4Cl 8.0 g L-1、KH2PO4 2.0 g L-1、酵母膏1.0 g L-1、:MgSO40.5 g L-1。、CaCl2 1.0 g L-1、NaCl 0.02 g L-1、FeSO4·7H2O 0.02 g L-1,初始pH 6.4.其中PVA浓度是影响Penicilliumsp.WSH02-21合成PVA降解酶的最重要因素.采用最优化条件进行验证试验,PVA降解酶酶活(4.4 U mL-1)略高于正交试验中的的最高酶活(4.3 U mL-1).图7表2参11     

The role of black carbon as a catalyst for environmental redox transformation

Black carbon (BC) is an important class of geosorbents that control the fate and transport of organic pollutants in soil and sediment. We previously demonstrated a new role of BC as an electron transfer mediator in the abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by Oh and Chiu (Environ Sci Technol 43:6983–6988, 2009). We proposed that BC can catalyze the reduction of nitro compounds because it contains microscopic graphitic (graphene) domains, which facilitate both sorption and electron transfer. In this study, we assessed the ability of different types of BC—graphite, activated carbon, and diesel soot—to mediate the reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by H₂S. All three types of BC enhanced DNT and DBP reduction. H₂S supported BC-mediated reduction, as was observed previously with a thiol reductant. The results suggest that BC may influence the fate of organic pollutants in reducing subsurface environments through redox transformation in addition to sorption.