Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China

China is confronted with the dual task of developing its national economy and protecting its ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development have experienced five changes: (1) progression from the adoption of environmental protection as a basic state policy to the adoption of sustainable development strategy; (2) changing focus from pollution control to ecological conservation equally; (3) shifting from end-of-pipe treatment to source control; (4) moving from point source treatment to regional environmental governance; and (5) a turn away from administrative management-based approaches and towards a legal means and economic instruments-based approach. Since 1992, China has set down sustainable development as a basic national strategy. However, environmental pollution and ecological degradation in China have continued to be serious problems and have inflicted great damage on the economy and quality of life. The beginning of the 21st century is a critical juncture for China's efforts towards sustaining rapid economic development, intensifying environmental protection efforts, and curbing ecological degradation. As the largest developing country, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development will be of primary importance not only for China, but also the world. Realizing a completely well-off society by the year 2020 is seen as a crucial task by the Chinese government and an important goal for China's economic development in the new century, however, attaining it would require a four-fold increase over China's year 2000 GDP. Therefore, speeding up economic development is a major mission during the next two decades and doing so will bring great challenges in controlling depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution. By taking a critical look at the development of Chinese environmental policy, we try to determine how best to coordinate the relationship between the environment and the economy in order to improve quality of life and the sustainability of China's resources and environment. Examples of important measures include: adjustment of economic structure, reform of energy policy, development of environmental industry, pollution prevention and ecological conservation, capacity building, and international cooperation and public participation.     

试论环境意识及其对环保工作的影响和促进

从环境意识角度探讨环境问题及可持续发展。简略总结了西方进入工业社会后的人与自然观，及20世纪兴起的环境哲学概况。介绍中国在经济发展过程中对环境保护存在的认识误区。论述环境意识对环保工作的影响和促进及提高环境意识的途径。     

河北省环境保护与可持续发展研究

针对河北省经济社会发展的态势,在分析制约可持续发展因素的基础上,论述了环境保护与可持续发展的关系以及金融、财政、税收和产业等宏观调控政策,提出了实现省域环境保护与可持续发展的对策与措施。     

运用税收手段保护环境

目前,发达国家十分重视运用税收手段保护环境,促进经济、社会的可持续发展。本文首先分析了税收手段在环境保护中的作用,然后对我国应用税收手段保护环境的现状进行了分析,最后,对我国的“绿色”税收制度进行了探讨。     

绿色食品在可持续发展战略中的地位和作用

本文以一系列详实的数据,介绍了当今世界遭受环境灾难的事实,从环境保护的角度阐明了发展绿色食品、实施绿色食品工程在可持续发展战略中的重要地位和作用     

环境保护与森林生态可持续发展

本文概述了环境保护与森林生态可持续发展的含义与森林旅游资源的特点,阐明了实现森林旅游生态可持续发展的必要性,及实现森林旅游生态持续的途径。     

论我国环境教育体系构建的思路、原则与对策

随着可持续发展日益成为人类社会发展的大势所趋，实施以环境保护与可持续发展为主要内容的全民终身环境教育已日趋必要与紧迫。本文运用环境保护理论及教育学的基本原理，从世界与我国环境教育的形成与历史演变着手，论述了我国环境教育体系构建的目标、思路、原则及其主要内容，最后提出了建议与对策。     

Government policy and environmental protection in the developing world: The example of Nigeria

Environmental protection is a topical and controversial issue of contemporary Third World development. As a result of the growing crisis of environment and development as well as issues of global environmental balance, divergent views and proposals have been put forward by external governments, international agencies, and environmental groups in resolving the environmental degradation problems of the developing world. However, very little appraisal has been made of the efforts by indigenous Third World governments in facing up to their environmental conservation issues. This article examines the role of past and recent government environmental control policies and programs in Nigeria. The article analyzes three aspects of environmental protection: (1) the theoretical economic bases of environmental protection and the Nigerian approach to environmental protection, including traditional values and modern institutional control measures, the latter embracing nature conservation efforts; (2) environmental considerations in national development plans; and (3) the evolution of a federal environmental protection agency and a national policy on environment. Finally, the article discusses the future challenges and directions for environmental policy.     

Jobs and the environment: An overview

This paper provides an overview of economic research on the relationship between environmental protection and employment. The paper addresses, first, the impact of existing regulation on overall employment rates, shutdowns and layoffs, and regulation-induced capital flight from developed countries. Second, the paper provides a framework for evaluating claims that, over the longer run, environmental protection measures will boost overall employment and provide the foundation for a robust, sustainable economy.     

旅游区环境问题及对策

本文首先着重分析了旅游区近年来普遍存在的较突出的环境问题及其产生的根本原因和特点,分析了这些环境问题对旅游区发展产生的不良影响,有针对地提出了一系列解决环境问题、改善环境质量的措施,以期对环境资源的进一步开发利用和保证旅游业健康持续发展有所帮助。     

中小学开展环境教育的方法和途径

在中小学开展环境教育是从根本上解决环境危机、实施可持续发展战略、开展素质教育的需要。本文针对目前中小学环境教育中存在的问题,提出了开展环境教育的方法与途径。     

Guatemala strives for environmental and economic sustainability in the Rio Dulce region

Conditions in Guatemala's Rio Dulce National Park (RDNP) present an immediate decision-making challenge concerning the reversal of current destructive environmental trends, and in establishing policies for restoration, protection, and sustainable use. This article summarises results of environmental assessment activities undertaken at three levels: an environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a proposed industrial forestry activity, an environmental assessment of management options for the Rio Dulce National Park, and water management planning for the Rio Dulce/Lago Izabal watershed. A key result of the EIA was to prohibit construction of a barge terminal within the boundaries of the park because it could set a precedent for future development. Management options for the park focused on establishing land-use controls, dealing with river transport more effectively, and identifying funding mechanisms to implement solutions. At the watershed scale, a strategic approach was recommended to identify priority issues for initiating change toward sustainability in the region.     

Towards sustainable development? The evolution of environmental policy in Malaysia

Over the last five decades, Malaysia has undergone rapid economic, social and environmental change, a process which is still continuing. The pursuit of socio‐economic progress has been accompanied by an unprecedented rate of change in the natural environment. In parallel to this development, governmental responses have also adapted over time to address emerging environmental situations. This article views the recent history of Malaysia's evolving policy response to development needs and environmental change as consisting of four distinct stages. Despite an impressive array of policy statements and strategies to implement sustainable development, many challenges remain today. A clear articulation of normative principles of sustainable development is of paramount importance, as is the monumental task of policy implementation. The article argues that the trajectory of Malaysia's policy on natural resources and environmental issues bears the characteristics of path‐dependent evolution.     

关于四川省环保产业发展的几点思考

作者以较长时间关注四川省环保产业,结合主持四川省环保产业"十二五"发展规划的编制,对四川环保产业的目标确定、发展方向和重点领域、产业布局及园区建设、机制体制创新等有关问题进行深入思考的总结。本文提出从新的高度认识发展环保产业的意义,从必要性和可行性两方面考虑制定环保产业发展目标。首次提出了环境差别化的概念,并根据环境差别化和比较优势确定环保产业发展方向和重点领域。本文还剖析了四川环保产业园区建设存在的问题,并提出了破解的办法。本文最后提出了通过机制体制创新、加强科技支撑、完善统计制度、拓宽融资渠道等措施推动四川省环保产业又好又开发展的建议。     

环境伦理学与可持续发展

本文通过对伦理学的概念、环境伦理学的形成以及环境伦理学的理论基础进行深入剖析的基础上,阐述了可持续发展的原则,并着重论述了加强环境伦理学研究,树立环境道德现的重要意义。     

坚持走经济建设与环境保护相互协调、持续发展的道路

本文通过回顾我国环境保护事业发展的历程，结合我国当前面临的各种环境总理２和本地地区的环境形势，谈只有坚持走可持续发展的道路，经济建设与环境保护才能健康，协调发展。     

强化环境管理促使环境问题外部不经济性内部化

环境管理的目的,就是实现社会经济的可持续发展,本文应用经济学的观点,阐述了环境问题与宏观经济调控之间的关系,从而使人们认识到,加强环境管理,保护好生态环境就是实现国民生产总值的净增长。     

Sustainable Development and Structure Plans in England and Wales: Operationalizing the Themes and Principles

This paper explores attempts to operationalize some themes and principles of sustainable developmentin five UK structure plans which performed best in an overview of current practice (Counsell, 1998). Following a summary of literature, the approaches to sustainable development in the five plans-Avon, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, and West Sussex-are described. The plans are then used to explore the operationalization of a range of resource protection (environmental capacity, environmental capital and the precautionary principle) and socio-economic (social equity, policy integration and participation) themes. It is concluded that the planning system probably provides greater scope for accommodating the resource protection than the socio-economic themes, which are likely to present a considerable challenge in making sustainable development operational in planning.     

试论中国环境保护的历程和发展趋势

中国的环境保护经历了70年代初“三废处理”、70年代末“依法保护环境”、80年代“城市环境综合整治”和90年代“可持续发展战略”的发展历程。中国的环境保护要坚持以可持续发展战略为指导、污染防治与生态保护并重、环保与发展综合决策的发展道路。     

生态建设与环境保护促进贵州旅游业持续发展

分析得出贵州旅游资源具有自然资源富集、自然景观奇特、民族文化资源浓厚、红色旅游资源宝贵而丰富、气候资源宜人等比较优势。从生态环境与旅游业可持续发展角度,探讨了生态建设、环境保护对贵州旅游业可持续发展的积极作用。针对贵州旅游业加快发展面临的生态环境问题,提出了加强生态环境保护促进贵州旅游业可持续发展的对策措施。