两株毒死蜱降解细菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

采用富集培养的方法,从农药生产企业的废水处理系统中分离驯化出两株能够降解毒死蜱的菌株HY-2与HY-4,在形态特征和生理生化分析的基础上,又对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析,并研究了其对毒死蜱和其它有机磷农药的降解特性.结果表明,2个菌株均属蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cerens),HY-4对毒死蜱的降解能力大于HY-2.2个菌株降解毒死蜱的适宜条件为:外加葡萄糖浓度3g·L-1,培养温度35℃,初始pH值8.0,毒死蜱初始浓度80mg·L-1,接种量20%(体积比,菌体密度:稀释到所配菌悬母液(OD600=2)的0.5倍).酵母膏含量对降解的影响表明,当添加3g·L-1的葡萄糖时,最适的酵母膏含量为1g·L-1,而不添加葡萄糖时,最适的酵母膏含量为5g·L-1.2个菌株对甲基对硫磷的降解研究发现,HY-2和HY-4对初始浓度为100mg·L-1的甲基对硫磷60h的降解率分别达64.7%和88.7%;然而,2个菌株对初始浓度为100mg·L-1的三唑磷60h的降解率仅为13.3%-14.2%,降解率较低.     

布洛芬降解菌降解谱研究

以从西安污水处理厂筛选所得的3株布洛芬降解菌株I2(克雷伯氏菌)、I4(假单胞菌)和I14(不动杆菌)为研究对象,探索其生长特性及对布洛芬同系物降解的广谱性.结果表明,3株菌对7种选定的布洛芬同系物均有降解作用,但降解能力表现出一定的差异.I2、I4菌株的降解能力优于I14菌株,对7种布洛芬同系物的最高耐受浓度均在300 mg·L-1以上.3株降解菌都对布洛芬同系物中的间苯二酚有良好的耐受能力,最高耐受浓度均在1000 mg·L-1以上,I2菌株甚至达到2500 mg·L-1;3株降解菌对于邻苯二酚、对苯二酚的耐受程度最差,其中,I14菌株在对苯二酚达到100 mg·L-1时就会死亡.I2、I4菌株可作为布洛芬及其同系物降解的优良备选菌株,用于进一步研究多重污染治理的方式.     

高效降酚菌株Ochrobactrum sp. CH10生长动力学和苯酚降解特性的研究

菌株Ochrobactrum sp. CH10是从北京元大都城垣遗址处的人工湿地筛选到的高效苯酚降解菌.以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源对其进行了生长和苯酚降解特性的研究.该菌生长和降解苯酚的适宜条件为30℃、初始pH 7.0、接种量为5%.在该条件下,初始苯酚浓度为400 mg·L-1,24 h时苯酚完全被降解;初始苯酚浓度为900 mg·L-1时,44 h的降解率为92.3%;初始苯酚浓度为1 000 mg·L-1,48 h时的降解率为82.2%.对该菌株苯酚降解动力学过程进行模拟,符合基质抑制型的Haldane模型,各参数分别为:υmax(最大比降解速率)0.126 h-1,KS(半饱和常数)23.53 mg·L-1,KI(抑制常数)806.1 mg·L-1.该菌在苯酚中的生长动力学符合Andrews模型,表现出与苯酚降解相似的趋势.该菌为目前所发现的Ochrobactrum菌属中苯酚降解能力最强的菌株.该菌株在高效处理含酚废水方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

嗜铁细菌CAS17的分离鉴定及其对毒死蜱的降解特性研究

采用改良定向培育法,从获得的几株嗜铁细菌菌株中经过驯化筛选,获得1株对毒死蜱有较高降解作用的细菌CAS17.结合其生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,将其鉴定为耐盐短杆菌(Brevibacterium halotolerans).生长特性和毒死蜱降解试验结果表明,该菌株对毒死蜱有较高的耐受性,在毒死蜱浓度达到800 mg·L-1时仍可生长.最适毒死蜱降解浓度为≤100 mg·L-1,降解率可达67%左右,浓度继续升高时降解效果明显降低;最适降解温度为30℃,对高温敏感;对pH值有着较强的适应范围,pH值在5~9之间的降解率波动不大;最适降解时间为48 h,振荡速率为150 r·min-1,接种量为4%;适合其降解的最佳外加碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为酵母粉,最佳无机盐为CaCl2.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选及其降解特性的初步研究

以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源从土壤中分离筛选得到22株氯氰菊酯降解菌,其中G201和G203降解活性较高且稳定性较好,选择这2株菌进一步研究了培养条件对降解率及降解速率的影响。结果表明,2株菌在中性培养液中降解率达到最大;菌株G201当氯氰菊酯的质量浓度不超过200mg·L-1时降解速率与浓度成正比;外加少量碳、氮源如淀粉、葡萄糖、牛肉膏、蛋白胨淀粉等,可以显著提高菌株的降解能力。     

苯酚降解菌的分离及降解特性研究

从扬子乙烯集团废水处理系统曝气池中的活性污泥驯化分离得到一株能快速降解苯酚的菌株,初步鉴定其为假单胞菌属菌株。该菌株在5℃-35℃范围内时都可以有效降解并矿化200mg／L的苯酚,最适宜的生长温度为25℃左右;菌株在pH为5～9范围内可以降解200mg／L的苯酚,偏碱性的条件下比酸性条件更适合细菌生长;培养过程中振荡速率大于120r／m时降解速率最大。当苯酚的初始浓度超过1000mg／L时,降解菌的生长受到抑制,不能有效降解苯酚。     

一株黄杆菌及其粗酶液对芘降解的动力学特征研究

实验研究了一株黄杆菌FCN2对芘降解的动力学特性,以及该菌株对芘的好氧氧化具有催化作用的酶的分布特征、芘在胞内酶存在下酶促降解的动力学特征研究结果表明,本实验室经驯化、筛选、分离所得的FCN2菌株对芘有良好的降解性能;反应后10 h内,降解反应近似表现为一级动力学特性,且随着芘初始浓度的增加,反应速度加快;当芘的初始浓度达到200 mg·L-1时,菌体的降解活性被抑制;菌体的初始浓度越大,芘的降解转化速率越快;当菌量达到3.0×108CFUs·mL-1(CFUs colony-forming units)时,芘的降解转化速度不再随着起始菌量的增加而增加在本实验的好氧条件下,最适初始菌量为1.0×108～2.0×108 CFUs·mL-1范围内.FCN2菌株对芘好氧降解起催化作用的活性酶为胞内酶,它对芘降解的催化作用迅速、有效,短时间内即达到分解平衡;胞内酶最适pH值为5,在pH 5.0～6 0之间均有较高的催化活性;胞内酶最适温度为32℃,在30～50℃之间能保持较高的催化活性;粗提胞内酶催化芘的好氧降解过程中,米氏常数较小,为1×10-4mol·L-1,最大反应速率为2×10-6mol·L-1·min-1,说明酶与芘的亲和力大.     

一株菲降解菌的鉴定及降解特性

从沈阳北部污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化和分离得到一株以菲为碳源的降解菌株W12,根据菌株形态和16S r DNA基因测序分析,该菌株鉴定为耳炎假单胞菌(Pseudomonas otitidis.).该菌株降解菲的最佳环境条件为:温度为30℃,p H值为7.0,摇床转速为170 r·min-1,接种量为10%,盐度为0.5%;菲初始质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1培养96 h后,降解率为65.80%,且对菲的最大耐受浓度为2000 mg·L-1;加入蛋白胨和酵母膏后,降解率分别提高到75.65%和70.85%.     

HP-β-CD对不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的影响

研究了在不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的过程中添加羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)对细菌生长、硝基苯的去除及中间产物的转化的影响.利用乙酸酐直接将硝基苯的降解样品酰基化,通过GC-MS分析定性出降解中间产物2 氨基苯酚.在适宜降解菌生长的400mg·L-1硝基苯初始浓度下,加入250和500mg·L-1HP-β-CD对生物量和硝基苯的降解基本无影响;当硝基苯初始浓度约为850mg·L-1时,加入HP-β-CD(>2000mg·L-1)显著促进了细菌的生长、硝基苯的降解和2-氨基苯酚的生物转化,并且促进程度与加入量成正比.这种促进主要是因为HP-β-CD的空腔对硝基苯和2-氨基苯酚的包合产生了脱毒的效果.当HP-β-CD的加入浓度分别为0,2000,4000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解都遵循一级反应动力学,降解速率常数由0 0077h-1分别增加到0 0089和0 0161h-1,当HP-β-CD的加入浓度为8000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解遵循零级反应动力学,其降解速率常数为16 1162mg·L-1·h-1.     

菲降解菌株GY2B的分离鉴定及其降解特性

对一株菲降解菌进行了鉴定并对其降解特性进行了研究.初步鉴定菌株GY2B为鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonassp.).菌株GY2B有较高的降解效率,当无机盐培养液中菲初始浓度为100mg/L时,48h内对菲降解率达到99.1%.添加100mg/L的葡萄糖和蛋白胨均可以促进菌株的生长和菲的降解,pH值为中性条件时对细胞的生长较为有利.GY2B菌株还能降解1-羟基-2-萘酸、2-萘酚、萘、水杨酸、邻苯二酚和苯酚等多种芳香化合物并利用其为碳源和能源生长繁殖.GY2B菌株对菲的降解可能通过水杨酸途径.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.