沥青烟化学组分的气相色谱-质谱联机分析

沥青烟是一种特殊的污染物,沥青烟由液态烃类颗粒物和气态烃类衍生物组成,所含多环芳烃（苯并（a）芘）对人体危害很大,它主要来自碳素行业焙烧炉和浸渍工序,炼铝业焙烧炉,道路沥青石子生产和化工行业沥青制品工序和防水材料建筑业涂浸等。为治理和控制沥青烟的污染,辽宁省环境保护局于1989年制定了沥青烟排放标准,并注明沥青烟以苯溶物为执行标准。1996年国家制定新的大气污染物综合排放标准,增设了沥青烟和苯并（a）芘排放标准,根据监测分析工作的需要,我们研制了沥青烟富集器,用涂有色谱固定液的玻璃纤维滤筒捕集沥青烟和多环芳烃,用烟尘测试仪进行等束采样,同时采集沥青烟尘和捕集气态烃类物质。我们对沥青烟样品进行了气相色谱－质谱联机分析,共检出了196种有机污染物,主要化学组分是多环芳烃。     

炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物的净化及回收利用

本文研究炭黑工业尾气中可燃气态污染物ＣＯ、Ｈ＿２及ＣＨ＿４等的净化及其余热的回收利用。其中主要研究炭黑尾气的主要来源、组成、发生量及特性，以及炭黑尾气的净化及回收利用。研究表明，直接燃烧法是我国目前炭黑尾气净化和回收利用的最佳方法。应用直接燃烧法，不仅可将炭黑尾气中可燃气态污染物销毁，使之变为无害的物质ＣＯ＿２和Ｈ＿２０，并可回收利用可燃气态污染物燃烧时放出的热量，可供炭黑工业余热利用率提高２０％。     

2℃低温下冬小麦幼苗质膜Ca^2＋—ATPase的活性变化

用氯化铈（ＣｅＣｌ３）沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法，对常温下及２℃低温自理后的冬小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｉｕｍ Ｌ．）幼苗质膜Ｃａ＾２＋＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性进行定位。结果显示：（１）常温下生长的冬小麦幼苗，质膜上有部分Ｃａ＾２＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性反应。（２）冬小麦幼苗经２℃低温处理１ｈ，质膜上Ｃａ＾２＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加。处理３ｈ，活性进一步加强。２℃下处理１２ｈ，有强的酶活性反应。处理２４ｈ     

大气中颗粒物,硝酸和氨同时采集方法

本文探讨了三层采样头同时采集大气中颗粒物气态硝酸和气态氨的方法。用国产1号有机膜采集颗粒物,5％NaCl浸渍玻璃纤维膜采集气态硝酸,5％H_3PO_4—1％草酸溶液浸渍玻璃纤维膜采集气态氨,并对滤膜的选择及采样过程中可能产生的误差进行了探讨。结果表明,用这种方法同时采集大气中颗粒物、硝酸和氨是简便可行的。     

大气颗粒物中典型有机物的分析方法和污染特征研究进展

有机污染物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,约占颗粒物质量的20％-50％.颗粒物中的有机污染物具有高毒性,长期暴露能够给人群带来潜在的健康风险;有机污染物参与气溶胶成核,影响空气质量和能见度,进而改变区域气候,其引起的健康与环境效应已成为民众关注的焦点.大气颗粒物中有机污染物的分析技术是准确判断其来源和污染特征的重要一环.本文对颗粒物中常见有机污染物的分析技术、污染特征及主要来源进行了综述.系统介绍了有机污染物的样品采样、提取净化和分离分析技术,对比了不同分析方法的优势,总结了我国大气颗粒物中有机污染物的时空分布和气粒分配特征,并探讨了引起相关差异的原因,为后续深入认识大气颗粒物中有机污染物的分布特征提供参考.最后,对大气颗粒物中有机物的分析技术和发展方向进行了总结与展望.     

饮用水中苯并（a）芘的毛细管气相色谱分析

本文叙述了应用毛细管气相色谱测定饮用水中苯并（ａ）芘含量的方法，二氯甲烷用做提取剂，萃取１Ｌ水样，提取液在微沸状态下蒸干并定容，以不分流方式注入色谱仪进样口，样品在５０Ｍ张的ＳＥ－５４毛细管色谱柱上分离，氢火焰离子化检测器检测后，进行定性定量分析，方法的检测下限达２．５ｎｇ／ｌ，不仅能满足生活饮用水，也可满足天然饮用矿泉水，湖水，河水等水体中苯并（ａ）芘的检测。     

兰州市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子研究

本文对兰州市不同季节大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的主要理化特性及其与降水的关系进行了研究，认为大气颗粒物中水溶性离子是当地降水中ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｃｌ＾－等主要离子的来源。在１３种被测的水溶物中，ＳＯ４＾２－和Ｃａ＾２＋离子所占比例较高，分别占总离子的３１．４％和２７．８％，年均浓度值为１０．７２μｇ／ｍ＾３和３．９６μｇ／ｍ＾３。同时大气颗粒物中水溶物浓度与ＳＯ２，ＴＳＰ等大气污染物浓度之间也     

毛细管气相色谱—负离子化学电离源质谱法测定空气颗粒物中的硝基？…

本文用毛细管气相色谱－负离子化学电离源质谱法（ＧＣ－ＮＩＣＩＭＳ）测定了空气颗粒物中的硝基多环芳烃（ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ）,通过与标准的保留时间和质谱图的比较,确定了空气颗粒物中含有四种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ,它们是２９－硝基芴,９－硝基蒽,１－硝基芘和２－硝基萤蒽。用同一样品进行了毛细管气相色谱正离子电子轰击源质谱分析,并与ＧＣ－ＮＩＣＩＭＳ进行比较     

万家寨引黄工程引水中化学毒物安全性评价

采用多介质环境目标值和中国地表水环境质量标准，就万家寨引黄工程水源地水中检出的和终端水预测的主要有机污染物及重金属对健康的潜在危害进行了定量评价。结果表明，在不考虑引水工程输水模式对水质影响的情况下，有机污染物和重金属对人体的健康影响度（TAS）均大于1，同时，有机污染物中的苯，特别是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度明显超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式对水质影响的情况下，引水中有机污染物的TAS低于1，但邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度仍然超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式的情况下，引水终端水中重金属的含量可达《地表水环境质量标准》（GHZB1－1999）中Ⅲ类水标准。     

二氧化钛催化下的氯化二苯并—对—二恶英光解反应

本文利用中压汞灯作光源，研究了氯化二苯并－对－二恶英（ＣＤＤａ，包括ＣＤＤ，ＤＣＤＤ〈ＰｅＣＤＤ和ＯＣＤＤ）在二氧化钛催化下的光解反应，并讨论了二氧化钛浓度、ＰＨ值、反应温度以及取代氯原子数目等对反应速率的影响，结果表明，二氧化钛能有效地催化ＣＤＤａ的光降解，在室温下，４ｈ内ＤＣＤＤ，ＰｅＣＤＤ，ＯＣＤＤ分解降解了８７．２％，８４．６％，９１．２％，反应温度和二氧化钛浓度是控制该反应的主要因素。     

复合人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果初步研究

研究了由不同植物配置(驯化和未驯化)的两组下行和上行植物床组成的复合人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明,CODCr和BOD5的去除率达67.3%,68.1%,总氮(TN)的去除率为26.9%,总磷(TP)的去除主要发生在上行床,去除率为81.6%。环芳烃(PAHs)中苊(Ace)、荧蒽(Flu)、芘(Py)、苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、屈(Chr)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)、苯并[a]芘(BaP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(InP)和苯并[g,h,i](BPR)经下行床后,去除率超过80%,上行床去除较少。驯化床和未驯化床对PAHs的去除效果差异不显著。邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)经驯化床后,质量浓度显著升高,经未驯化床后邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)含量显著降低。蚕豆根尖微核实验表明,不同植物配置对微核率影响差异并不显著,毒害物质经下行床后大部分被去除。     

云南宣威肺癌高发区C1煤燃烧排放颗粒物中PAHs的组成特征及健康风险

宣威煤燃烧排放产物与其所导致的肺癌高发率一直是国际学术界关注的热点,但煤燃烧排放颗粒物中的关键致毒组分还不清楚。以肺癌高发区产出的晚二叠世C1煤燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物为研究对象,分析其中主要有害有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及其健康风险。结果表明宣威煤燃烧排放的颗粒物中16种PAHs的总质量浓度为77 359.21 ng·m-3,其中含量最高的是苯并(g,h,i)苝,其他主要的PAHs依此为:屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、菲、苯并(k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘;强致癌化合物苯并a芘(Ba P)总浓度亦可达到10 060.13 ng·m-3;这些有害有机物主要分布在细颗粒物中;不同粒径颗粒物的毒性当量存在明显差异,细颗粒的毒性当量占可吸入颗粒物中PAHs总毒性当量的87.4%,远高于粗颗粒(12%)和超细颗粒物(0.4%)的毒性当量。     

Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs (Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food, as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its limitations.     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定苯并(a)芘和多氯联苯

对苯并(a)芘作了五种不同的化学修饰,并与载体蛋白交联,制备出十四种单克隆抗体.经单克隆抗体的筛选和实验条件的优化,建立了测定苯并(a)芘的酶联免疫吸附分析法.以4,4'-二氯联苯为测定多氯联苯的酶联免疫吸附分析法的起始物,作了二种化学修饰,制备出九种多克隆抗体,建立了以羊抗多氯联苯抗体为基础的酶联免疫吸附分析法,并用于土壤中多氯联苯的测定.     

应用脂肪酸甲酯淋洗去除土壤中多环芳烃

针对煤气厂土壤等高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复困难的现实,采用易生物降解的新型淋洗剂脂肪酸甲酯淋洗修复高浓度多环芳烃污染的土壤,同时进行了以甲醇、植物油(大豆油)作为淋洗剂的淋洗实验,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果.结果证明脂肪酸甲酯对人工模拟污染土壤中蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘的去除率可以达到80%—95%,对煤气厂土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果也非常明显,总多环芳烃的去除率达到41%.脂肪酸甲酯的淋洗效果要优于其它两种淋洗剂.     

Verhalten von PAK im system boden/Pflanze

The results of lysimeter experiments conducted since 1991 dealing with the behavior of PAH in soil/plant systems demonstrate that the PAH pollution to cultivated plants may be caused by both atmospheric deposition and by the soil-to-plant transfer observed in contaminated sites. In the latter, a “direct contamination” of plant surfaces with PAH-loaded soil particles and the subsequent PAH turnover by desorption/adsorption processes is seen to dominate—at least for the most relevant PAHs toxic to humans, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Leafy vegetables growing close to the soil surface are therefore endangered most by a PAH contamination of the soil. The soil-to-plant transfer via “direct contamination” can be reduced to a high degree by covering the contaminated soil with different mulch materials. Systematic PAH transfer via root uptake could not generally be observed. From the reported results, a trigger value in the soil of 1 mg·kg^?1 for benzo(a)pyrene is proposed to make a judgement on PAH contaminated soils with regard to the soil-to-plant transfer pathways. Soils with excessive concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene demand special attention when considering the recommendations for the growth and consumption of cultivated vegetables. The “soil”as well as the “deposition pathways” must be integrated into a complete risk assessment of locations with food plant production, especially in urban areas.     

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sensitized room temperature phosphorescence

Direct and selective simultaneous determination of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sensitized room temperature phosphorescence in sodium dodecylsulphate micellar solutions was studied. This approach improved, for example, the selectivity factor in determining pyrene in the presence of fluoranthene by a factor of 350, and determined benz[a]anthracene and anthracene in the presence of pyrene with the selectivity factors as high as 200–220. Triphaflavine and acridine orange as triplet energy donors, thallium (I) nitrate as a heavy atom, and sodium sulphite were used as scavengers of oxygen. A comparative study of linear concentration ranges, detection limits and selectivity factors is presented here for pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and anthracene determination by fluorescence, phosphorescence and sensitized phosphorescence. Electronic Publication