陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

松花江鱼体中重金属的富集及污染评价

为研究松花江鱼类重金属的污染现状,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了松花江鱼体中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,利用F732-V型测汞仪测定了Hg含量,并采用均值型综合污染指数法对重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,松花江鱼体中重金属含量从高到低依次为Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cd,其中,Cu、Zn含量在第二松花江和干流江段的差异不大,Pb和Hg含量在第二松花江江段明显高于干流江段,而Cd含量在干流江段相对较高。不同鱼类体内重金属含量差异较大,除Zn以外,其他4种重金属在肉食性鱼类体内的含量均高于杂食性和植食性鱼类。2006年监测结果表明,松花江鱼体中Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd含量均较低,其污染状况较20世纪90年代已明显好转,但Pb污染程度却在不断加剧,并且受Pb污染的影响,松花江鱼类重金属的综合污染程度较高,特别是第二松花江江段已达到重污染水平。     

环境治理对红枫湖水生食物链中汞积累的影响

于2015年以贵州省贵阳市饮用水源地红枫湖的水生食物链作为研究对象,通过测定不同营养级生物的汞含量及稳定碳氮同位素,并结合2007年红枫湖的数据,对比红枫湖水体的汞含量及水生食物链中的汞含量、食物链长度及生物放大率的变化。结果发现:相比于2007年,湖水中的总汞浓度降低了40%,但鱼体总汞和甲基汞含量分别增加了140%与210%,甲基汞在总汞中占的比例平均增加了18%。食物链长度增加一级,汞的生物放大率降低。可能的原因是:2008年政府对红枫湖进行综合治理后,水体富营养化程度降低,湖中食物链结构发生改变,鱼类生长速度减慢,使得鱼体内汞的生物稀释作用减弱,鱼体的汞含量相对升高。同时,高强度捕捞,使得鱼样个体普遍偏小,导致生物放大率较低。     

松原市产妇和新生儿血汞浓度及健康风险研究

20世纪60-80年代第二松花江受到了严重的汞污染.为了弄清彻底切断汞污染源后,第二松花江下游地区的居民是否还受到汞暴露的健康威胁,在第二松花江下游的松原市搜集产妇和新生儿的静脉血及脐带血样品58对,用冷蒸气原子吸收法测定头发样品中的总汞含量.产妇静脉血中THg含量的算数平均值为1.58 μg/L,几何均值为1.34 μg/L,范围0.39-3.69 μg/L,高于瑞典孕妇血液中总汞含量;脐带血中THg含量平均值为2.87 μg/L,几何均值为2.66 μg/L,范围1.36-5.97 μg/L;胎盘中THg含量的算数平均值为0.0067 mg/kg,几何均值为0.0062 mg/kg,范围0.00360.0114 mg/kg.母血中总汞含量和脐带血中总汞含量极显著正相关,脐带血中总汞含量极显著高于母血总汞含量,脐带血/母血THg比值的平均值为2.28,表明即使在较低水平的汞浓度下,胎儿身体组织中总汞含量也会高于母体总汞含量的2倍,而发育中胎儿的大脑比成人的大脑更为敏感.男婴脐带血中的总汞含量显著地高于女婴脐带血中的总汞含量(P<0.05),而男婴和女婴母亲血液中的总汞含量则没有显著差异(P>0.05),这说明性别对发育的影响表现为对男婴的影响比女婴的大.产妇静脉血和婴儿脐带血总汞含量超过新标准的,均占所采集样品总数的2.703%.这说明在研究地区虽然大部分敏感人群处于汞暴露的安全水平,但是还是有个别人群有汞暴露的风险.     

东海外海海域生物体内总汞蓄积差异性研究

为了解东海外海海域不同种类生物体内总汞的蓄积差异性,使用直接测汞仪测定在东海外海海域捕捞的不同种类生物可食组织中的总汞含量,从不同生物的食性、食物链层级、栖息水层等方面对其总汞含量差异性进行了初步比较分析。研究发现,东海外海海域22个品种共计104个样本中,总汞含量范围在0-0.557mg?kg~(-1)之间,平均值为0.103mg?kg~(-1),均低于GB 2762—2017标准限量值。不同食性生物体内的汞含量的差异关系为:底栖动物食性鱼类(0.153 mg?kg~(-1))浮游生物食性鱼类(0.093 mg?kg~(-1))鱼食性鱼类(0.084 mg?kg~(-1));汞可通过海洋食物链产生生物放大作用,处于食物链上层营养级的物种通过捕食行为使汞在食物链传递过程中产生一定的富集和放大效应;不同栖息水层的生物体总汞含量均值分布趋势为:泥沙底层(0.122 mg?kg~(-1))底层(0.067 mg?kg~(-1))中下层(0.060 mg?kg~(-1))中上层(0.041 mg?kg~(-1)),说明鱼体内的汞含量与其栖息水层密切相关,尤其是生活在泥沙底层或底层和中下层的生物体内的汞含量高于生活在中上层的生物,如短鳍红娘鱼(Lepidotrigla microptera,0.178 mg?kg~(-1))汞含量平均值高于竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus,0.042 mg?kg~(-1))。结果表明,东海外海海域生物体内总汞蓄积含量差异性与生物的种类、生活习性及其所处食物链结构和长度等因素有关。     

松花江沉积物中总汞及汞形态的演化

为进一步掌握松花江汞污染的动态,通过2005年的样品采集与分析,结合有关历史数据,研究了松花江表层沉积物中汞的分布与变化.结果表明,在切断汞的主要污染源之后,第二松花江和松花江干流沉积物中汞含量均呈明显下降趋势;松花江18个断面沉积物中总汞质量含量较低,平均为0.172 mg·kg-1,除哈达湾、哨口和白旗江段外,大部分江段已处于背景水平.各江段沉积物中汞的形态分布差别较大,第二松花江沉积物中汞以过氧化氢溶态和王水溶态为主,而干流江段则以酸溶态和过氧化氢溶态为主;与20世纪80年代相比,除了王水溶态汞以外,2005年哈达湾、哨口和白旗3个代表性断面酸溶态、碱溶态及过氧化氢溶态汞含量均大幅下降.说明经过多年的环境治理以及水体的自然净化作用,松花江的汞污染已经得到了有效控制.     

中国城市汞污染及防治对策

简要综述了当前中国城市的汞污染状况。中国许多工业城市大气中的汞含量是纽约市大气中汞含量的数倍，甚至上百倍，在采暖期城市大气的汞污染更加严重；城市土壤中的汞含量是土壤环境背景值的数倍；河流的城市河段河水中汞质量浓度普遍很高，水质多在Ⅲ-V类；城市中的植物均有不同程度地受到汞污染，其汞含量高于国外城市的植物的汞含量；城市居民膳食中鱼的汞含量很高，对城市居民的健康产生了危害；城市居民头发中的汞质量分数大多低于1rng~kg。分析了我国城市中汞的来源并提出了防治城市汞污染的对策。     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

西沙永兴岛海域鱼体中non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂的分布特征及人体暴露评估

在西沙永兴岛海域采集了鲍氏绿鹦嘴鱼、条纹胡椒鲷、太平洋裸颊鲷和黑边石斑鱼4种鱼类,分析研究了鱼样肌肉组织中非多溴联苯醚(non-PBDE)类卤系阻燃剂的含量、组成并对其人体暴露风险进行了评估.结果表明,十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、德克隆(DP)、1,2-(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)、五溴甲苯(PBT)、六溴苯(HBB)、1,4-二(二溴甲基)苯(pTBX)、六溴联苯(PBB 153)等non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂在永兴岛海域鱼体中均被检出,其浓度变化范围分别为17.2—137.1、21.1—88.8、nd—8.9、nd—4.3、nd—6.8、nd—15.9、nd—6.2 pg.g-1ww(湿重).条纹胡椒鲷、太平洋裸颊鲷和黑边石斑鱼3种肉食性鱼类中DBDPE和DP含量均显著高于草食性鱼类鲍氏绿鹦嘴鱼.DBDPE和DP是鱼体中最主要的non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂,两者的平均贡献值达到了86%以上.人体食用永兴岛海鱼对non-PBDE类卤系阻燃剂的每日摄入量为3.4—8.6 ng.d-1,低于已有的相关报道值,食用永兴岛鱼类处于相对较低的暴露风险.     

广东柘林湾养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其生态风险

柘林湾是广东省养殖规模最大的海湾之一,为了解养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其可能产生的生态风险,于2008年1月在柘林湾海域采集了5个站位的柱状沉积物和3个站位的表层沉积物,对其中的总汞含量进行了测定,并对其含量分布、累积特征进行了分析.结果表明,柘林湾海域表层沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.0645μg·g-1,径流输入是其空间分布特征的主要影响因素;柱状沉积物表层部分总汞含量相对较低,但不同采样区域柱样中总汞含量的垂直分布却有着显著的差异,网箱养殖区主要是由于汞近40年来来源变小导致沉积物表层部分中的总汞含量较底层低,而贝类养殖区则由于沉积后的再迁移作用使汞在氧化还原边界层富集累积;利用潜在生态危害指数法和沉积物质量基准法对此次调查的沉积物中汞的潜在生态风险进行的评价表明,汞虽对底栖生物基本无负面效应,但其潜在生态风险程度达到了中等水平,尤其是养殖区2号站位28～36cm、4号站位20～32cm和48～56cm以及6号站位36～56cm柱样中的汞甚至达到了高的潜在生态风险程度.因此,养殖区次表层沉积物中较高含量的汞应当引起足够重视.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Considerations of temperature in the context of the persistence classification in the EU

Simulation degradation studies for industrial chemicals, biocidal products and plant protection products are required in the EU to estimate half-lives in soil, water and sediment for the comparison to persistence criteria for hazard (P/vP) assessment, and for use in exposure assessments. There is a discrepancy between European regulatory approaches regarding the temperature at which degradation half-lives should be (1) measured in simulation degradation testing of environmental compartments, and (2) compared to the P/vP criteria. In this paper, an opinion is provided on the options for the experimental temperature and extrapolation to other conditions. A review of the historical development of persistence criteria did not give conclusive evidence of the temperature at which the half-lives that underpin the P-criteria were measured, but room temperature is likely. Half-lives measured at 20 °C are in line with the intentions of some international agreements, but in the EU there is a continued political debate regarding the relevant temperature for comparison with persistence criteria. Measuring degradation at 20 °C has the advantage that metabolites/transformation products can be identified with greater accuracy, and that kinetic fits to determine half-lives for parent compounds and metabolites carry less uncertainty. Extrapolation of half-lives to lower temperatures is possible for assessing environmental exposure, but the uncertainty of the persistence classification is smaller when measured half-lives are used for direct comparison with P/vP criteria, without extrapolation. Model simulations demonstrate the pattern of concentrations that can be expected for realistic worst case climate scenarios in the EU based on the half-life of 120 days in soil at 20 °C and of 40 days in water at 20 °C, and their temporal and spatial variability.