我国规划环评制度的进展、面临的挑战及对策建议

本文系统梳理了我国规划环境影响评价（以下简称环评）制度的进展，分析了规划环评制度有效性仍存在的不足及原因，提出了对“十四五”规划环评改革的建议：一是树立“规划科学是最大的效益”理念，进一步明确相关部门在规划环评中的责任和义务；二是通过修订《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》进一步明确规划环评成果落地途径，提高规划环评意见的法律约束力，使得规划环评意见能够纳入规划、并传导到经济社会建设中；三是要构建“三线一单”与规划环评的联动体系，夯实规划环评技术体系，进一步发挥规划环评的有效性。     

化工园区规划环评中应重点关注的问题分析——以新疆吐鲁番市沈宏化工园区为例

化工园区开发建设项目具有建设内容复杂、建设范围大、建设周期长等特点,且不确定性强,产生污染物种类多、数量大,对周边区域的环境影响复杂,其规划环境影响评价应主要依据《开发区区域环境影响评价技术导则》编制。根据化工园区开发项目的环境影响特点,选址、功能区布局、产业规划及可持续发展能力分析作为化工园区规划环评中重点关注的问题,并给予重点评价。     

城市总体规划环评指标体系的建立及其应用

本研究首先介绍了DPSIR模型构建的原理,接着以合肥市为对象,从驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应5个方面来构建的共36个指标,并采用层次分析法对指标权重的确定和多级灰色关联分析对指标进行综合评价,得出评价结果。合肥市在2004~2005年处于较低可持续发展水平(0.3398、0.3876)、在2010年处于中等可持续发展水平(0.5369)、在2015年处于较高可持续发展水平(0.6016)、在2020年处于较高可持续发展水平(0.7847),该预测评价结果与合肥市城市可持续发展趋势相符。最后采用改进熵值法验证多级灰色关联综合分析结论,计算得出的结果表明,该两种方法评价结论基本相同。因此,本研究对城市总体规划环境影响评价的评价方法的建立与完善,有着较强的实践意义和参考价值。     

化工、石化行业规划环评指标体系建立的研究

为提高对规划环境影响评价指标体系的认识,对规划环境影响评价指标体系的建立原则与方法作了详细介绍。根据化工、石化行业的特点及规划环境影响评价的特点,建立了以资源-环境-社会为主题的评价指标体系,明确了社会经济发展与资源承载力和环境容量之间的关系。     

环评报告编制质量的主要问题及原因分析

<正>随着国家对环境保护工作的重视,各项环境保护工作出现在社会公众的视野中,因此环评工作不仅是一项技术工作和政府对项目审批程序,也是社会公众日益关注的社会焦点问题。在国家经济处在突飞猛进的发展阶段,环评工作如何适应经济发展形势,如何解决     

环评报告的公开属性及其制度实现

环评报告是我国环境保护与治理的重要制度机制。就其本身而言,环保报告属于政府信息,应被纳入《政府信息公开条例》的范围。在一般情况下,环评报告不属于国家秘密或商业秘密,不能被简单列入公开豁免的范围。在环评报告具备公开属性的前提下,政府机关应优先选择主动公开的方式。环评报告的主动公开可以吸引更多公众参与环评,有效遏制审批寻租,促进更为优良的环境公共治理。     

环评审批中“重大利益关系”的认定问题研究

目前法律对环评审批中“重大利益关系”的规定过于笼统,导致实践中环境行政机关和司法机关对“重大利益关系”的理解与认定不一,同案异判现象普遍。“重大利益关系”是一个具有时代性和发展性的法律概念,客观上难以形成统一的认定标准,因此,有必要从实证研究出发,基于利益理论的分析,总结相关考量因素,明确利益衡量原则和正当程序原则,并采取自由裁量和个案认定的方式,从“质”——受害利益的性质和“量”——程度和范围、公法标准、持续性等这两个角度对是否涉及“重大利益关系”进行综合认定,从而为环境行政机关和司法机关认定“重大利益关系”提供参考,使得对“重大利益关系”的认定更为全面合理,实现个案的公平正义。     

我国脱硫产业发展形势、政策及其产业化

本文紧密结合当前二氧化硫污染严峻的形势,详细地阐明了我国政府对SO2排放采取的政策、措施,并对我国脱硫市场进行了预测,对脱硫产业国产化情况进行了分析。     

战略环境影响评价的发展与应用

本文介绍了SEA的发展背景，现有项目EIA在PPPs决策层次上的缺陷和可持续发展理论如何导致SEA的发展，新发展的SEA比较传统的项目EIA所具有的优点，以及当前对SEA的认识和理解，在实践中所采用的形式，和成功的SEA必具备的特征，同时对在当前形势下SEA的实践方式进行了一定的评价，发现SEA的增值效应是SEA实施的先决条件。     

Development of a Methodology for Strategic Environmental Assessment: Application to the Assessment of Golf Course Installation Policy in Taiwan

Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation), implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands) were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology. Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from 2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA.     

土地利用规划战略环境影响评价浅探

本文在介绍国内外规划环境影响评价发展概况的基础上，提出了土地利用规划环境影响评价的重要意义。初步探讨了土地利用规划战略环境影响评价的范畴、体系、指标体系与评价方法，并建议应深入开展土地利用规划战略环境影响评价理论研究，健全相关制度，尽快出台相关技术规程。     

规划环境影响评价中的生物多样性评价方法探析

通过对国内外生物多样性评价现状、以GIS为基础的生态模型应用和生物多样性评价层次选择的分析,提出了将景观生态学和GIS为基础的生态模型综合以用于规划环评生物多样性评价的新思路     

吉林省可再生能源战略环境评价指标体系的建立

本文依据“可再生能源法”和与吉林省可再生能源发展相关的政策、规划,提出了在进行可再生能源战略评价时评价指标建立的原则和建立方法以及指标体系权重的确定方法。通过对吉林省可再生能源的发展现状及可再生能源的主要构成情况进行分析,确定了吉林省可再生能源战略环境评价指标体系主要类型,并建立了吉林省可再生能源的战略环境评价指标体系的可选指标集。根据驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）指标框架,该指标体系主要包括驱动力指标、压力指标、状态指标、影响指标和响应指标,涉及经济、社会、环境指标和能源指标等4种类型。同时本文指出在指标确定过程中必须依据不同地域的特点,充分体现地域性的差别。     

环境政策评估：一个宏观经济分析框架的综述

环境动态随机一般均衡（E-DSGE）模型以其良好的扩展性和预测性逐渐被环境宏观经济学者接纳。环境因素的引入包括经济系统对环境系统的作用、环境系统的演化过程、环境系统对经济系统的反作用等方式。E-DSGE模型中的不确定性冲击包括经济不确定性冲击、政策不确定性冲击和环境不确定性冲击。E-DSGE模型中环境政策的讨论重点包括环境税、限额与交易、强度管制等。多重环境政策的组合效应、环境影响的国际传导以及环境政策与宏观经济政策的融合等是E-DSGE模型研究的重要前沿课题。加强新凯恩斯框架下E-DSGE模型的构建与应用,加强跨流域和跨界的环境问题、水的问题、碳的问题等研究是下一阶段E-DSGE建模的重点。     

The eclipse of NEPA as Environmental Policy

Previous evaluations of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) have focused on the effectiveness of its procedural requirements in improving the quality of decision making with respect to environmental matters. Subsequent growth of other environmental regulation and the changing role of Environmental Impact Statements in the decision-making process should also be considered. The many federal and state environmental laws passed in the 1970s have, by defining the nature and acceptability of environmental impact and prohibiting unacceptable impacts, superseded the substantive role of NEPA in environmental protection. Although the EIS continues to serve as a focus for public debate regarding proposed government actions, such debates usually center around social or economic rather than environmental issues. NEPA has thus been superseded by other environmental laws, and its role in the decision-making process today has little relation to its earlier environmental significance.     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs: A Methodology for Estimating Effects on Biodiversity

We developed a methodology for biodiversity evaluations within the process of Strategic Environmental Assessment and we applied it to the estimation of the effect of two Regional Plans of Development on all bird species inhabiting the Castilla y León region (northwestern Spain). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the effects of main development actions on the habitat requirements of species. From these evaluations, and from data on the current distribution and population size (number of individuals) of each species, we estimated the most likely pattern of distribution and population size after the full implementation of the plans for each species. The impacts of the plans were quantified as the differences between the pre- and postproject patterns after codifying them to compensate for differences in the quality of the information available among species. Overall, we conclude that the proposed methodology fulfills the requirements for its use within the SEA process as it allows for the assessment of cumulative impacts on every species, highlighting the development directions and the habitat types with major impacts, and ascertaining whether impacts affect species with either low or high conservation and/or economic value. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other regions or species will require wildlife-habitat models adequate for SEA analyses, so that we also propose guidelines for the development and validation of these models.     

战略环境影响评价中公众参与方法研究与案例分析

公众参与有效性是衡量战略环境影响评价质量的一个重要指标,它对于提高环境管理水平具有重要的意义。本文在对比项目环境影响评价的基础上,系统阐述了战略环境影响评价公众参与的内容、对象、方式、时机、实施主体、数据处理及信息反馈,初步建立了战略环境影响评价公众参与的方法与体系,并结合典型案例进行了战略环境影响评价公众参与的过程分析。     

Environmental Assessment Framework for Policy Applications: Life Cycle Assessment,External Costs and Multi-criteria Analysis

The paper presents a framework for the analysis of external costs of environmental burdens, namely an impact pathway analysis, often coupled with the inventory stage of life cycle assessment (LCA). The ground rule is: quantify as much as possible in terms of burdens (pollutant emissions, etc.), impacts, and their monetary equivalent, then use multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for any remaining impacts that are considered to be too uncertain or defy quantification through to monetization. Although MCA could be used directly on estimates of burdens or impacts, monetary valuation provides a mechanism for consistent weighting of impacts categories based on assessment of public preference. Further advantages of extending LCA through detailed impact assessment combined with monetary valuation are that it greatly simplifies MCA by combining a large number of different environmental impact categories, thereby avoiding an unmanageably large number of criteria, and also facilitates cost benefit analysis (CBA). The risks are noted of inappropriate use of the tools or interpretation/use of the results, and recommendations are made for improved practice. These points are illustrated with examples. The key messages are: (1) that policies should be targeted correctly to give a clear signal which source of a burden should be reduced by how much; (2) that analysts should take into account the needs of policy makers and the link between the analysis and possible policy applications; and (3) that current LCA practice gives limited guidance in both areas, largely through a lack of consideration of the relative and absolute importance of different types of impact. However, this is precisely the strength of external costs analysis, particularly when used with MCA.