广东省土地利用效率和产业结构耦合协调特征及时空演变分析

土地利用和产业结构协调关系对探索高质量发展、推动经济转型升级具有重要意义。基于含有非期望产出的超效率SBM模型和空间向量夹角法,结合耦合协调和空间自相关模型探究广东省2005—2020年土地利用效率与产业结构耦合协调度的时空演变特征及空间相关性。结果表明：(1)广东省土地利用效率大致呈“W”型趋势,产业结构高级化水平总体持续上升,两者增减趋势存在相似性;(2)土地利用效率和产业结构耦合协调度跨度较大,大部分城市处于良好协调状态,随时间推进有明显提升;(3)耦合协调度空间格局具有较强的稳定性,水平差异呈现为粤东>珠三角>粤西>粤北,地区间差异正在缩小,珠三角和粤西地区的内部差异逐渐扩大,粤东和粤北地区的内部差异缩小;(4)耦合协调度总体呈现“集聚——随机”趋势,空间聚集现象逐渐减弱,并且冷、热点区域影响力下降。     

京津冀技术创新、产业结构与生态环境耦合研究

以京津冀为研究区域,构建技术创新—产业结构—生态环境综合评价指标体系,结合物理耦合模型对2006—2015年京津冀地区技术、产业与环境间耦合关系进行定量辨识。研究结果表明:(1)技术市场成交额、产业结构高级化和常住人口增长率分别对技术创新、产业结构和生态环境子系统贡献率最高。(2)京津冀在TIE系统的综合水平具有明显的优良等级关系,呈现北京好于天津好于河北状态。(3)北京市TIE系统耦合与协调度都达到优秀水平,天津与河北目前均处于技术创新与产业结构滞后于生态环境的转型发展阶段,两地技术创新对产业转型升级及生态环境的支持效用不明显。     

中国信息化与产业转型升级耦合协调发展研究

对中国信息化和产业转型升级的耦合关系进行了理论探讨,利用中国31个省区2009—2014年的面板数据,构建了耦合协调度模型。结果表明:中国31个省区总体上信息化水平和产业转型升级水平逐年提高,但信息化水平提升速度滞后于产业转型升级提升速度,且区域之间信息化与产业转型升级的耦合协调度差距较大,大部分省份两者的融合协调发展水平处于中下等水平,表明中国信息化水平、管理和协调能力等存在不足,对产业转型升级推动效应需进一步提升。     

生态文明建设水平与产业结构高级化评价及其关系研究——以辽宁省为例

实现产业生态化是生态文明建设的重要途径,促进生态文明建设的产业结构是节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构.选取改进的熵值法,从经济、环境、社会和生态四个方面评价了辽宁省1997-2011年的生态文明建设水平,利用基于Moore指数构造的产业结构高级化指数评价了产业结构高级化水平,并对辽宁省生态文明建设水平与产业结构高级化协整关系进行了实证分析.结果表明,1997-2011年间,辽宁省生态文明建设水平与产业高级化水平在波动中不断提高,两者存在长期均衡关系.     

环境规制下产业结构变迁的跨区协同效应——基于空间杜宾模型的研究

采用2004—2016年我国省际面板数据,通过构建空间杜宾模型,实证检验我国及我国东、中、西部环境规制对产业结构变迁的影响。结果表明:总体而言,随着我国环境规制强度的提高,产业结构变迁轨迹呈先上升后下降的倒"U"型趋势,环境规制强度过高不利于产业结构升级;分区域来看,环境规制对三大经济区自身与相邻地区产业结构变迁的影响不同,东部地区呈"U"型关系,中西部则呈倒"U"型关系,直接效应和间接效应表现出协同效应,中部地区尤为突出。提高环境规制强度、制定多元化跨区域的环境政策,将有助于产业结构转型升级。     

黄河流域城乡转型的时空格局及影响因素研究

探索黄河流域人口—土地—产业转型的时空格局及影响因素,可以为区域城乡发展提供分区引导。以县域为单元,针对黄河流域城乡转型发展,构建人口、土地、产业三要素的指标体系,利用耦合协调模型、空间自相关模型、轨迹分析法及面板数据模型,分析了2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年黄河流域339个县域的城乡转型的时空演变规律及其耦合协调格局,并探索城乡转型的影响因素,根据城乡转型发展的轨迹进行功能分区,提出针对性的政策建议。结果表明：(1)黄河流域整体人口、土地、产业城乡转型水平初期偏低,但随着区域社会经济发展,城乡系统逐渐向高级有序化方向演化;(2)2020年,大部分县域处于高水平耦合和高度协调阶段,空间关联类型以显著“高—高”和显著“低—低”类型区为主;(3)人均GDP、社会消费品零售总额、农业生产水平等因素是人口—土地—产业转型发展的主要驱动因素;(4)按照城乡转型轨迹,黄河流域县域可划分为核心转型区、潜在转型区和限制转型区。未来,应统筹新型城镇化与乡村振兴,根据不同类型区域特征,分别制定城乡融合发展策略,进而促进整个区域的高质量发展。     

环境规制视角下中国海洋产业转型研究

环境规制和创新直接决定了我国产业结构转型的速度和方向。基于我国沿海11省市2006—2014年面板数据,采用产业结构超前系数、More值和门槛回归模型,从方向和速度两个维度对我国海洋产业转型升级水平进行测度。结果表明:在产业转型方向上,沿海地区正向第三产业转型,2010年以后1/2省份的产业转型速度加快。在此基础上,构建门槛回归模型检验技术创新在环境规制促进海洋产业转型的中介作用。结果显示,在海洋技术创新水平制约下环境规制对海洋产业转型升级存在倒"U"型双重门槛效应。因此,政府在制定环境规制政策提升海洋产业转型水平时,应充分考虑海洋技术创新水平对环境规制效果的影响。     

新型农业经营主体农地规模经营效应评价——基于成渝区313个新型农业经营主体的调查数据

利用成渝区313份新型农业经营主体调查数据,从资源整合、环境改善、产业发展、效益提升4方面评价了不同主体的农地规模经营效应。结果表明:(1)不同新型经营主体综合效应总体表现欠佳,单一效应差异明显,综合效应表现为农业企业合作社家庭农场,资源整合、环境改善效应表现为合作社农业企业家庭农场,产业发展、效益提升效应表现为农业企业合作社家庭农场;(2)影响农业经营主体效应的障碍因子强度不一,主要障碍因子是资金动用系数、农业延伸产业比,其次是经营投入产出比、就业吸纳指数,其他因子影响较弱。研究认为,围绕主要障碍因子精准突破,基于不同主体优势构建协同发展机制,是提升经营主体综合效应的有效途径。     

西北干旱区绿洲城市产业结构与就业结构协调发展研究——以张掖市为例

产业结构与就业结构的协调发展是实现区域协调发展的必由之路,是产业结构优化升级和劳动力充分就业的根本途径。选取张掖市为研究对象,从结构偏离度、就业弹性和协调度三个方面对西北干旱区绿洲城市产业结构与就业结构之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明:1982—2014年,张掖市产业结构和就业结构均有所优化,但就业结构演变滞后于产业结构,未来应通过大力发展现代服务业,做强做大生态工业,推动第一产业与第二产业、第三产业的嫁接,实现张掖市的农业转型升级,促进经济健康稳定地增长。     

云南省乡村振兴、新型城镇化与生态环境耦合协调及影响因素

基于乡村振兴、新型城镇化和生态环境耦合协同关系,以云南省为研究对象,通过构建三者耦合协调评价指标体系,运用熵值法、耦合协调度模型、Dagum基尼系数分解法和面板Tobit模型测算2005—2020年云南省及其16个州市耦合协调发展水平,时空演变特征,区域差异以及影响因素。结果表明:(1)整体上,云南省综合评价指数、耦合度和协调度都呈现上升态势,但三者水平还需提高,云南省三大系统的相互作用程度逐渐增强,耦合类型的空间差异性逐渐变小;(2)三者的耦合度和协调度的空间差异性较为明显,表现出滇中>滇西>滇南>滇东的分异特征,协调度增长速度以保山市、临沧市和文山州最高;(3)总体基尼系数逐渐缩小,各区域之间以及区域之间城乡差距仍然是构成云南省基尼系数变化的主要原因;(4)经济发展水平、政府能力、对外开放水平以及旅游活力大体上对于云南省乡村振兴、新型城镇化和生态环境具有正向的促进作用,而产业二元性结构水平则不利于三者的协同发展,影响三者耦合协调度的因素具有显著的区域差异性。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.