浅谈供应链企业之间动机控制机制

供应链管理强调供应链上节点企业及其活动的整体集成,其管理范围不仅包括企业内部的生产经营活动,而且涉及整体供应链管理技术,并且在管理中特别重视企业之间的合作.基于期望理论从动机控制机制角度浅谈供应链企业之间的运作.图1,参4.     

现代企业制度下如何加强企业内部审计

加强企业内部审计是现代企业制度发展的客观需求,我国企业内部审计体系建设尚处于初级阶段,文章分析了加强企业内部审计的必要性和我国企业内部审计存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的优化措施,以期能对企业内部审计体系的完善起到一定的作用.     

环境污染纠纷行政处理制度存在的问题及完善

目前，环境污染纠纷行政处理制度存在受理范围概念不清，与污染事故混淆,责任认定性质不明确等问题，应当扩大受理范围、分清污染事故与纠纷的性质，确认赔偿责任认定的法律效力，以进一步完善环境污染纠纷行政处理制度。     

双重绿色革命的经济和制度问题

综合分析了双重绿色革命在制度和经济条件方面的经验和不足,阐述了实行绿色革命中应进行的制度变革以及经济政策上应采取的措施。     

中国现行湿地恢复补偿的制度悖论

科学合理的制度安排必然是建立在对现存制度不合理的批判之上。湿地恢复补偿制度改革必须以现行湿地恢复补偿制度的现实性存在为基础和出发点,通过对现行湿地恢复补偿制度设计的目标和制度缺陷进行理性分析,为新的湿地恢复补偿制度设计与安排提供价值坐标,以保障湿地恢复补偿制度价值的实现。现行湿地恢复补偿制度规定存在着合法性、合理性和权威性等诸多悖论,成为湿地恢复补偿实践产生冲突的制度根源,并已构成当前环境友好型和资源节约型社会实践推进的严重障碍。     

我国就地保护存在的问题及法律建议——以国家公园建设为契机

我国自然保护地制度仍然存在着管理混乱、资金不足、社区矛盾突出以及就地保护成效低下的问题.从规范上来说,自然保护地相关立法、规章缺乏体系甚至缺位.此外,自然整体保护意识的缺乏也容易导致保护和发展理念的失衡.目前,学界在自然保护地研究过程中对国家公园制度建设易陷入过分热情而缺乏理性的态度,因此,需要对国家公园自身进行理性审...     

企业会计制度带来的思考

企业会计制度是企业会计核算工作的具体规范.通过对企业会计制度引发问题的思考,以进一步为企业会计制度设计的实效性奠定基础,也为企业会计制度改革提供了新的思维方式.     

传统生存方式变迁对农村环境的影响

随着农村社会经济的发展,农户的生存方式开始逐步由传统的生存方式逐步转变为现代的生存方式。在具体的案例研究过程中,我们既可以看到传统生存方式的环境友好的一面,也可以看到传统生存方式变迁过程中农户经济行为变化对于农村环境的不利影响。与此同时,社会经济发展过程中,新的现代生产生活要素的介入,在不断使农户的生活逐步走向现代化的同时,也带来了种种环境问题。总之,农村环境问题的产生既有传统生存方式本身存在的问题,也来自于生存方式变迁过程中新的外部物质的介入,因此,对于农村环境的改善需要同时从这两方面着手,在改善农户生存方式的同时,更要从根本上控制外部的污染物质的介入。     

我国餐厨垃圾处理收费制度研究

随着我国经济社会的不断发展,餐厨垃圾产生量逐年上升,大量的餐厨垃圾不仅对环境造成了严重的污染,高昂的处理费也给城市财政带来了沉重的负担.通过调研我国部分城市餐厨垃圾的处理收费标准和收费情况,总结收缴计量方式及特点,指出餐厨垃圾收费存在的问题,并提出合理制定收费标准、建立收缴制约机制、采取有效的收费方式等建议.     

中国南方农田养地制度的演变与发展

在田养地制度是耕作制度的重要组成部分．40多年来．我国南方农田生产力能免得到不断提高，是与农田养地制度的不断发展和完善分不开的．本文比较系统和全面地分析、总结了建国以来，我国南方农田土壤耕作制度、农田培肥制度的演变和发展．时指导南方耕作制度的进一步改革、促进南方农业的可持续发展具有重要意义．     

Development and test of a crop growth model for application within a Global Change decision support system

When examining potential impacts of Global Change on water resources on the regional scale, spatial and temporal changes in crop water and nitrogen demand are of fundamental significance. State-of-the-art crop growth models are powerful tools to assess the response of crops to altered environmental conditions and cultivation practices. In this paper, the process-based, object-oriented and generic DANUBIA crop growth model is presented. To evaluate the performance of the model, a validation analysis is carried out by comparing modelled data with various field measurements of sugar beet, spring barley, maize, winter wheat and potato crops. Model performance statistics show that crop growth is efficiently simulated. The closest agreement between measured and modelled biomass and leaf area index is achieved for sugar beet and winter wheat. Additionally, the response of the model to changed nitrogen availability caused by cultivation practices is analysed and reveals good results. The results suggest that the model is a suitable tool for numerically assessing the consequences of Global Change on biomass production, water and nitrogen demand, taking into account the complex interplay of water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes in agro-ecosystems.     

土壤侵蚀环境演变与全球变化及防灾减灾的机制

以土壤侵蚀学和环境学的交叉为基础,讨论了土壤侵蚀环境学的内涵、土壤侵蚀环境演变及其调控、全球变化及防灾减灾的机制。为揭示土壤侵蚀的实质及制定土壤侵蚀的防治对策提供了新的思想。     

Conservation and Adaptation to Climate Change

Abstract: The need to adapt to climate change has become increasingly apparent, and many believe the practice of biodiversity conservation will need to alter to face this challenge. Conservation organizations are eager to determine how they should adapt their practices to climate change. This involves asking the fundamental question of what adaptation to climate change means. Most studies on climate change and conservation, if they consider adaptation at all, assume it is equivalent to the ability of species to adapt naturally to climate change as stated in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Adaptation, however, can refer to an array of activities that range from natural adaptation, at one end of the spectrum, to sustainability science in coupled human and natural systems at the other. Most conservation organizations deal with complex systems in which adaptation to climate change involves making decisions on priorities for biodiversity conservation in the face of dynamic risks and involving the public in these decisions. Discursive methods such as analytic deliberation are useful for integrating scientific knowledge with public perceptions and values, particularly when large uncertainties and risks are involved. The use of scenarios in conservation planning is a useful way to build shared understanding at the science–policy interface. Similarly, boundary organizations—organizations or institutions that bridge different scales or mediate the relationship between science and policy—could prove useful for managing the transdisciplinary nature of adaptation to climate change, providing communication and brokerage services and helping to build adaptive capacity. The fact that some nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are active across the areas of science, policy, and practice makes them well placed to fulfill this role in integrated assessments of biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change.     

Inefficient environmental instruments and the gains from trade

The primary result from the trade and environment literature is that countries never lose from trade liberalization as long as they implement optimal pollution targets or if they hold emissions constant. These results are derived in models where the regulators use efficient instruments such as tradable permits or emission taxes. Regulators, however, continue to prefer command and control instruments. I show that regulation under these inefficient instruments (such as design standards or concentration standards) can lead to net losses under trade liberalization even if emissions are optimally adjusted for trade. Furthermore, holding the line on emissions need not guarantee welfare improvements either. The problem is that institutional distortions, the excess costs of inefficient instruments, can rise with trade and offset the material gains from trade. Hence the presumption that we can achieve gains from trade by considering only the level of emissions fails to recognize that the mode of regulation also matters.     

对高校思想政治教育队伍建设的几点思考

高校思想政治教育队伍建设是加强高校思想政治教育的组织保证.文章通过分析高校思想政治教育工作的特点,说明了加强高校思想政治教育队伍建设的必要性.并从加强高校思想政治教育队伍的思想建设、提高思想政治教育队伍的整体素质和加强高校思想政治教育队伍建设的科学研究和管理等三方面阐述了如何建设一支高素质的思想政治教育队伍.     

Climatic Change, Wildfire, and Conservation

Abstract:  Climatic variability is a dominant factor affecting large wildfires in the western United States, an observation supported by palaeoecological data on charcoal in lake sediments and reconstructions from fire-scarred trees. Although current fire management focuses on fuel reductions to bring fuel loadings back to their historical ranges, at the regional scale extreme fire weather is still the dominant influence on area burned and fire severity. Current forecasting tools are limited to short-term predictions of fire weather, but increased understanding of large-scale oceanic and atmospheric patterns in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation) may improve our ability to predict climatic variability at seasonal to annual leads. Associations between these quasi-periodic patterns and fire occurrence, though evident in some regions, have been difficult to establish in others. Increased temperature in the future will likely extend fire seasons throughout the western United States, with more fires occurring earlier and later than is currently typical, and will increase the total area burned in some regions. If climatic change increases the amplitude and duration of extreme fire weather, we can expect significant changes in the distribution and abundance of dominant plant species in some ecosystems, which would thus affect habitat of some sensitive plant and animal species. Some species that are sensitive to fire may decline, whereas the distribution and abundance of species favored by fire may be enhanced. The effects of climatic change will partially depend on the extent to which resource management modifies vegetation structure and fuels.     

Evaluating the Potential for Conservation Development: Biophysical, Economic, and Institutional Perspectives

Abstract:  The widespread conversion of rural land to low-density residential development poses an immediate threat to biodiversity and to the provision of ecosystem services. Given that development will continue and environmental stakes are high, analyzing alternative growth strategies is critical. Conservation development is one such strategy that has the potential to benefit ecosystems and diverse stakeholders including developers, homebuyers, governments, and society as a whole. Conservation development clusters homes on one part of a property to manage the most ecologically important land for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We draw on lessons learned from landscape ecology, open-space development, and regional planning to weigh the biophysical, economic, and institutional evidence for and against conservation development. Conservation development offers many potential environmental and economic advantages: relatively high home values and appreciation rates, lower development costs, and social and ecological benefits to society including landscape connectivity, protection and active stewardship of important ecological assets, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. But this approach also has shortcomings: it may require enlightened institutional regulations and regional planning (and/or ecologically aware developers), it is not always more profitable than conventional development and thus may require subsidies or incentives, and additional research is required to fully understand its benefits and drawbacks. With more information on the effects of clustering, the development of flexible zoning laws, and effective regional planning, conservation development could be a viable strategy for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in changing landscapes.     

高校思想政治工作创新浅论

社会进入二十一世纪,时代的发展,教育观念的转变,对高校学生的思想政治工作提出了新的机遇和挑战,新的时期,如何做好高校学生思想政治工作,这是摆在思想政治工作者面前的重要课题。笔者认为,创新,是高校思想政治工作的生命所在,既是时代发展、教育向素质教育转轨的客观要求,也是高校思想政治工作本身发展的内在动力。思想政治工作的创新是整体的,只有从思想政治工作的内容、形式和方法上全面创新,才能适应社会发展和人才成长的需要。     

Institutional deficiencies and capacity building constraints: the dilemma for environmentally sustainable development in Africa

SUMMARY

The authors question Africa's ability to achieve sustainable development in view of the erosion of its institution building capacity, a problem compounded by the alarming rate of Africa's continuing marginalisation in the world economy. The situation has been provoked by inappropriate domestic policies which have not only compromised Africa's competitiveness, but also made it particularly vulnerable given the increasing globalisation of markets and factors of production. The benefits associated with effective global economic participation transcend direct financial gains and include technology transfers, technical and managerial skills transfers, and other skills transfers associated with the ‘learning and doing’ process. These benefits are instrumental in the development of the economic, administrative, legislative and social institutions that prescribe the organisational and managerial structure of an economy and define its capacity for sustainable growth. In Africa, the absence of such structures has undermined development efforts and created large impoverished populations. But poverty in living standards is not only prevalent, there is also the acute poverty in knowledge and skills which is so damaging to institution building capacity. The socio-economic impact is manifest in dilapidated infrastructure, decaying institutions, the exodus of the professional and managerial cadre, and the almost total disintegration of society. It is within this context that Africa's ability to evolve and effectively manage sustainable development policies is questioned. The study concludes that the continent's capacity to initiate sound environmental and sustainable development policies depends crucially on its ability to develop appropriate and functional institutions.     

农业土地利用变化及原因、效应分析

利用航空遥感影像结合野外调查方法 ,获取了研究区域 1 979年和 1 999年土地利用类型图 ,并分析了该时段土地利用变化情况。通过农户调查 ,探讨了土地利用变化的原因。分析表明 ,技术水平提高和投入增加是耕地产量提高的重要因素 ,提高土地经济收益是旱地土地利用结构变化的直接动力。