油罐汽车收发柴油着火原因及关键预防措施

油料火灾特性是以燃烧、爆炸为标志,分为引发火灾的危险性和发生火灾后的危害性两个方面。引发火灾的危险性指标主要是闪点、爆炸极限、自燃点;发生火灾后的危害性指标是燃烧速率、火焰高度、热辐射等。柴油的闪点比较高,国家标准(GB252-2000)     

化工设备检修中的火灾爆炸事故原因分析

化工设备检修火灾危险性大,操作不慎或违反操作规程极易引起火灾爆炸事故.统计资料表明,国内外化工企业发生的事故中,停车检修作业或运行中抢修作业发生的事故占有相当大的比例.     

层次分析法在校园火灾危险性分析中的应用

采用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法对校园火灾危险性进行分析,将校园按场所功能不同划分为宿舍区、教学办公区、实验区、公共活动区(体育场,食堂,礼堂)、图书馆,然后以人口密度、财产密度、易燃易爆物、火源情况、人员素质、疏散和救援为火灾危险性评价因子,建立了校园火灾危险性分析的递阶层次结构模型,再根据Delphi专家调查法,建立各层次的判断矩阵,通过计算得出各分区的总权重值并进行排序,即各分区火灾危险性,从而有重点地进行校园火灾预防和安全管理工作.     

木材加工厂的火灾危险性分析

木材加工在生产过程中存在一定的火灾危险性,一旦发生火灾,燃烧猛烈、蔓延发展快。本文以宿州市某木材加工厂发生的火灾为例,深入剖析了木材加工厂存在的火灾危险性,并结合木材加工厂火灾发生的原因,提出了有针对性的火灾预防措施。     

油库火灾爆炸危险性分析

对某油库火灾爆炸危险性进行了定性分析,找出了发生火灾爆炸事故的主要危险因素,并提出了相应的对策.     

基于FDS的公共娱乐场所火灾分析

以广东省中山市檀岛西餐厅酒吧2005年"12.25"特大火灾为研究对象,利用FDS模拟软件对其进行火灾数值模拟,并且将改进方案与原火灾场景数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:在改进方案中,改用不燃物作为顶棚材料可有效抑制火灾;在酒吧内设置自动水喷淋系统也可对火灾起到控制作用.     

粗汽油罐区事故与原因分析

介绍粗汽油罐区发生的几起典型事故,对粗汽油罐区物料的火灾爆炸危险性、工艺过程的危险性进行分析,并提出了预防事故的对策.     

压缩天然气汽车加气站火灾危险分析与预防

介绍了压缩天然气汽车加气站工作原理及类型,分析了加气站的火灾危险性,提出了防止火灾、爆炸事故发生的安全措施.     

试论生活噪声污染防治

随着城市的发展,人们物质生活水平的提高,精神生活质量的要求也在相应的提高.酒吧、迪厅等娱乐场所顺应这种要求而不断增多,但随之而来的噪声问题也越来越引起人们的关注.     

核电站技术廊道内火灾场景下人员伤害事故应急救援路线优化研究

核电站技术廊道空间狭长曲折,如果在火灾情景下再发生其他人员伤害事故,将会严重影响应急救援效率.为有效了解核电站技术廊道内火灾危险性及烟气蔓延情况,合理规划火灾场景下的应急救援路线,首先基于对某核电基地的实地考察和调研,在核电站现场挑选2处火灾事故危险性最大的着火点,应用FDS软件模拟分析了该核电站技术廊道内火灾烟气蔓延...     

黄土高原资源型城市文化娱乐业发展对经济转型的影响

经济转型是资源型城市实现高质量发展的关键。文化娱乐业作为经济增长新引擎,在资源型城市经济转型中起着重要作用。采用黄土高原资源型城市2010—2019年面板数据,在构建综合指数测度资源型城市经济转型成效的基础上,运用空间杜宾模型实证检验文化娱乐业对经济转型的作用。结果表明：文化娱乐业对经济转型的影响呈先抑制后促进的“U”型曲线,在文化娱乐业发展初期,文化娱乐业的过度发展不利于经济转型升级,当文化娱乐业密度跨过拐点（5.104个/万人）后,经济转型成效会随着文化娱乐业的发展而提升;文化娱乐业具有显著的空间溢出效应,可以有效促进邻近城市经济转型,且邻近城市经济转型的提高会带动本市经济转型。研究结果有望为黄土高原资源型城市高质量发展提供科学依据与决策支持。     

高边坡预应力锚索(杆)验收试验研究

由于地质因素的不确定性以及高边坡工程的复杂性和锚固工程的特殊性,使高边坡应力锚索(杆)的施工质量直接影响到高边坡的安全和稳定,因此对锚索(杆)施工质量的控制和检验便成为施工过程中的关键问题。本文从预应力锚索(杆)施工验收试验着手,对如何进行试验准备、如何设定加荷等级进行了深入探讨,并对高边坡预应力锚索(杆)锚固的整体效果进行了全面的分析和评价。     

Variability of Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, and Emissions in Scotch Pine Forests of Central Siberia

As part of the Russian FIRE BEAR (Fire Effects in the Boreal Eurasia Region) Project, replicated 4-ha experimental fires were conducted on a dry Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)/lichen (Cladonia sp.)/feathermoss (Pleurozeum schreberi) forest site in central Siberia. Observations from the initial seven surface fires (2000-2001) ignited under a range of burning conditions quantified the different fuel consumption and fire behavior characteristics (e.g., rate of spread, fireline intensity, etc.) possible in this particular forest fuel type. Experimental results and dendrochronological study of local fire history both support the dominance of local fire regimes by low to moderate-intensity surface fires. Carbon released by the experimental fires ranged from 4.8 to 15.4 t C ha^{− 1} depending on fuel conditions and fire severity. Preliminary emission data show a strong correlation between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which should facilitate accurate estimates of fire impacts on atmospheric chemistry. Carbon concentration in smoke samples was related to fire severity. The short landscape-scale fire-return interval (50 years), combined with typically low fire severity, in pine ecosystems of central Siberia is often associated with low tree mortality and relatively rapid buildup of litter and understory fuels after a fire.     

DMMP对惰性气体及全氟己酮临界灭火浓度的影响

甲基膦酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Methylphosphonate,DMMP)是一种高效的阻燃剂,但是DMMP直接与气相火焰相互作用时,却反而具有助燃效果。研究人员还发现,低浓度的DMMP可以显著提高CO2的灭火效果,DMMP与CO2具有协同灭火效果。为提高现有灭火技术的灭火效果,利用DMMP作为添加剂,研究DMMP对典型灭火介质临界灭火浓度的影响。首先在杯式燃烧器中开展了DMMP与同轴扩散火焰的相互作用实验,获取了火焰高度、火焰宽度等火焰特征参数,分析了DMMP作用下的火焰燃烧强化现象;然后开展了DMMP对N2、Ar、He、全氟己酮4种灭火介质灭火效果的影响实验,获取了混合气体的临界灭火浓度,研究了DMMP与典型灭火介质的协同灭火效果。实验结果表明:DMMP具有助燃作用,添加DMMP后火焰高度变大;DMMP能够提高惰性气体N2、Ar、He的灭火性能,当DMMP浓度为1.9%时,可提高N2、Ar、He的灭火性能分别为50.0%、48.02%、47.17%,但DMMP提高惰性气体灭火性能没有明显的选择性;DMMP不能提高全氟己酮的灭火性能,反而会抑制其灭火性能,且随着DMMP浓度的不断增加,全氟己酮的临界灭火浓度不断增加。     

Satellite-Derived Mean Fire Return Intervals As Indicators Of Change In Siberia (1995–2002)

Under current climate change scenarios, temperatures in Siberia are expected to increase, and consequently, fire is also expected to increase. Potential climate-induced change is difficult to assess in Siberia because ground-based fire data are not complete. This investigation introduces a method by which potential climate-induced change can be remotely evaluated. Mean fire return intervals are established for 58 ecosystems across Siberia using eight years of satellite-based area burned data (1995 to 2002). Mean fire return intervals should decrease under current climate change scenarios, however the results do not currently demonstrate consistent evidence of fire-induced change. The overall boreal forest mean fire return interval is lower than the published mean, inferring increased fire. Most notably, using satellite data to calculate mean fire return intervals in individual ecosystems for the entire population of fire is shown to be a viable method by which potential climate-induced land cover change can be evaluated.     

兴安落叶松林火后对土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量的影响

以大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火后不同强度(重度、中度、轻度)及未火烧区的土壤为研究对象,于火烧结束3年后(2009年)的秋季,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了不同强度火烧后土壤的微生物生物量碳(C_mic)和微生物生物量氮(N_mic),并研究其与土壤养分因子的关系。结果表明:兴安落叶松林重度火烧区的C_mic显著高于中度、轻度和未火烧区,N_mic在不同强度火烧样地间差异不显著,但在重度火烧区出现最高值。其中重度、中度、轻度和对照的C_mic平均为692.8、499.9、428.8和498.7 mg·kg^-1,而N_mic分别为70.6、55.2、50.9和54.1 mg·kg^-1。土壤含水量、土壤pH值、土壤有机碳对C_mic和N_mic的影响显著,土壤微生物生物量与土壤含水量、pH值、土壤有机碳均呈正相关。研究将为进一步开展火干扰对北方森林土壤碳平衡影响机理研究提供科学依据。     

How Climate and Vegetation Influence the fire Regime of the Alaskan Boreal Biome: The Holocene Perspective

We synthesize recent results from lake-sediment studies of Holocene fire-climate-vegetation interactions in Alaskan boreal ecosystems. At the millennial time scale, the most robust feature of these records is an increase in fire occurrence with the establishment of boreal forests dominated by Picea mariana: estimated mean fire-return intervals decreased from ≥300 yrs to as low as ∼80 yrs. This fire-vegetation relationship occurred at all sites in interior Alaska with charcoal-based fire reconstructions, regardless of the specific time of P. mariana arrival during the Holocene. The establishment of P. mariana forests was associated with a regional climatic trend toward cooler/wetter conditions. Because such climatic change should not directly enhance fire occurrence, the increase in fire frequency most likely reflects the influence of highly flammable P. mariana forests, which are more conducive to fire ignition and spread than the preceding vegetation types (tundra, and woodlands/forests dominated by Populus or Picea glauca). Increased lightning associated with altered atmospheric circulation may have also played a role in certain areas where fire frequency increased around 4000 calibrated years before present (BP) without an apparent increase in the abundance of P. mariana. When viewed together, the paleo-fire records reveal that fire histories differed among sites in the same modern fire regime and that the fire regime and plant community similar to those of today became established at different times. Thus the spatial array of regional fire regimes was non-static through the Holocene. However, the patterns and causes of the spatial variation remain largely unknown. Advancing our understanding of climate-fire-vegetation interactions in the Alaskan boreal biome will require a network of charcoal records across various ecoregions, quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions, and improved knowledge of how sedimentary charcoal records fire events. In this paper, charcoal refers to macroscopic (≥180 μm) as opposed to microscopic (< 180 μm) particles unless indicated otherwise. Radiocarbon ages were converted to calibrated years before AD 1950 using the atmospheric calibration data set (Stuiver et al. 1998).     

石化企业数字化消防应急演练系统研究

基于虚拟现实技术（VR）和网络协同技术,建立基于B／S架构的数字化消防应急演练平台。结合数值模拟技术,将具有确定性的火灾动力学系统产生的火灾模型和随机性的火灾发展过程进行结合,以计算机科学的技术手段,为企业提供一个三维交互的数字化平台以及应急演练的新方法。