高级氧化技术降解水中有机磷农药的研究进展

综述了近年来发展迅速的高级氧化技术,主要包括臭氧高级氧化技术、光催化氧化法、超声降解法、电化学水处理技术和超临界水氧化法等.结合有机磷农药废水处理方法的进展,介绍了各种高级氧化技术在机理研究和应用方面取得的成果和存在的问题,并指出了高级氧化技术在有机废水处理方面所具有的潜力.     

固定化微生物废水处理技术的现状和前景

综述了固定化微生物的主要方法,以及固定化微生物技术应用在废水处理中的发展过程及现状,包括去除BOD物质、硝化-脱氮、难降解废水的治理、去除和回收重金属离子、产氢等,最后对应用于废水处理中的存在问题和发展方向进行了评价.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药废水处理技术研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药废水COD浓度高、毒性大、污染物成分复杂、较难生物降解。通过系统阐述目前国内外各种针对拟除虫菊酯类农药废水处理技术的最新研究动态,分析了各种方法的优缺点,并对此类农药废水处理技术的发展方向进行了展望,可为此类废水处理工艺选择和工程设计提供有益参考。     

硝基芳香烃废水处理技术研究进展

本文综述了硝基芳香烃废水处理技术的研究现状及在实际工程中的应用现状 ,这些技术的原理主要基于物理、化学、生物等方面的作用。同时本文还展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景 ,采用生物处理及其他多种处理方法协同作用已成为发展趋势。     

基于层次分析法的电解锰废水处理技术评价

基于电解锰废水处理技术现状,采用层次分析法建立了一个4层10指标3方案的技术评价体系,从环境效益、经济效益、技术性能3个方面,对3种电解锰废水处理技术进行分析。采用专家评分的方法,根据各指标的权重,对3种技术进行评分。结果表明,电解锰废水全过程控制技术由于低廉的运行成本,较易运行,较高的锰、铬、氨氮去除率和回收率等优点使其总评分高于其他2种技术,是电解锰废水处理技术的首选。     

电凝聚在废水处理中的研究进展

电凝聚法是一种有效的电化学废水处理方法,因此对目前电凝聚技术在废水处理中的研究与应用进行了综述,阐述了电凝聚技术的机理,介绍了电凝聚处理的影响因素。     

硝基节香烃废水处理技术研究进展

本文综述了硝基芳香烃废水处理技术的研究现状及在实际工程中的应用现状，这些技术的原理主要基于物理、化学、生物等方面的作用。同时本文还展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景，采用生理处理及其他多种处理方法协同作用已成为发展趋势。     

应用漆酶SUKALacc脱色处理纺织染料

印染废水中含有大量的剩余染料,对生态环境构成了巨大威胁.漆酶能够氧化多种纺织染料使其脱色,在印染废水处理领域具有潜在的应用性.为了开发基于酶技术的印染废水处理工艺,利用商业化的漆酶制剂SUKALaccTM对5种常见纺织染料的脱色能力进行了测试,结果显示,SUKALaccTM对于这些测试的染料均具有脱色效果,脱色效率为14.85%~85.97%;此外,还考察了酶制剂浓度、染料浓度、温度和pH等因素对脱色效率的影响,确定了最优的反应条件;利用斜生栅藻 (Scenedesmus obliquus) 和大型溞 (Daphnia magna) 分别对酶处理后的染料毒性进行了测试,结果表明,酶制剂处理后的染料毒性减弱.这些实验结果为漆酶制剂实际应用于印染废水处理奠定了坚实基础.     

超声波技术在废水处理中的应用研究

阐述了超声波降解有机物的机理及其各种影响因素,总结了超声波在有机废水处理中的研究及应用情况,展望了超声波技术在废水处理中的应用前景。     

火力发电厂废水处理的现状与展望

介绍了当前我国火力发电厂废水处理技术的现状,对火力发电厂各类废水的特点及其处理方法进行了相应的分析,并对火电厂废水处理的发展进行了展望。     

The use of low-cost adsorbents for wastewater purification in mining industries

Recently, great attention has been paid to the environmental problems in mining industry. At present there are different ways of mineral processing, as well as various methods of wastewater treatment, most of them are expensive. Work is ongoing to find low-cost treatments. In this article, low-cost adsorbents, potentially useful for wastewater treatment on mining and metallurgical plants, are reviewed; their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of their application are compared. Also adsorption of different metals and radioactive compounds from acidic environment similar to composition of mining and metallurgical wastewaters is considered.     

Phytoavailability and extractability of potassium, magnesium and manganese in calcareous soil amended with olive oil wastewater

Land disposal of olive oil wastewater using it as a soil amendment requires a knowledge of the effects that its application may produce on the status of the mineral nutrients in the plant-soil system. A pot experiment using calcareous soil was performed in a growth chamber to examine the effects of olive oil wastewater on the availability and postharvest soil extractability of K, Mg and Mn. The experiment included 6 treatments: two rates of olive oil wastewater, two mineral fertilizer treatments containing K (which supplied K in amounts equivalent to the K supplied by the olive oil wastewater treatments), a K-free mineral fertilizer treatment, and a control. The pots were sown with ryegrass as the test plant, harvesting 3 times at intervals of one month. Olive oil wastewater has demonstrated a considerable capacity for supplying K that can be assimilated by the plant, tending in fact to surpass the mineral potassium fertilizer tested. The application of olive oil wastewater tends to reduce the concentration of Mg in the plant, similarly to the effect of adding mineral potassium fertilizer. An enhancement of Mn availability takes place in the soil amended with olive oil wastewater, which on occasion has produced Mn concentrations in plant that could be considered phytotoxic or at least excessive. After harvesting, we observed an increase in the amount of exchangeable K in soil with added industrial wastewater. However, these increases are lower than those in soil treated with mineral potassium fertilizer. The levels of exchangeable, carbonate-bound, organic-bound and residual Mg in soil were higher in treatments incorporating olive oil wastewater than in those with added mineral K, with the opposite tendency occurring in the amount of Fe-Mn oxides-bound Mg in soil. Treatments based on olive oil wastewater, especially in high doses, increased the amount of exchangeable and carbonate-bound Mn in soil, in comparison with treatments adding mineral fertilizers with or without K. In contrast, the addition of industrial wastewater caused a drop in the amount of Fe-Mn oxides-bound and organic-bound Mn in soil.     

Phytoavailability and extractability of potassium,magnesium and manganese in calcareous soil amended with olive oil wastewater

Abstract

Land disposal of olive oil wastewater using it as a soil amendment requires a knowledge of the effects that its application may produce on the status of the mineral nutrients in the plant‐soil system. A pot experiment using calcareous soil was performed in a growth chamber to examine the effects of olive oil wastewater on the availability and postharvest soil extractability of K, Mg and Mn. The experiment included 6 treatments: two rates of olive oil wastewater, two mineral fertilizer treatments containing K (which supplied K in amounts equivalent to the K supplied by the olive oil wastewater treatments), a K‐free mineral fertilizer treatment, and a control. The pots were sown with ryegrass as the test plant, harvesting 3 times at intervals of one month. Olive oil wastewater has demonstrated a considerable capacity for supplying K that can be assimilated by the plant, tending in fact to surpass the mineral potassium fertilizer tested. The application of olive oil wastewater tends to reduce the concentration of Mg in the plant, similarly to the effect of adding mineral potassium fertilizer. An enhancement of Mn availability takes place in the soil amended with olive oil wastewater, which on occasion has produced Mn concentrations in plant that could be considered phytotoxic or at least excessive. After harvesting, we observed an increase in the amount of exchangeable K in soil with added industrial wastewater. However, these increases are lower than those in soil treated with mineral potassium fertilizer. The levels of exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic‐bound and residual Mg in soil were higher in treatments incorporating olive oil wastewater than in those with added mineral K, with the opposite tendency occurring in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound Mg in soil. Treatments based on olive oil wastewater, especially in high doses, increased the amount of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound Mn in soil, in comparison with treatments adding mineral fertilizers with or without K. In contrast, the addition of industrial wastewater caused a drop in the amount of Fe‐Mn oxides‐bound and organic‐bound Mn in soil.     

Effects of wastewater from olive processing on seed germination and early plant growth of different vegetable species

Abstract

The effects of wastewater from olive processing on seed germination and early plant growth of different vegetable species were examined. Three types of wastewater at different concentrations were tested: raw wastewater, wastewater with organic matter removed and deionized wastewater.

Results generally indicate an inhibitory effect on seed germination and early plant growth by all treatments containing any kind of wastewater. Of the three types of effluent, raw wastewater had the greatest depressive effect, followed by deionized wastewater and finally effluent with organic matter removed. Barley showed the least sensitivity to phytotoxic effects while tomato was the plant most affected. The remaining vegetable species showed an intermediate sensitivity.     

Polyacrylamide + Al2(SO4)3 and polyacrylamide + CaO remove coliform bacteria and nutrients from swine wastewater

Animal wastes are a major contributor of nutrients and enteric microorganisms to surface water and ground water. Polyacrylamide (PAM) mixtures are an effective flocculent, and we hypothesized that they would reduce transport of microorganisms in flowing water. After waste water running at 60.0 1 min(-1) flowed over PAM + Al2(SO4)3, or PAM + CaO in furrows, total coliform bacteria (TC) and fecal coliform bacteria (FC) were reduced by 30-50% at 1 and 50 m downstream of the treatments compared to the control. In a column study, PAM + Al2(SO4)3, and PAM + CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam, loam, and clay soils reduced NH4+ and ortho-P concentrations in leachate compared to the source waste water and the control. PAM + Al2(SO4)3 and PAM + CaO applied to sandy, sandy loam and loam soils reduced both total and ortho-P, concentrations in leachate compared to he source wastewater and control treatment. In a field study, PAM + Al2(SO4)3, or PAM + CaO treatments did not consistently reduce NH4+, NO3-, ortho-P, and total P concentrations in wastewater flowing over any soil compared to inflow wastewater or the control treatment. With proper application PAM + Al2(SO4)3 and PAM + CaO may be able to reduce the numbers of enteric bacteria in slowly flowing wastewater running off animal confinement areas, reducing the amount of pollutants entering surface water and groundwater.     

城市生活污水厌氧生物处理发展现状

回顾了国内外污水厌氧生物处理工艺的发展情况,着重分析了中国城市污水的特点以及厌氧生物处理工艺在城市生活污水处理中的应用情况。     

单菌种和混合菌处理养殖污水的效果

为了优化养殖污水处理系统中的生物膜法技术,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、酵母菌(Saccharomyces)和乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)及其混合菌对养殖污水的净化能力。实验共进行35 d,设置了8个处理组,以添加无菌生理盐水的处理组为对照组。结果表明,添加了菌种的处理组,对氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝氮(NO2--N)的处理效果显著优于对照组(PP4+-N和NO2--N的去除率均达到90%以上;接种枯草芽孢杆菌的4个处理组对无机磷(TP)的去除能力要显著高于其他未接种该菌的处理组,TP的最终浓度维持在0.2 mg/L,而其他处理组在0.59 mg/L以上;添加菌种的各处理组对化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中3种菌混合的处理组去除率最高,达76.9%。在本实验条件下,混合菌处理污水的能力要优于单菌种,3种菌混合的处理组要优于菌种两两混合的处理组。     

Preliminary study on removing Cs+/Sr2+ by activated porous calcium silicate—A by-product from high-alumina fly ash recycling industry

¹³⁷Cs⁺/⁹⁰Sr²⁺-containing radioactive wastewater is one of the most important problems that the world has been facing with. A by-product, activated porous calcium silicate, is generated at high levels by the pre-desiliconizing and soda-lime-sintering processes for producing Al₂O₃ from high-alumina fly ash. In order to examine if this by-product could be used as an absorbent for removal of ¹³⁷Cs⁺/⁹⁰Sr²⁺ from radioactive wastewater, various parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentration, were discussed. Results indicated that the equilibrium reached in about 2 hr. Activated porous calcium silicate was highly pH sensitive and able to remove Cs⁺/Sr²⁺ in a near-neutral environment. The adsorption equilibrium was best described by Freundlich isotherm equations, and the adsorption of Cs⁺/Sr²⁺ was a physical process. The adsorption kinetic data could be better fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption was controlled by multidiffusion. Current study showed that activated porous calcium silicate has a good adsorption of Cs⁺/Sr²⁺ for their removal. However, other characteristics, such as selectivity because of coexisting cations, elution and regeneration, thermal stability, and acid resistance, should be discussed carefully before using it in an actual field.

Implications:Removing ¹³⁷Cs⁺/⁹⁰Sr²⁺ from radioactive wastewater is one of the tough issues that has been attracting more and more attention world widely, which is the same as fly ash. For recycling high-alumina fly ash, in which Al is extracted to produce Al₂O₃, a huge amount of activated porous calcium silicate is generated year by year. In this paper, this by-product was successfully used as an absorbent to remove ¹³⁷Cs⁺/⁹⁰Sr²⁺ from radioactive wastewater for the first time. Factors that affect the absorbability and the mechanisms were discussed in details, providing a possible choice for disposal of ¹³⁷Cs⁺/⁹⁰Sr²⁺-containing radioactive wastewater.     

VFAs、TOC及COD作为生物除磷能力指标的探讨

在实际生活污水的处理中,研究了通过A/O运行模式对生物除磷过程中磷的变化情况及在厌氧释磷过程中COD、TOC与VFAs变化之间的关系。结果表明,在厌氧释磷过程中VFAs的变化更能准确地反映系统内释磷进程,实际生活污水中能直接用于磷释放的有机物含量占COD的13.33%,并且释放1 mg P所需VFAs为1.401 mg,此值明显低于前期研究结果。通过对COD、TOC和VFAs 3种组分的分析,可将实际生活污水中的有机底物分为3类:易生物降解含碳有机物、难降解的含碳有机物和水中存在的无机性还原物质,含量分别占COD的13.33%、31.7%和54.97%,其中只有13.33%的含量对生物释磷有直接作用,并可对实际生活污水除磷有指导意义。     

基于灰色马尔可夫模型的城市污水量预测

城市污水量是进行排水工程设计的基础数据,灰色系统理论在预测城市污水排放量中有着广泛的应用.基于2001-2009年天津市城市污水排放量数据,建立灰色模型对2010-2015年生活污水排放量和工业废水排放量进行预测;由于工业废水排水量数据波动较大,灰色预测结果不准确,采用马尔可夫模型对灰色预测结果进行修正.结果表明,灰色马尔可夫模型预测准确性高;预计2015年,生活污水排放量为65120.57万t,工业废水排放量为19339.39万t;随着时间的推移,天津市生活污水排放量在城市污水排放总量中的百分比越来越大.