不同消毒剂对水中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活的比较

将脊髓灰质炎病毒（ Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ） 及不同消毒剂投加到模拟水样中,按不同接触时间１ ,３ ,１０ ,３０ ｍｉｎ 取样,空斑定量． 当模拟水有机质含量 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 为２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,病毒浓度ｎ（ Ｐ Ｆ Ｕ） ≈１ ×１０５ ｍ Ｌ－ １ 时,分别投加氯制剂有效氯ρ（ Ｃｌ）１６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,接触３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｃｌ Ｏ２） ＝ ８ ．０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ; Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合消毒剂（５ ．０ ＋ ５ ．０） ｍｇ／ Ｌ,３０ ｍｉｎ ;ρ（ Ｏ３） ＝ １ ．２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,１０ ｍｉｎ 时;可使病毒彻底灭活． 它们使 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 达到９９ ．９９ ％ 灭活的浓度时间乘积（ ρ×ｔ） 值分别是６６２ ．５ ,１２９ ．５ ,２００ ．０ 和３ ．２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｍｉｎ ． 消毒效果（ 顺序） 为 Ｏ３ ＞ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ＋ Ｃｌ Ｏ２ ＞ Ｃｌ． 联合消毒灭活 Ｐｏｌｉｏ Ｖ 的效果为 Ｃｌ 的３ ．３ 倍,表明将 Ｃｌ 与 Ｃｌ Ｏ２ 联合应用具有协同效应,优于传统的单一加氯消毒方式     

进水PCP和CODCr质量浓度对厌氧反应器运行效能的影响

应用以氯酚驯化污泥接上流式厌氧消化反应器（ＵＡＤ）连续处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）废水的试验结果表明，在一定的水力负荷下，试验反应器可稳定地处理ρ（ＣＯＤＣｒ）１２５０－１０００ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１和ρ（ＰＣＲ）≤１８０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的有毒有机废水，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率大于９０％，ＰＣＰ去除率大于９９．５％，出水ρ（ＰＣＰ）小于０．５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，维持试验反应器正常运行所必需的最低进水ρ（ＰＣＰ）有关，且进水ρ     

硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

亚硝酸盐氮地草鱼种耗氧率的影响及适应性研究

通过测定全血红蛋白和高铁血红慢白及耗氧率，研究了草鱼种在ＮＯ２－Ｎ作用下的生理变化和对ＮＯ２－Ｎ的应适用性，结果表明：ρ（ＮＯ２－Ｎ）在０－４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１范围内可使草鱼种耗氧率增中，并于１ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１和４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１处出现峰值和次峰暴露处理的鱼种在恢复２１ｄ后，显示出对ＮＯ２－Ｎ的适应性。     

啤酒废水的生物净化与利用研究

以啤酒废水为主的城市污水,通过多级模拟生物净化系统,污水中的有机污染物得到明显转换和去除． Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ、 Ｎ、 Ｐ等污染指标去除率在７９ ．４５ ％ ～９９ ．７０ ％ 之间．随水质的改变,藻类的种类、数量、生物量、叶绿素含量及多样性指数不断上升,清洁种类逐渐增多．在净化后的污水中,鱼虾优质饵料生物—大型蚤数量ｎ达２３４ Ｌ－ １ ,即平均有２ ．６７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｃ、０ ．６２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｎ、０ ．０９ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｐ转移到蚤体中．相关分析表明,大型蚤食量与加入藻的量呈正相关关系,与剩余藻的量呈负相关关系．     

原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

有机磷农药降解菌的紫外诱变育种

有机磷农药降解菌地衣芽孢杆菌（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经紫外线诱变后,筛选出突变菌株Ｐ１２ ．在θ＝３０℃,溶解氧ρ（Ｏ２） ＝２ ．５ ｍｇ Ｌ－１ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对甲胺磷的降解率为８０ ．１％ ,比出发菌株提高了将近１０％的降解率．农药斜面连续传代１０ 次,降解活力保持稳定．     

几种胁迫因素对绞股蓝愈伤组织中皂甙积累的影响

将ＭＳ＋ρ（２,４Ｄ）０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１＋ρ（ＢＡ）１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１培养基的Ｍｎ２＋浓度提高２０倍时可使绞胶蓝愈伤组织培养物的皂甙产率增加９１％,而提高Ｃｕ２＋浓度对皂甙积累的影响不显著;培养基中加入６８０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１的甘露醇可使皂甙产率提高８３％,但加入ＮａＣｌ则会降低皂甙产量;适当浓度的米曲霉和根霉提取物可使皂甙产率分别提高９７％和４２％．由ＴＬＣ图谱可见,绞股蓝愈伤组织中的皂甙组成与原植物相似,但出现一个新组分;原个别组分在不同的胁迫条件下有差别地消失．     

间歇式活性污泥法处理缫丝厂煮蛹废水

１缫丝生产工艺及废水来源缫丝生产过程中产生煮茧、缫丝和煮蛹废水．缫丝后的剩余副产品蛹衬,加入纯碱水煮后,再经离心机分离成茧蛹和滞头,茧蛹是高蛋白食品,滞头粉碎后纺纱．蛹衬水煮过程中产生的废水ｐＨ＝１２,ＣＯＤＣｒ＝１８００ｍｇ·１－１,ＢＯＤ５＝１０６０ｍｇ·１－１,ＳＳ＝１５００ｍｇ·１－１,其生产工艺流程如下:     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).