化工园区该如何优化雨水排放系统有效防控风险？

<正>初期雨水是指降雨初期时的雨水,由于降雨初期,雨水溶解了空气中的大量酸性气体、汽车尾气、工厂废气等污染性气体,降落地面后,又由于冲刷屋面、沥青混凝土道路等,使得前期雨水中含有大量的污染物质。这对化工园区的雨排系统建设提出了挑战,如园区没有建立有效的雨水收集、监控、排放和环境风险防控体系,     

化工企业初期雨水污染防治

化工企业厂区初期雨水径流含有各种跑、冒、滴、漏的化学品或油品,为有效防止其对周围土壤和水体污染,本文根据化工项目初期雨水的水质、水量特点,提出了相应的收集和处理办法.     

江西某湖补水湿地工程设计案例解析

针对江西某湖生态环境承载力较差的问题,进行芳兰湖专项水环境设计。利用塘床系统对截流的芳兰湖周边片区面源污染的基流及初期雨水进行处理,利用垂直流人工湿地技术对虞家河水的补水进行处理,同时,结合湖泊生态系统构建技术,使芳兰湖水质达到Ⅲ类水质目标要求,且满足生态需水量要求。工程实施后,可有效削减排入芳兰湖的面源污染负荷,改善芳兰湖水质,美化周边环境,达到水质目标要求。     

曝气生物滤池处理初期雨水的试验研究

文章介绍了采用曝气生物滤池工艺处理预处理后的初期雨水,可实现出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TP浓度稳定低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的V类标准限值。该工艺具有占地面积小、运行稳定、处理流程和管理简单、可间断运行等优点,在雨水处理领域具有良好的适用性。     

雨水自流过滤净化技术实际工程应用效果分析

我国城市径流所导致的面源污染问题严重,雨水自流过滤设施因其占地面积小、易于维护成为控制径流污染的末端处理设施之一。上海市临港新城某桥下建立雨水自流过滤净化设施示范工程,以控制进入滴水湖引清河道的水质。对该示范工程进行了处理效果监测,在长达一年半的时间里实地取样分析了六次有效降雨和两次模拟降雨数据,得到道路雨水径流经滤井处理前后的水质情况,分析结果表明:该自流过滤净化设施能够有效去除径流中的SS、石油类等污染物,去除率可达60%以上;对TN、COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP等污染物有部分去除效果。     

峨眉山1998年雨水化学组成的动态变化

为了研究进入峨眉山地区污染物质的起源，从1998年4月开始在峨眉山22处设置了雨水采集点采集了雨水。本文介绍1998年峨眉山雨水化学组成随季节变化的特征。作者认为峨眉山一年中雨水可分为三期：中和期、清洁期和污染期。     

用阴离子交换树脂的废水处理法

最近，日本山阳木材防腐公司和熊本县工业试验场共同研究成功采用阴离子交换树脂来处理木材防腐、防虫剂的工业废水方法。目前正在申请专利权，并由山阳公司专门生产这种处理设备。该处理方法是一种封闭系统，能回收和重新利用防腐、防虫剂中所含重金属。具有造价低、使用费便宜等优点。木材的防腐、防虫处理，已应用在电线干、轨枕以及住宅用木材等方面，尤其是住宅用木材的用量有大幅度上升的趋势。然而，经过加压注入或防腐、防虫剂处理过的木材如堆放在露天，由于雨水的冲淋，防腐、防虫剂会混入雨水成为工业废水流出污染环境。防腐、防…     

徐州市黄河故道水污染情况分析与处理方法讨论

根据实验和分析,黄河故道非溶解性有机物浓度较低,水污染主要是由工业废水引起的,补充水主要来源于雨水并有稀释作用的蛄论。根据实际情况提出用植物法(凤眼莲)处理的建议,并做了混凝法处理的实验,得出用铁盐混凝剂效果较好的结论。     

典型广谱抗生素的污染现状和处理技术研究进展

典型广谱抗生素是一类对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在威胁的新型污染物,其污染现状及相关处理技术受到国内外越来越多的关注。本文概述了典型广谱抗生素在环境中的污染现状,并介绍了几种针对低浓度抗生素污染原水的处理技术,包括离子交换、吸附法、膜滤法及化学氧化法等,为微污染水源中抗生素的处理提出进一步可能的研究方向。     

浅谈通化市生活垃圾的处理及防治措施

阐述了通化市的生活垃圾污染现状以及存在的问题,并结合我国目前生活垃圾处理的具体情况,借鉴国内外先进的垃圾处理技术的成熟经验,提出解决通化市生活垃圾污染的处理方法和途径。     

Rainwater reuse supply and demand response in urban elementary school of different districts in Taipei

This study primarily assesses rainwater supply and demand for Taipei City elementary school to develop a method to derive the rainwater reuse system. This work will help planners build water reuse systems for the sites, and facilitate the water demand of school. This study also analyzes rainfall records from fifteen weather stations in Taipei City to evaluate the rainfall changes in the region's morphology, and measures the rainfall supply in the sub-district of Taipei. The effect of water demand factors is also analyzed with linear regressions applied to estimate the change in monthly water demand for Taipei elementary schools. This work assumes that 35% of total water demand can replaced with rainwater. This work creates an active model for comparisons of each Taipei elementary site rainwater supply trend, demand drift, and maximum rainwater use percentage based on the rainwater reuse system. The efficacy of implementing rainwater reuse in Taipei is identified.     

Economic and financial analysis on rainwater harvesting for agricultural irrigation in the rural areas of Beijing

Since 2006, around 600 rainwater harvesting systems have been constructed for agricultural irrigation in Beijing. The financial and economic implications of using these systems are discussed less. It is important to understand the effectiveness of the investments spent on the rainwater harvesting systems. The paper aims to analyze economic and financial performance of the constructed rainwater harvesting systems in rural areas of Beijing through the method of cost benefit analysis. The economic analysis focuses on determining the contribution of rainwater harvesting systems to the development of society, carried out from the point of view of government. The financial analysis allows comparison of the financial implications of using groundwater with using rainwater for agricultural irrigation from the point of view of individual participant, namely the local farmers. The results show that the rainwater harvesting systems are economically feasible. This means rainwater harvesting have positive effects for society. However, the financial feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems depends on the charge for groundwater and on the size of the rainwater harvesting systems. If groundwater is not charged, the rainwater harvesting systems are not financially feasible. If groundwater is charged at 2 Yuan/m³, only large size systems are financially feasible while small and middle sizes systems are not financially feasible. Under these circumstances, only large systems can run smoothly, while farmers may not use the small and medium-size systems.     

雨水资源与雨水资源的评价

本文论述了雨水资源和目前世界各地雨水利用的概况,提出了家庭用水和农业用水雨水资源评价的计算方法。     

乌鲁木齐城市小区雨水收集回用系统设计建议——以晨光-佳苑为例

运用城市小区雨水资源收集回用系统成为了城市节约水资源新的途径。分析了乌鲁木齐晨光-佳苑住宅小区原有雨水收集回用状况,建议采用雨水入渗技术,对原有设计系统进行改造,增加新的雨水收集回用系统,探讨改造小区雨水收集回用系统的可行性,提出完善新增雨水收集回用系统的建议。     

Quality of rainwater harvesting for rural communities of Delta State,Nigeria

This paper assess the level of potability of rainwater samples harvested from catchments roofs in 6 rural communities of Delta State, Nigeria to achieve this goal a stratified sampling technique was adopted in the establishment of 90 sterilized cans into the 3 senatorial districts of Delta; on the basis of one can for thatch, aluminium, asbestos and corrugated iron sheets, and open surfaces. Six rural communities each were chosen from the three senatorial districts, making a total of 18 rural communities that were chosen for the study. The harvested rainwater samples were analysed with the most appropriate equipment and analytical techniques as recommended by World Health Organisation (WHO) and federal ministry of environment in Nigeria. Kruskal—wallis H’test statistical techniques was employed to ascertain whether differences exist amongst the rainwater samples collected from thatch, aluminium, asbestos and corrugated iron roofing sheets, and open surfaces. The result revealed that most of physiochemical and biological characteristics of rainwater samples were generally below the WHO threshold, as such the rainwater characteristics showed satisfactory concentration in these rural communities. Thus, the rainwater from these rural communities should be harvested, stored for human consumption and for other uses by the inhabitants. But treatment is needed in terms of their pH, TSS, Fe and colour. Similarly, significant differences exist amongst the rainwater samples collected from the 5 roofing types, most especially low quality of rainwater were observed in thatch and asbestos roofing sheets. Thus, rainwater from these sources should be purified before consumption.     

Applying exergy analysis to rainwater harvesting systems to assess resource efficiency

In our continued effort in reducing resource consumption, greener technologies such as rainwater harvesting could be very useful in diminishing our dependence on desalinated or treated water and the associated energy requirements. This paper applies exergy analysis and exergetic efficiency to evaluate the performance of eight different scenarios of urban rainwater harvesting systems in the Mediterranean-climate Metropolitan Area of Barcelona where water is a scarce resource. A life cycle approach is taken, where the production, use, and end-of-life stages of these rainwater harvesting systems are quantified in terms of energy and material requirements in order to produce 1 m³ of rainwater per year for laundry purposes. The results show that the highest exergy input is associated with the energy uses, namely the transport of the materials to construct the rainwater harvesting systems. The scenario with the highest exergetic efficiency considers a 24 household building with a 21 m³ rainwater storage tank installed below roof. Exergy requirements could be minimized by material substitution, minimizing weight or distance traveled.     

Potential for rainwater use in high-rise buildings in Australian cities

Rainwater is a traditional but underutilized water resource that has today had a resurgence due to the worldwide water crisis. This paper demonstrates the outcomes of research on the feasibility of rainwater use in high-rise residential envelopes for four Australian cities of Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin. Different climate patterns and various levels of water demand management were established for determination of storage dimensions; annual tank water use; reduction in both imported water flow and stormwater disposal; and water spillage from tanks. High level water demand management was a profoundly effective tool for reducing potable water supply, especially in combination with rainwater use. The economic feasibility of rainwater use systems were estimated; with Sydney having the shortest payback period compared to other cities either both with 3A rated appliances (8.6 years) or 5A ones installed (10.4 years). That was due to the higher and more consistent rainfall in Sydney. An outcome of this study was that Sydney was likely most suited to rainwater use, followed by Perth, Darwin, and then Melbourne. The objective of this study was to fill in the gap in estimating feasibility of rainwater use in various Australian cities. This investigation endeavors to provide assistance to water authorities and urban planners of Australian cities with the consideration of the potential of rainwater harvesting.     

Experience with Rainwater Catchment Systems in Kenya and Botswana

Rainwater catchment is a valuable but frequently neglected alternative a domestic water supply in the developing world. In the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya and Botswana a number of water supply programmes which depend wholly or in part on rainwater catchment are currently being implemented. This paper discusses this experience and describes the various construction techniques being used. It has been found that rainwater catchments has a number of very unique advantages and relatively few disadvantages. It is argued that more consideration should be given to the inclusion of rainwater catchment systems, especially in rural water supply programmes.     

HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMPTION OF UNTREATED WATER FROM HOUSEHOLD ROOF CATCHMENT SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Rainwater harvesting is receiving increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of drinking water. Although collected rainwater is typically consumed without any type of disinfection, the microbial quality of this type of water source can be poor. Around the world, consumers of collected and stored rainwater may be at considerable risk to a variety of infectious diseases. This review presents studies attributing specific risks of diseases to the consumption of contaminated rainwater. Diseases attributed to the consumption of untreated rainwater include bacterial diarrheas due to Salmonella and Campylobacter, bacterial pneumonia due to Legionella, botulism due to Clostridium, tissue helminths, and protozoal diarrheas from Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Simple indicator systems such as fecal coliform measurements may prove to be inadequate for determining microbial risks associated with consumption of water from rainwater catchment systems.     

Optimal design of rainwater collecting systems for domestic use into a residential development

This paper proposes an optimization-based approach for designing rainwater harvesting systems for domestic use in a residential development. The optimization model accounts for the implementation of rainwater harvesting devices, pipes and reservoirs for the optimal sitting, collecting, storing and distribution of harvested rainwater. The optimization model consists in satisfying the water domestic demands and considers as objective function the minimization of the total annual cost associated to the fresh water, the capital costs for the catchment areas, storages and pumps, and the cost associated to the pumping, maintenance and treatment. A case study for a residential development in Morelia, Mexico is presented. The city of Morelia is characterized for having complications to satisfy the water demands, especially during dry seasons. The application of the proposed optimization approach shows that it is possible to satisfy a significant percentage of the domestic water demands using a harvesting rainwater system decreasing the associated cost in the time horizon. Several scenarios have been presented to show the potential solutions identified in the case study.