峨眉山生物多样性监测与可持续旅游发展

生物多样性已成为国际社会十分关注的中心议题,2002年,生物多样性公约确定了到2010年前显著降低生物多样性损失程度的目标,更凸现了在全球、国家和区域层次上对生物多样性进行监测的重要性和迫切性,而开展生物多样性监测是实现旅游可持续发展的重要前提。本文对峨眉山的生物多样性监测工作和成果进行了总结分析,并有针对性地提出了可持续旅游发展的对策。     

环境生物监测的现状及发展趋势

目前全球面临着严重的环境问题,要解决环境污染问题必须对环境中的污染物的存在状态以及迁移转化规律有全面的了解,环境监测起到至关重要的作用。环境监测方法有许多种,其中生物监测方法在所有的方法中具有连续性、灵敏性、综合长期性等突出的优势。简单阐述了生物监测的传统和现代技术,根据生物监测方法的发展现状以及存在的不足,提出了环境生物监测未来的发展趋势。     

青海生物多样性信息及其监测

生物多样性监测是生物多样性保护必不可少的组成部分。生物多样性现状和生物多样性保护的决策，必须以充分、准确的信息为依据。监测对象与时间空间尺度的确定，以及指示物种的选择，应是生物多样性监测过程中予以充分关注的内容。     

全国生物监测座谈会情况介绍

为了落实全国第三次环境监测工作会议精神,贯彻全国监测管理条例有关规定,加强我国生物监测工作,国家环保局于一九八四年十二月二十日至二十四日在北京主持召开了全国生物监测工作座谈会。我区环境监测中心站同全国部分省、市监测站、环保所、     

水体重金属污染的生态效应及生物监测

重金属污染是水体污染的一个重要方面,随着工业的发展和人口的不断增加,水体重金属污染已经成为全球的环境问题。本文主要介绍了水体重金属的污染现状以及对水生植物、水生动物和人体健康的危害,并探讨运用生物的敏感性来监测水体重金属污染的可行性,生物监测水体重金属污染有很好的发展前景。     

植物监测在大气污染监测中的应用

近年来环境污染日益严重,成为举世瞩目的全球性问题。许多国家每年花费巨资对环境污染进行监测和治理。研究发现,植物在大气污染监测中起着不可忽视的作用,并以其价格低廉、方便灵活的特点成为一项具有发展前景的监测手段。简要概括了植物监测技术在大气污染监测中具有价格低廉、方便灵活、反应灵敏、美化环境等应用优点,分析了难以标准化、规范化等局限性。通过举例详细说明了地衣、苔藓等生物监测器在大气污染监测中的具体用途。     

水环境中重金属的生物积累研究及应用

本文综述了水环境中重金属在水生生物体内（包括鱼类的鳃、软体动物及贝类的肾、肝和肌肉等组织器官）蓄积研究现状及蓄积规律。利用生物积累的特性，为重金属污染的防治及生物监测提供参考。     

土壤中重金属生物有效性与植物效应研究

植物效应为重金属的生物有效性评价提供了链接,本文就污染土壤中重金属生物有效性问题,探讨了植物效应和生物有效性的关联关系。阐述各种植物效应在重金属生物有效性评价、监测及应用领域的研究进展,探讨了目前存在的某些不足。根据重金属的生物有效性评价结论,可针对不同土壤污染类型采用不同的植物应对措施,如可以尝试应用避性排斥型植物在生物有效性低的污染土壤上生产出非污染的农产品,为进行安全农业生产提出了一条新的思路。     

高通量工程试验堆周边地区辐射环境影响分析

为保证周围环境及公众的辐射安全,自高通量工程试验堆运行以来,开展了逐年的辐射环境监测工作,其中对环境介质和生物样品中的β放射性水平的监测就是一项重要工作。监测对象包括气溶胶、沉降物、地表水、陆生生物等。研究发现,各监测点与参照点的β放射性水平基本一致,均在天然本底放射性统计涨落范围内,表明HFETR运行对周围环境没有造成可觉察的影响。     

四川省第七次环境监测学术交流会在江油市召开

1993年5月25——28日,由四川省环境保护局、四川省环境学会监测专委会和四川省环境监测中心站联合组织的四川省第七次环境监测学术交流会在江油市召开,来自全省各地、市、州的环境监测站和部份大专院校及科研单位共76位代表出席了大会,大会开幕式上,江油市李振江副市长、江油市环境保护局柳仁金局长到会表示祝贺。本次大会共收到论文96篇,内容涉及水和废水监测采样、空气和废气监测采样、物理监测、生物监测、质量保证及     

微生物传感器的研究现状及在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器是一种迅速发展的环境监测手段。文章介绍了微生物传感器的构成及工作原理与研究现状,并对微生物传感器进行了分类。文章还讨论了微生物传感器在水环境监测中的应用,其中包括在BOD检测、有机物检测及生物毒性检测中的应用,并对其在实际监测应用中所遇问题进行了分析。     

Long-Term Biological Monitoring of an Impaired Stream: Synthesis and Environmental Management Implications

The long-term ecological recovery of an impaired stream in response to an industrial facility’s pollution abatement actions and the implications of the biological monitoring effort to environmental management is the subject of this special issue of Environmental Management. This final article focuses on the synthesis of the biological monitoring program’s components and methods, the efficacy of various biological monitoring techniques to environmental management, and the lessons learned from the program that might be applicable to the design and application of other programs. The focus of the 25-year program has been on East Fork Poplar Creek, an ecologically impaired stream in Oak Ridge, Tennessee with varied and complex stressors from a Department of Energy facility in its headwaters. Major components of the long-term program included testing and monitoring of invertebrate and fish toxicity, bioindicators of fish health, fish contaminant accumulation, and instream communities (including periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish). Key parallel components of the program include water chemistry sampling and data management. Multiple lines of evidence suggested positive ecological responses during three major pollution abatement periods. Based on this case study and the related literature, effective environmental management of impaired streams starts with program design that is consistent across space and time, but also adaptable to changing conditions. The biological monitoring approaches used for the program provided a strong basis for assessments of recovery from remedial actions, and the likely causes of impairment. This case study provides a unique application of multidisciplinary and quantitative techniques to address multiple and complex regulatory and programmatic goals, environmental stressors, and remedial actions.     

Use of ecological regions in aquatic assessments of ecological condition

Ecological regions are areas of similar climate, landform, soil, potential natural vegetation, hydrology, or other ecologically relevant variables. The makeup of aquatic biological assemblages (e.g., fish, macroinvertebrates, algae, riparian birds, etc.) varies dramatically over the landscape, as do the environmental stresses that affect the condition of those assemblages. Ecoregions delineate areas where similar assemblages are likely to occur and, therefore, where similar expectations can be established. For this reason, ecological regions have proven to be an important tool for use in the process of ecological assessment. This article describes four examples of the use of ecological regions in important aspects of environmental monitoring and assessment: (1) design of monitoring networks; (2) estimating expected conditions (criteria development); (3) reporting of results; (4) setting priorities for future monitoring and restoration. By delineating geographic areas with similar characteristics, ecological regions provide a framework for developing relevant indicators, setting expectations through the use of regional reference sites, establishing ecoregion-specific criteria and/or standards, presenting results, focusing models based on relationships between landscape and surface water metrics, and setting regional priorities for management and restoration. The Environmental Protection Agency and many state environmental departments currently use ecoregions to aid the development of environmental criteria, to illustrate current environmental condition, and to guide efforts to maintain and restore physical, chemical and biological integrity in lakes, streams, and rivers.     

Organotin pollution in China: an overview of the current state and potential health risk

In recent years, considerable amounts of organotin compounds have entered the environment due to the wide industrial applications in China. Organotins were found in various environmental media. An overview of organotin contamination and distribution in China from various environmental samples, including waters and sediments, is presented to better understand the current state of organotin pollution in China and to improve environmental monitoring and management of organotin contamination. Exposure to organotin contaminated water and sediments induces accumulation of organotins in molluscs and biological effects such as imposex. Potential harmful effects on human health may also result from consumption of contaminated seafoods. Detailed information on distribution, impacts and assessment of risk to human health and marine ecosystems is discussed and monitoring of TBT using biomarkers is described. This review highlights the serious organotin contamination of coastal cities in China and emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring and the development of an effective regulatory program.     

Volunteer Environmental Monitoring and the Role of the Universities: The Case of Citizens' Environment Watch

Universities can provide a stable home for launching collaborative community research projects. Citizens' Environment Watch (CEW), an environmental monitoring initiative based at the University of Toronto, has made significant contributions to environmental education and stewardship in Ontario, Canada. Following dramatic cuts in provincial monitoring programs, citizens and youth have used chemical parameters and biological indicators to gauge water and air quality, and to identify areas requiring remediation and pollution prevention efforts. The relationship of Citizens' Environment Watch to government agencies, funders and other grassroots environmental groups has evolved over the past 5 years as CEW attempts to remain effective without taking on the investigative and enforcement roles to support the regulatory enforcement that has been largely abandoned by government. We explore the challenges inherent in developing and maintaining a volunteer organization that carries out rigorous and useful scientific work and we outline the ability of a university to help overcome these critical challenges. Finally, we present lessons learned for the benefit of other citizen and youth monitoring projects.     

氟化学工业项目环境影响评价的特点

本文在给出氟特性的基础上，分析了国际和国内氟化学工业发展的背景和趋势，氟化学工业的环境影响评价关注了从全球的到局部的生态环境问题，有其特殊的重点和内容，文章指出产业政策分析、生物监测、产品结构和产业链分析等氟化工项目环境影响评价的特点，结合其生产工艺和产品，提出了氟化工项目环境影响评价的重点。     

Assessing impacts of introduced aquatic species: Grass carp in large systems

Introduced species have created environmental benefits and unanticipated disasters so a priori assessments of species introductions are needed for environmental management. A checklist for assessing impacts of introduced species was developed from studies of introduced species and recommendations for planning introductions. Sterile, triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are just beginning to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of aquatic vegetation in open waterways. Potential impacts of grass carp in open systems were identified by reviewing grass carp biology relative to the impact assessment checklist. The potential consequences of introduced grass carp were reviewed for one case study. The case study demonstrated that conclusions about potential impacts and monitoring needs can be made despite incomplete information and uncertainty. Indicators of environmental impact and vulnerability of host systems were grouped into six categories: population control, hybridization, diseases and parasites, habitat alterations, biological effects, and management issues. Triploid grass carp can significantly alter habitat and biological resources through the secondary effects of reductions in aquatic vegetation. Potential impacts and significant uncertainties involve fish dispersions from plant control areas, inability to control vegetation loss, loss of diverse plant communities and their dependent species, and conflicts with human use of the water resource. Adequate knowledge existed to assess most potential consequences of releasing large numbers of triploid grass carp in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. However, the assessment of potential impacts indicated that moderate, incremental stockings combined with monitoring of vegetation and biological resources are necessary to control the effects of grass carp and achieve desirable, intermediate plant densities. Cooperators: Auburn University (Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Sciences), US Fish and Wildlife Service, Alabama Game and Fish Division, and the Wildlife Management Institute.     

A WATERSHED APPROACH TO ECOSYSTEM MONITORING IN DENALI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE,ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: The National Park Service and the National Biological Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve, a 2.4 million-hectare park in southcentral Alaska, to develop ecological monitoring protocols for national parks in the Arctic/Subarctic biogeographic area. We are focusing pilot studies on design questions, on scaling issues and regionalization, ecosystem structure and function, indicator selection and evaluation, and monitoring technologies. Rock Creek, a headwater stream near Denali headquarters, is the ecological scale for initial testing of a watershed ecosystem approach. Our conceptual model embraces principles of the hydrological cycle, hypotheses of global climate change, and biological interactions of organisms occupying intermediate, but poorly studied, positions in Alaskan food webs. The field approach includes hydrological and depositional considerations and a suite of integrated measures linking key aquatic and terrestrial biota, environmental variables, or defined ecological processes, in order to establish ecological conditions and detect, track, and understand mechanisms of environmental change. Our sampling activities include corresponding measures of physical, chemical, and biological attributes in four Rock Creek habitats believed characteristic of the greater system diversity of Denali. This paper gives examples of data sets, program integration and scaling, and research needs.     

新时期环境执法和环境监测联动机制构建探索

如何使环境执法与环境监测有机融合、协同联动,促进环境管理工作高效开展,是现阶段生态环境部门急需解决的问题。通过分析环境执法与环境监测在实际工作中存在的问题及新时期环境执法和环境监测融合发展的意义,提出应积极构建二者协同联动机制,以解决新型生态环境问题。     

环境监测数据管理系统的开发

在论述开发环境监测数据管理系统重要性的基础上,根据环境监测站的主要工作职能,确定了环境监测数据管理系统的功能,进行了系统总体设计和程序设计,开发出了操作方便、灵活实用的环境监测数据管理系统。