MARPOL73/78公约防止船舶造成大气污染新附则推荐文本

国际海事组织已将防止船舶造成大气污染列为新的工作目标,并决定为此起草MARPOL73/78公约新的附则,以做为世界范围内防止船舶造成大气污染的法规基础。目前由散化公委会负责新附则的起草工作,该分委会在去年召开的第21次会议上提出了新附则的框架文件。最近国际海事组织秘书处转发了由起草小组根据框架文件提出的新附则的推荐文本。该文本将做为防止船舶造成大气污染新附则的基础文字,并交由今后召开的散化分委会和环保委员会审议。现将防止船舶造成大气污染新附则的推荐文本译出,供有关专业人员研究或参考,——译者     

IMO确定防止大气污染的新目标研究船用氟氯烃和卤代烃的替代材料

(一) 国际海事组织第十七届大会上通过了关于防止船舶造成大气污染的第A.719(17)号决议,将防止船舶造成大气污染事项列入了国际海事组织的工作目标清单,并且提出了一些禁止或减少不同种类的大气污染物质的目标日期。这次会议通过该决议还同意制定一个新的有关防止大气污染的新的附则列入到MARPOL 73/78公约之中。     

关于Marpol 73／78附则VI的出台经过及对策

介绍国际海事组织海上环境保护委员会关于Ｍａｒｐｏｌ ７３／７８公约附则ＶＩ的有关焦点问题的讨论情况，该附则Ⅵ业已以议定书形式被外交大会通过。它所涉及的范围较广，技术设备难度大，为贯彻落实该规则尚须在管理上，船舶设备条件等方面下功夫，以满足公约防止船舶对大气污染的要求。     

防止船舶大气污染规则的若干问题

概要介绍了为修正MARPOI73／78的1997年议定书草案及其附则“防止船舶大气污染规则”，并对有争议的若干问题提出意见和建议．     

MARPOL73/78附则Ⅲ于1992年7月1日生效

国际海事组织制定的《经1978年议定书修订的1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(简称MARPOL73/78),包括5个技术附则:附则Ⅰ防止油污规则,附则Ⅱ控制散装有毒液体物质污染规则,附则Ⅲ防止海运包装或集装箱、可移动罐柜或公路及铁路槽罐车装有害物质污染规则,附则Ⅳ防止船舶生活污水污染规则,附则V防止船舶垃圾污染规则。其中附则Ⅰ和Ⅱ为强制性附则,缔约国加入MARPOL73/78吋,必须加人附则Ⅰ和Ⅱ;附则Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ为任选附则,缔国可以选     

MARPOL附则Ⅳ开始生效

在MARPOL附则Ⅳ获得通过近 30年后 ,国际防止船舶造成污染公约 (MARPOL)附则Ⅳ防止船舶生活污水污染规则于 2 0 0 3年 9月 2 7日开始生效。该附则Ⅳ包括有关船舶排放生活污水入海、船舶控制排放的设备和系统、港口和码头接收船舶生活污水的设施、检验和发证的要求等管理规定。另外 ,MARPOL缔约国已被敦促实施修订的附则Ⅳ ,该修订的附则Ⅳ由第 4 4次海环会批准 ,以为原附则Ⅳ生效后通过该修订的附则Ⅳ。该修订的附则Ⅳ将被提交 2 0 0 4年 3月召开的海环会通过 ,但其只会在 2 0 0 5年 7月生效。如此 ,对缔约国可能存在究竟应实施原附…     

aropol73／78是VI的出台经过及对策

介绍国际海事组织环境保护委员会ａｒｐｏｌ７３／７８公约附则ＶＩ的有关焦点问题的讨论情况，该附则ＶＩ业已以一书形式被外交大分通过。它所涉及的较工大，为贯彻落实该规划尚须在管理力度上、舶设备条件等方面下功夫，以满足公约防止船舶对大气污染的要求。     

国际海事组织海上环境保护委员会第39届会议情况介绍

国际海事组织（IMO）海上环境保护委员会（MEPC）第39届会议于1997年3月10日至14日在伦敦召开。有69个国家的代表团、联系会员香港、澳门以及对个国际组织的代表参加了会议，荷兰的PieterBergmei．hr先生为本届会议的主席，另外，海安会（MSC）主席、散化液危险品分委会（BLG）主席、履约分委会（FSI）主席、稳住、载重线和渔船安全分委会（SLF）主席和MSC／MEPC联合工作组主席也参加了本届会议。现将会议主要议程的讨论情况作一介绍。1防止船舶造成大气污染将作为73／78防污公约新附则的防止船舶造成大气污染规则的草案文本，…     

美国港口对油轮的要求与油汽回收系统

IMO在其1997年9月召开的缔约国大会上，已批准了《73/78防污公约》新增加的附则Ⅵ：防止船舶造成空气污染规则，与此同时，一些发达国家在船舶产生的有害气体对大气污染方面的限制也越来越严格。美国沿岸各州政府已经陆续开始要求挂靠其境内码头装货的油轮使用货油舱油汽回收（VapourRecovery）系统。美国海岸警备队、港口油轮码头对此系统提出了要求。我国各油轮公司及其所属进出美国港口的油轮应知晓这些要求。     

73/78防污染公约的国际动向

《1973/1978年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》是目前世界上防止船舶污染海洋的一项较全面的国际性法规。各国、各界对之均极为关注。随着它的专业技术附则的逐步得到承认、接受和付之执行、其效用亦日趋明显。现将各个附则的最近情况简要介绍如下:     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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