潜流构造湿地去除农田排水中磷的效果

对潜流构造湿地处理农业面源污水的除磷效果进行了中试研究.结果表明,潜流湿地除磷效果在名义水力停留时间(即空床水力停留时间)小于5d时,除磷效果随水力停留时间的增加而增加,通过间歇式和连续流试验均证明过长的水力停留时间会引起pH值的明显下降,导致磷的析出或溶解,降低除磷效率.芦苇(Phragmitascommunis)和茭草(zizania caduciflora)吸收磷量约占去除磷量的15.8%和9.5%.温度对除磷效果影响较为明显,冬季除磷效率较夏季下降30%.     

布洛芬和双氯芬酸在不同构型人工湿地中的去除行为研究

在酸性药物中选取常用的布洛芬和双氯芬酸为典型对象,研究其在人工湿地中的去除行为,探讨不同工艺、有无植物、不同季节对其去除效果的影响.结果表明,工艺因素对二者的去除存在显著影响.其中,布洛芬在水平潜流和垂直潜流湿地中的平均去除率(分别为69%和60%)显著高于表面流湿地(26%),而双氯芬酸在表面流湿地中的平均去除率(58%)则显著高于水平潜流和垂直潜流湿地(分别为49%和43%).植物的存在可以显著提高布洛芬的去除率,对双氯芬酸的去除则无显著影响.配对样品t检验发现两种药物在夏季与秋季的去除效率无显著差异.双氯芬酸的去除效率与DO值、COD的去除效率呈极显著负相关,而布洛芬的去除效率与基质中好氧脱氢酶活性具有较好的正相关性,可能表明,布洛芬在湿地中主要通过好氧降解去除,双氯芬酸在湿地中的主要去除途径为光降解和厌氧降解.     

潜流人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

摘要：以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究了湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性。2a多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程。潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响。潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成。湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化。湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本大于5,碳源供应较充足。潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期,整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%。潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高。稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生。潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性。试验还初步发现,在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素。     

潜法人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究r湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性.2年多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程.潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响.潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成.湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化.湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本>5.碳源供应较充足.潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期.整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%.潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高.稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生.潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性.试验还初步发现.在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素.     

潜流园林人工湿地脱氮除磷效果正交试验

以柳树、湿地填料构建潜流型园林人工湿地,考察其脱氮除磷效果,为优化滤池结构,及其应用推广确定最佳运行条件。通过设计L9(34)正交试验,研究了填料、填料铺装方式、植物和水力停留时间(HRT)4个因素对考察指标的影响显著性及优选条件。运用SPSS19.0软件对试验数据的极差、回归分析表明,填料、填料铺装方式、植物、水力停留时间与潜流式园林人工湿地氮、磷去除率间呈显著的线性相关关系,相关系数R2分别为0.996、0.967;各因素对总氮去除率的影响程度排序为:填料、水力停留时间、填料铺装方式、植物;对总磷去除率的影响程度排序为:填料、填料铺装方式、水力停留时间、植物;潜流型园林人工湿地总氮去除率最高的操作条件为:陶粒和页岩的组合均匀混合铺装,种植馒头柳,HRT为9 d,TN去除率预测值为81%;有利于总磷去除率的最佳操作条件为:陶粒和页岩异垂直分层方式填装,植物为旱柳,HRT为6 d,TP去除率预测值为78.2%。     

水力停留时间对潜流湿地净化效果影响及脱氮途径解析

利用连续进水的垂直潜流人工湿地和水平潜流人工湿地,比较分析了4种水力停留时间对常规污染物去除效果的影响,在最佳水力停留时间下探究了两种湿地内部各基质层硝化、反硝化和氨氧化功能基因丰度以及硝化与反硝化作用强度;通过对两种湿地脱氮影响因素的冗余分析和方差分解分析,得出影响湿地氮去除的主要因素.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h时,两种湿地系统对常规污染物（COD、TP、TN和NH₄⁺-N）去除效果最佳,去除率均大于70%,此时湿地内部对NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率以及硝化和反硝化强度皆表现出沿水流方向逐级递减的趋势;3种功能基因中,反硝化功能基因（nirS）丰度远高于硝化功能基因（nxrA）和氨氧化功能基因（AOB-amoA）.在本研究中,两种潜流人工湿地氮去除能力均受环境因素和微生物因素共同影响,其中,微生物因素对脱氮贡献率最高（55%和48%）.除此之外,TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率均与DO、基质比表面积、COD浓度和硝化功能基因及反硝化功能基因丰度呈正比,与pH值成反比.因此,为提高两种系统氮去除效果,均可通过提高基质层溶解氧和碳源含量以及适当地降低pH值来实现,水平潜流人工湿地还可通过更换比表面积较大的基质层来显著提高系统脱氮效果.本研究为人工湿地的设计以及最佳水力停留时间的选择提供了理论基础,脱氮途径的定量化解析对深入理解人工湿地氮去除机制以及提高氮素去除率具有重要的指导意义.     

人工湿地基质除磷影响因素研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地中磷去除的主要方式。人工湿地基质除磷不仅受其自身化学特性的影响,还受到废水磷负荷、水力条件、运行方式、温度、溶解氧、pH、竞争性离子等的影响,结合国内外的最新研究进展较全面地论述了上述因素对基质除磷效果的影响。最后对吸附饱和基质的去向进行了一定的探讨。     

水平潜流人工湿地氮磷去除回归方程的建立

为考察水平潜流人工湿地对于生活污水中主要污染物指标TN、TP的去除率,建立更为详细的人工湿地回归方程,用以指导人工湿地设计,按照黑箱模型理论,将搜集的500多组数据按照季节、水力负荷、种植植物类型等分类,分析不同因素对于人工湿地去除效果的影响,确定了以季节和水力负荷作为建立回归方程的最主要分类依据.以此为基础,按照线性回归的方法,建立了TN、TP去除率回归方程共12组,所得的拟合优度R2值在0.65~0.95之间,精确性有了很大提高.     

人工湿地处理污水的效率与研究展望

文章阐述了人工湿地处理技术国内外的研究现状,人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等的去除效率,分析了影响人工湿地处理效率的因素.表明人工湿地的类型、湿地植物种类、基质类型、湿地中微生物的种类和数量、温度、水力停留时间、水力负荷、湿地的运行管理等都会影响人工湿地的处理效率.根据人工湿地在污水处理中的研究和应用现状,指出了今后的研究方向.     

水体污染及其防治

X52 200402758 人工湿地在植物生长停滞期处理农田排灌余水的中试研究/向长生…(清华大学环境科学与工程系)//农业环境科学学报/中国农业生态环保协会.-2003,22(6).-681—684 环图X—15 采用中试研究的方法,研究了不同结构的人工湿地系统在滇池流域旱季植物生长停滞期对农田排灌余水中氮、磷污染物的去除效果。实验发现,在植物生长停滞期,植物种类对氮、磷的去除没有明显的影响;在实验的初期磷存在明显的释放现象;潜流型人工湿地对氮、磷的去除效果明显好于其他表面流系统,各种类型湿地系统在这期间对氮、磷的去除效果存在较大的波动性,但对氮的去除效率在40%以上,有着比较满意的去除效果,对磷的去除效果在此期间不理想。图8参10     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.