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1.
Bernadett Bartha Christian Huber Rudolf Harpaintner Peter Schröder 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(9):1553-1562
Purpose
Besides classical organic pollutants and pesticides, pharmaceuticals and their residues have nowadays become recognized as relevant environmental contaminants. The risks of these chemicals for aquatic ecosystems are well known, but information about the pharmaca-plant interactions and metabolic pathways is scarce. Therefore, we investigate the process of uptake of acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-4-aminophenol) by Brassica juncea, drug-induced defense responses and detoxification mechanisms in different plant parts. 相似文献2.
Boufahja F Hedfi A Essid N Aïssa P Mahmoudi E Beyrem H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):646-655
Introduction
We conducted a yearly polluted-reference sampling to assess the effects of petroleum pollution on life cycle characteristics of the meiobenthic nematode Odontophora villoti. Samples were taken every 15 days between 26 November 2004 and 25 November 2005 from two beaches of Bizerte bay (Tunisia), Rimel and Tunisian Refining Industries Company (TRIC). The latter site is located in front of the “Tunisian Refining Industries Company” runoff. 相似文献3.
Stefan Gartiser Christoph Hafner Christoph Hercher Kerstin Kronenberger-Schäfer Albrecht Paschke 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):856-865
Background, aim and scope
The applicability of the Whole Effluent Assessment concept for the proof of compliance with the “best available techniques” has been analysed with paper mill wastewater from Germany by considering its persistency (P), potentially bio-accumulative substances (B) and toxicity (T). 相似文献4.
Ben-Shlomo R Shanas U 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(8):1264-1269
Purpose
We tested the genetic diversity in wild mice (Mus musculus domesticus) inhabiting the asbestos-polluted area as a model for the long-term mutagenic effect of asbestos. Hazardous effects of deposited asbestos persist in the environment because of low rate of fiber disintegration. The upper layers of the soil in the vicinity of a former asbestos factory are nearly “saturated” with asbestos fibers and dust. Natural populations of mice dwell in this area and are constantly exposed to asbestos fibers. 相似文献5.
Ficko SA Rutter A Zeeb BA 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1536-1543
Introduction
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine if Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo (pumpkin) root exudates could increase the uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into plants. Contaminated soil was pre-treated with pumpkin root exudates by first growing pumpkins in the soil. Plants (pumpkins and weeds) were grown in the pre-treated (root exudate group) and non-treated (control group) contaminated soils. Seeds from five weed species collected from two contaminated sites were germinated in sufficient quantities (n ≥ 6) for three seedlings to be planted in two groups. 相似文献6.
Laturnus Frank von Arnold Karin Grn Christian 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):53-60
Goal, Scope and Background Sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment contains large amounts of organic matter and nutrients and could, therefore,
be suitable as fertiliser. However, with the sludge, besides heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria, a variety of organic contaminants
can be added to agricultural fields. Whether the organic contaminants from the sludge can have adverse effects on human health
and wildlife if these compounds enter the food chain or groundwater still remains a point of controversial discussion.
Main Features This paper presents an overview on the present situation in Europe and a summary of some recent results on the possible uptake
of organic contaminants by crops after addition to agricultural fields by sewage sludge.
Results Greenhouse experiments and field trials were performed to study the degradation and uptake of organic micro-contaminants in
sludge-amended agricultural soil in crops, such as barley and carrots grown in agricultural soil amended with anaerobically-treated
sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, but studies hitherto have revealed no immediate risks. Common sludge contaminants
such as linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), bis(diethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP), showed neither accumulation in soil nor uptake in plants.
Discussion It is assumed that the annual amount of sewage sludge produced in Europe will increase in the future, mainly due to larger
amounts of high quality drinking water needed by an increasing population and due to increasing demands for cleaner sewage
water. Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils is sustainable and economical due to nutrient cycling and disposal
of sewage sludge. However, this solution also involves risks with respect to the occurrence of organic contaminants and other
potentially harmful contents such as pathogens and heavy metals present in the sludge. There have been concerns that organic
contaminants may accumulate in the soil, be taken up by plants and thereby transferred to humans via the food chain. Results
obtained so far revealed, however, no immediate risk of accumulation of common organic sludge contaminants in soil or uptake
in plants when applying sewage sludge to agricultural soil. With very high dosages of sewage sludge, there may be a risk for
accumulation of very apolar contaminants, such as DEHP, to the soil.
Conclusions Any conclusions on the safe use of sewage sludge in agriculture have to be drawn carefully, as the studies performed until
now have been limited. Further studies are required, and before final statements can be drawn, it is imminent to study a larger
variety of common crops and the effect sewage sludge application may have on a possible accumulation of organic contaminants
in the crops. Furthermore, a larger variety of organic contaminants need to be studied and special focus should be given to
contaminants newly introduced into the environment. Besides investigating possible plant uptake of organic contaminants, the
fate of these compounds in soil after sludge application need to be monitored too. Here, special attention has to begiven
to studies on degradation and the formation of degradation products, to weathering and to leaching effects on groundwater,
to the application of different crops on the same field (crop rotation), to the use of full-width tillage and strip tillage,
and to long term application of sewage sludge on the soil.
Recommendations and Perspectives There are environmental, political as well as economical incentives to increase the agricultural application of sludge. However,
such usage should be performed with care as there are also ways in which sludge fertilisation could harm the environment and
human health. Recently, a new European COST Action (859) has been established covering the field of food safety and improved
food quality. Part of the Action is dealing with the application of sewage sludge in agriculture. Before any political and
economical measures can be taken, the pros and cons have to be sufficiently investigated on a scientific level first.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Elena Maestri (elena.maestri@unipr.it) 相似文献
7.
Background, aim, and scope
Ferro-cyanide is one of the commonly found species at cyanide-contaminated soils and groundwater. Unlike botanical metabolism of KCN via the β-cyanoalanine pathway, processes involved in the plant-mediated assimilation of ferro-cyanide are still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate a possible mechanism involved in uptake and assimilation of ferro-cyanide by plants. 相似文献8.
Aquatic plants uptake, transform and sequester organic contaminants and are used as a bioremediation strategy for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters. A better understanding of factors affecting rate of uptake of contaminants by aquatic plants is needed to improve engineered systems for removal of pollutants from wastewaters. This work focused on delineating sorption to plant surfaces and understanding effects of plant metabolic activity, inhibition, and media pH on the uptake of the ionizable contaminant 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) by aquatic plant Lemna minor. During L. minor exposure to TCP (0.5-13.9 mg l(-1)), a range of plant metabolic activities was measured using oxygen production rate (0-18.4 micromol h(-1)). A positive correlation was shown between contaminant uptake rate and plant activity. Contaminant uptake was examined at a range of media pH values (6-9) and uptake rates were linearly correlated to fraction of contaminant in protonated form. These results demonstrated a link between plant activity and uptake of contaminant by plants and stress the importance of incorporating plant metabolic activity and contaminant speciation in development of natural and engineered phytoremediation systems. This research also indicates that aquatic plants can actively accumulate trace-organic contaminants and may ultimately serve as a sink for these materials in the natural environment. 相似文献
9.
Dolar D Ignjatić Zokić T Košutić K Ašperger D Mutavdžić Pavlović D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):1033-1042
Background
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are commonly derived from industrial wastewater, which is often a consequence of an inadequate treatment of the latter. Improperly pretreated pharmaceutical wastewater could cause difficulties in operations of wastewater treatment plants while incomplete elimination of ECs during the processing might result in their appearance in drinking water. 相似文献10.
Tilapia, a tropical freshwater fish native to Africa, is an increasingly important global food commodity. The World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF), a major environmental nongovernmental organization, has established stakeholder dialogues to formulate farm
certification standards that promote “responsible” culture practices. As a preface to its “tilapia aquaculture dialogue,”
the WWF for Nature commissioned a review of potential certification issues, later published as a peer-reviewed article. This
article contends that both the review and the draft certification standards subsequently developed fail to adequately integrate
critical factors governing the relative sustainability of tilapia production and thereby miss more significant issues related
to resource-use efficiency and the appropriation of ecosystem space and services. This raises a distinct possibility that
subsequent certification will promote intensive systems of tilapia production that are far less ecologically benign than existing
widely practiced semi-intensive alternatives. Given the likely future significance of this emergent standard, it is contended
that a more holistic approach to certification is essential. 相似文献
11.
Wenxin Shi Lizheng Wang Diederik P. L. Rousseau Piet N. L. Lens 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):824-833
Background, aim, and scope
Many pollutants have received significant attention due to their potential estrogenic effect and are classified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Because of possible ecological effects and increased attention for water reuse schemes, it is important to increase our understanding of the EDC removal capacities of various wastewater treatment systems. However, there has so far been little research on the fate and behavior of EDCs in stabilization pond systems for wastewater treatment, which represent an important class of wastewater treatment systems in developing countries because of their cost-effectiveness. The aim of this work is to study the fate and behavior of EDCs in algae and duckweed ponds. Because the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and the natural hormones estrone (E1), as well as 17β-estradiol (E2), have been detected in effluents of sewage treatment plants and been suggested as the major compounds responsible for endocrine disruption in domestic sewage; E1, E2, and EE2 were therefore chosen as target chemicals in this current work. 相似文献12.
Uptake of different forms of antimony by wheat and rye seedlings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shtangeeva I Steinnes E Lierhagen S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(2):502-509
Purpose
The objectives of the research were to study how antimony (Sb) chemical form present in the growth medium can affect Sb uptake by plants and estimate effects of Sb on wheat and rye seedlings, in particular, assess variations in concentrations of nutrients resulting from bioaccumulation of Sb. 相似文献13.
Zhang XL Luo XJ Liu J Luo Y Chen SJ Mai BX 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(4):556-565
Purpose
Birds have been used successfully for biomonitoring of the levels and effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environments; however, there is exceedingly little data on organochlorinated pesticide (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in bird inhabiting in China. In the present study, we detected the concentrations of PCBs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in muscle, liver and kidney of birds that inhabit in an e-waste recycling site. Associated with the stable isotope ratio (δ 15N), we investigated the effect of trophic level on the body burdens of persistent contaminants in birds. The tissue distributions of contaminants in these birds were examined, and a preliminary risk assessment was also conducted. 相似文献14.
Md. Abul Kashem Bal Ram Singh Hiroshi Kubota Reiko Sugawara Nobuyuki Kitajima Toshihito Kondo Shigenao Kawai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(5):1174-1176
Background, aim, and scope
Zinc is an essential micronutrient element but its concentrations found in contaminated soils frequently exceed those required by the plant and soil organisms, and thus create danger to animal and human health. Phytoremediation is a technique, often employed in remediation of contaminated soils, which aims to remove heavy metals or other contaminants from soils or waters using plants. Arabidopsis (A.) halleri ssp. gemmifera is a plant recently found to be grown vigorously in heavy metal contaminated areas of Japan and it contained remarkably high amount of heavy metals in its shoots. However, the magnitude of Zn accumulation and tolerance in A. halleri ssp. gemmifera need to be investigated for its use as a phytoremediation plant. 相似文献15.
Valérie Page Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(7):805-816
Background, aim and scope
Sulphonated anthraquinones are precursors of many synthetic dyes and pigments, recalcitrant to biodegradation and thus not eliminated by classical wastewater treatments. In the development of a phytotreatment to remove sulphonated aromatic compounds from dye and textile industrial effluents, it has been shown that rhubarb (Rheum rabarbarum) and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) are the most efficient plants. Both species, producing natural anthraquinones, not only accumulate, but also transform these xenobiotic chemicals. Even if the precise biochemical mechanisms involved in the detoxification of sulphonated anthraquinones are not yet understood, they probably have cross talks with secondary metabolism, redox processes and plant energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and peroxidases in the detoxification of several sulphonated anthraquinones. 相似文献16.
Chen D Liu ZL Banwart W 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(6):908-917
The potential RDX contamination of food chain from polluted soil is a significant concern in regards to both human health
and environment. Using a hydroponic system and selected soils spiked with RDX, this study disclosed that four crop plant species
maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum sudanese), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and soybean (Glycine max) were capable of RDX uptake with more in aerial parts than roots. The accumulation of RDX in the plant tissue is concentration-dependent
up to 21 mg RDX/L solution or 100 mg RDX/kg soil but not proportionally at higher RDX levels from 220 to 903 mg/kg soil. While
wheat plant tissue harbored the highest RDX concentration of 2,800 μg per gram dry biomass, maize was able to remove a maximum
of 3,267 μg RDX from soil per pot by five 4-week plants at 100 mg/kg of soil. Although RDX is toxic to plants, maize, sorghum,
and wheat showed reasonable growth in the presence of the chemical, whereas soybeans were more sensitive to RDX. Results of
this study facilitate assessment of the potential invasion of food chain by RDX-contaminated soils. 相似文献
17.
Brozinski JM Lahti M Oikari A Kronberg L 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(5):811-818
Purpose
The anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) has been found as a micropollutant in river water downstream the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed to NXP and the uptake and metabolism of the drug was studied. 相似文献18.
Background, aim and scope Glass wools are man-made vitreous fibres, which consist principally of sodium, calcium and magnesium silicates, but may contain
smaller amounts of other elements, including boron. The boron contents originate from the use of borates in the glass melting
process as a glass former and a flux agent. During the production and application of glass wool insulation products, workers
may legally be exposed to glass fibre up to the occupational limit value, commonly of 1 fibre/cm3. However, in practice, the fibre exposure will be at least ten times lower. Boron is a non-metallic element widely distributed
in nature, where it occurs as boric acid, borates and borosilicates. Humans are mainly exposed to boron via vegetarian food
and drinking water, mineral supplements and various consumer products. Boron is an essential element for plant growth, but
the essentiality for humans is not proven, although intakes of trace amounts of the element seem to be useful for bone health
and proper brain function; higher concentrations of boron, however, may be toxic. In relation to the European Union legislation
on dangerous substances, an EU Expert Group has recommended classifying boric acid and borates with risk phrases for reproductive
toxicity. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds should imply that
glass wool products used for building insulation in the future should be labelled, “may impair fertility and cause harm to
the unborn child”, because of the low boron content.
Materials and methods Boron intakes are estimated in a worst-case occupational situation with human exposure to glass wool fibres at the occupational
limit of 1 fibre/cm3 by calculation of the mass of the amount of fibres inhaled during an 8-h work day. Fibres are supposed to be cylinders of
glass with a length of 30 μm, an average diameter of 1.5–2 μm and containing either 1.5% or 3.5% boron. As a worst-case scenario,
the density of the fibres is set to 2,700 kg/m3. The inhalation rate of the individuals at moderate work load was set to 2 m3/h. A worst-case scenario also corresponds to 100% retention and to 100% solubility of the retained fibres in the lungs.
Results With the normal boron content of 1.5% in glass wool fibres for building insulation, the extra daily occupational boron intake/uptake
will be 0.03–0.06 mg B for 5 days a week. For more uncommon glass wool with maximum boron content of 3.5%, the worst-case
daily boron intake/uptake will be 0.08–0.16 mg B. The main boron exposure in the general population is from vegetarian food,
and the average daily dietary intake with food is estimated to 1.2–1.5 mg B/day. In addition, significant intakes may come
with drinking water, especially from mineral water. In some instances, exposure from mineral supplements, cosmetics and other
consumer products may be significant. For example, individuals taking mineral supplements, e.g. for bodybuilding, may have
an additional intake to that of 1–10 mg/day. During the years, various organisations have recommended safe intake values for
boron. Recently, the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) has established the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake Level’ (UL) for the intake of boron (boric acid and borates) at 0.16 mg
B/kg body weight per day or about 10 mg B/day for an adult.
Discussion The calculated, worst-case exposure scenario during an 8-h work day will result in an extra daily boron intake that only corresponds
to about 10% of the average daily adult boron intakes through food and drinks of about 1.5 mg. The inter-individual variations
in boron intakes from foods, water and supplements will be much greater than an eventual, very worst-case, additional intake
of boron from inhalation of glass wool fibres. In addition, the combined intakes are far lower than the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake
Level’ of 10 mg B/day for a person weighing 60 kg, as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency. The potential boron
intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres is also much lower than boron intakes by workers in the boron industry, who at
the present occupational limit value will be exposed to 50 mg of boron 5 days a week, or 100 times more than the worst case
for glass wool fibres. Furthermore, in practice, exposure levels will mostly be ten to 100 times lower than the occupational
limit used here as a worst case.
Conclusions The estimated boron intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres in occupational settings will be insignificant and without
any health risks, even in the case of non-compliance with the occupational limit value. Any proposal requiring hazard labels
on commercial glass wool products for building insulation, because of the boron content, is not supported by the present scientific knowledge.
Recommendations and perspectives The European Commission should ensure that the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds is not applied to commercial
glass wool products for building insulation having a low content of boron. 相似文献
19.
Is phytoremediation a sustainable and reliable approach to clean-up contaminated water and soil in Alpine areas? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schwitzguébel JP Comino E Plata N Khalvati M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(6):842-856
Background, aim and scope
Phytoremediation does exploit natural plant physiological processes and can be used to decontaminate agricultural soils, industrial sites, brownfields, sediments and water containing inorganic and organic pollutants or to improve food chain safety by phytostabilisation of toxic elements. It is a low-cost and environment friendly technology targetting removal, degradation or immobilisation of contaminants. The aim of the present review is to highlight some recent advances in phytoremediation in the Alpine context. 相似文献20.
Metabolism of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in plants—two independent pathways result in the formation of a glutathione and a glucose conjugate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christian Huber Bernadett Bartha Rudolf Harpaintner Peter Schröder 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):206-213
Background, aim, and scope Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are detected in the aquatic environment and our drinking water supplies. The need for
high quality drinking water is one of the most challenging problems of our times, but still only little knowledge exists on
the impact of these compounds on ecosystems, animals, and man. Biological waste water treatment in constructed wetlands is
an effective and low-cost alternative, especially for the treatment of non-industrial, municipal waste water. In this situation,
plants get in contact with pharmaceutical compounds and have to tackle their detoxification. The mechanisms for the detoxification
of xenobiotics in plants are closely related to the mammalian system. An activation reaction (phase I) is followed by a conjugation
(phase II) with hydrophilic molecules like glutathione or glucose. Phase III reactions can be summarized as storage, degradation,
and transport of the xenobiotic conjugate. Until now, there is no information available on the fate of pharmaceuticals in
plants. In this study, we want to investigate the fate and metabolism of N-acetyl-4-aminophenol (paracetamol) in plant tissues using the cell culture of Armoracia rusticana L. as a model system.
Materials and methods A hairy root culture of A. rusticana was treated with acetaminophen in a liquid culture. The formation and identification of metabolites over time were analyzed
using HPLC-DAD and LC–MSn techniques.
Results With LC–MS technique, we were able to detect paracetamol and identify three of its metabolites in root cells of A. rusticana. Six hours after incubation with 1 mM of acetaminophen, the distribution of acetaminophen and related metabolites in the
cells resulted in 18% paracetamol, 64% paracetamol–glucoside, 17% paracetamol glutathione, and 1% of the corresponding cysteine
conjugate.
Discussion The formation of two independently formed metabolites in plant root cells again revealed strong similarities between plant
and mammalian detoxification systems. The detoxification mechanism of glucuronization in mammals is mirrored by glucosidation
of xenobiotics in plants. Furthermore, in both systems, a glutathione conjugate is formed. Due to the existence of P450 enzymes
in plants, the formation of the highly reactive NAPQI intermediate is possible.
Conclusions In this study, we introduce the hairy root cell culture of A. rusticana L. as a suitable model system to study the fate of acetaminophen in plant tissues. Our first results point to the direction
of plants being able to take up and detoxify the model substrate paracetamol. These first findings underline the great potential
of using plants for waste water treatments in constructed wetlands.
Recommendations and perspectives This very first study on the detoxification of a widely used antipyretic agent in plant tissues again shows the flexibility
of plant detoxification systems and their potential in waste water treatment facilities. This study covers only the very first
steps of acetaminophen detoxification in plants; still, there is no data on long-term exposure as well as the possible impact
of pharmaceuticals on the plant health and stress defense. Long-term experiments need to be performed to follow the fate of
acetaminophen in root and leaf cells in a whole plant system, and to evaluate possible usage of plants for the remediation
of acetaminophen from waste water. 相似文献