淮河流域水环境保护政策评估

搜集各部门已有数据对淮河流域水环境保护政策体系、管理行动、排放控制以及水质进行评估.结果表明,淮河流域水质没有明显改善和恶化的趋势,规划目标没有达到,污染物排放没有得到控制,工业和生活污染源是水质超标的首要原因,部门间水质和排放监测缺乏协调,数据质量低,水环境保护投入落后于社会经济发展.建议实施严格的排污许可证制度;尽快建立流域水环境保护信息共享平台;中央政府通过许可证、专项资金等形式承担更多的流域水环境保护责任;完善水环境保护规划体系,以较长的时间尺度,制定流域水环境保护的战略性基础规划.     

国外环境污染监测系统中微型计算机的应用

微型计算机是七十年代大规模集成电路和计算技术高度发展的产物,目前已被广泛地应用于各工业部门。在环境保护部门,微型计算机被用于环境自动监测,其中包括大气监测、水质监测、土壤监测、工作环境监测等。其功能主要有自动采样及分析、数据处理、定时打印报告、     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收现场监测中应处理好的问题

针对建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测中存在的一些疑难问题,分别从对废水监测中,采样点位的确定和描述及采样时间的确定,清污合排总排口的情况下监测点位的确定;厂界噪声监测中,测点的选择、背景值的修正与测量、环境敏感点的监测;废气监测中,无组织废气监控点的布设、有组织废气采样方法的选择,以及燃烧性废气监测中过剩系数的影响;验收监测期间,生产工况的确定等方面进行了探讨,提出了一些解决办法。     

浙江将建立省市县三级水质监测体系

为加强水资源保护，保障饮用水安全，浙江省决定调整和建设全省水功能区水质监测站点，建立省市县三级水质监测体系，进一步扩大水质监测范围。由浙江省水文局编制的2008-2010年全省水功能区水质监测站点调整和布设建设实施方案，强调了开展水质水量同步监测，要求各地充分利用现有水文站点，采用多种监测方法做好水位、水量、水质同步监测，同时建立省、市、县三级监测体系，依据水功能区的重要程度和管理权限，分工实施建设和组织监测。     

KB-120 TSP采样器的设计缺点和流量误差分析

总悬浮颗粒物(简称TSP)是大气环境监测的必测项目之一。其监测方法采用滤膜采样,重量法。它是以采样动力抽取一定体积的空气,并用滤膜将TSP样品捕集。滤膜在采样前后的增重与采样体积之比,可得TSP的含量mg/m~3。采样是TSP监测的首要环节,国家环保局1989年7月发布的《HYQ1-89环境保护专用仪器、设备技术要求》已对TSP采样器的     

基于模糊权物元理论的地下水水质评价模型构建及应用

在物元分析的基础上,结合模糊权重理论与层次分析方法,构建用于评价地下水水质的模糊权物元分析模型。应用此模型对徐州市的重要水源地——张集水源地的地下水水质进行了综合评价。选取数据较为完整的20个监测井的监测数据进行评价。结果表明,研究区的20个采样点水质为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的占95%,绝大多数地下水水质较好,符合饮用水的要求。与投影寻踪法和模糊概率法的评价结果比较发现,得出的评价结果与以上2种评价结果基本一致。     

鸣翠湖间隙水与上覆水中氮、磷的分布特征研究

为探究湖泊沉积物与水体中氮、磷的迁移规律,收集鸣翠湖5个代表性采样点的间隙水和上覆水,测定TP、TN、氨氮等浓度,分析氮、磷的分布特征。通过相关性分析对间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷的关系作初步探讨,最后对鸣翠湖水体富营养化状况进行评价。结果表明:鸣翠湖间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷浓度梯度明显,具有间隙水向上覆水释放的趋势,其湖泊富营养化污染的内源作用已经非常明显。间隙水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.15、3.83、2.23mg/L;上覆水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.07、2.17、0.24mg/L。鸣翠湖水体已呈现出富营养化状态。     

基于聚类分析和水质标识指数的水质评价方法

为探讨一种适用于大尺度、多断面和长时间的水质评价方法,用层次聚类分析将2006~2008年海河5个监测断面的165个水质样本分为20组,并用方差分析验证了结果的可靠性。用综合水质标识指数表示水质样本的综合特征,与单因子评价法相比,该方法充分考虑了最差水质因子的影响,避免了单因子评价法以偏概全的缺陷,且分辨率高。将评价结果分解到各断面,结果表明:密云水库、官厅水库和于桥水库的水质处于II~III类水之间,可满足作为饮用水水源水的要求,三岔口断面大部分时间为IV~V类水,张家口八号桥断面全年有6个月以上水质属于劣V类。     

环境保护设施竣工验收监测的一些体会

环境监测站对环境保护设施竣工验收进行验收监测，出具的监测报告是环保管理部门环境保护设施竣工验收的重要依据，验收监测结果是否真实反映治理工程的治理质量，对环境保护设施的竣工验收是至关重要的。国家环保局１９９５年下发了《建设项目环境保护设施竣工验收监测办法》（试行），联系几年来对《办法》的执行情况，谈一些体会，供同行参考。１制订正确的竣工验收监测实施方案竣工验收监测实施方案在整个竣工验收监测过程中起着指导作用，在制订方案前必须对被验收单位的生产状况和环保治理设施的具体工艺作全面了解，根据不同污染源不…     

乐清湾水质变化及其成因探讨

收集了乐清湾多年的水质监测资料，分析了乐清湾各水质指标在时间和空间上的变化规律。在此基础上，分别从乐清湾外部污染源变化，海岸工程引起的水动力变化和水产养殖业产生的内部污染源的变化等几方面，对乐清湾水质变化的原因进行了探讨。     

连云港市星海湖公园景观水水质现状评价与改良措施初探

本文以连云港市星海湖公园景观湖为例,通过采样监测对该湖水质现状进行了评价,进而以目前流行的生态修复法为基础,针对景观湖生态修复尚存在的问题,结合该湖的污染特征,研究了景观湖水质改良的技术措施,并对实施效果进行了验证。     

京杭运河邳州段水质现状评价及污染防治对策

京杭运河邳州段是南水北调东线工程的重要输水通道,为了解其水质状况,利用2005年至2009年度例行监测数据对该段水质进行分析评价,并对造成水质污染内外部问题进行了探讨,提出了下一阶段的防治对策,以保证南水北调工程的如期供水。     

高位铁皮水箱供水质量及影响因素

我们于１９９５年３月￣４月调查了武汉市高位铁皮水箱的供水质量。结果表明：高层住宅水箱近年虽曾清洗消毒，但高层用户龙头水及水箱水中游离性全氯未达标比例较大，分别为７３．３％和６６．７％。个别底层住户水样中铁超标。高位水箱水样中细菌总数超标比例为２０％。反映了高层住宅二次供水中在水的输送、贮存过程中有二次污染存在。经水样监测指标相关性和灰色关联性分析，认为游离性余氯可作为常规监测高层住宅二次供水质量的     

The Nationwide Program for Maintenance of Air Quality

The initial state implementation plans concentrated on attainment of the ambient air quality standards in the relatively polluted areas of the country. Many of these plans must now be modified to ensure that the ambient standards will be maintained for the foreseeable future, and to ensure that significant deterioration of air quality in clean areas of the country is prevented.

The existing implementation plans currently contain many measures which are applicable to the maintenance and deterioration efforts, but additional measures must also be developed. Many of these additional measures will involve future planning activities—most common of which will be land use planning activities.

The point is made that, after existing sources have reduced their emissions to the lowest practical level, further air pollution control can only be accomplished by implementing rational planning procedures for management of any new sources of air pollution. This will require extensive cooperation among the air pollution control community; regional, state, and local planning agencies; state and local governments; and the general public in order to ensure that future land use plans include appropriate air quality considerations.     

Global Urban Growth and the Geography of Water Availability,Quality, and Delivery

Globally, urban growth will add 1.5 billion people to cities by 2030, making the difficult task of urban water provisions even more challenging. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework of urban water provision as composed of three axes: water availability, water quality, and water delivery. For each axis, we calculate quantitative proxy measures for all cities with more than 50,000 residents, and then briefly discuss the strategies cities are using in response if they are deficient on one of the axes. We show that 523 million people are in cities where water availability may be an issue, 890 million people are in cities where water quality may be an issue, and 1.3 billion people are in cities where water delivery may be an issue. Tapping into groundwater is a widespread response, regardless of the management challenge, with many cities unsustainably using this resource. The strategies used by cities deficient on the water delivery axis are different than for cities deficient on the water quantity or water quality axis, as lack of financial resources pushes cities toward a different and potentially less effective set of strategies.     

环境监测实验室内质量控制体系的设想

环境监测实验室质量控制足环境监测质量保汪的蘑要组成部分。山于实验室内质量控制工作量大，质控工作往往流于形式。因此，有必要建立一套完整又便捷的实验室内质量控制体系，在质控质量上发挥重要作用。对体系建立前提条件和体系建立的，思路进行了阐述。对体系设计基础——计算机网络技术的运用。实验室内质量评价高效、便捷的数字化应用平台的建口进行了设想。     

Assessment and rationalization of water quality monitoring network: a multivariate statistical approach to the Kabbini River (India)

The establishment of an efficient surface water quality monitoring (WQM) network is a critical component in the assessment, restoration and protection of river water quality. A periodic evaluation of monitoring network is mandatory to ensure effective data collection and possible redesigning of existing network in a river catchment. In this study, the efficacy and appropriateness of existing water quality monitoring network in the Kabbini River basin of Kerala, India is presented. Significant multivariate statistical techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) have been employed to evaluate the efficiency of the surface water quality monitoring network with monitoring stations as the evaluated variables for the interpretation of complex data matrix of the river basin. The main objective is to identify significant monitoring stations that must essentially be included in assessing annual and seasonal variations of river water quality. Moreover, the significance of seasonal redesign of the monitoring network was also investigated to capture valuable information on water quality from the network. Results identified few monitoring stations as insignificant in explaining the annual variance of the dataset. Moreover, the seasonal redesign of the monitoring network through a multivariate statistical framework was found to capture valuable information from the system, thus making the network more efficient. Cluster analysis (CA) classified the sampling sites into different groups based on similarity in water quality characteristics. The PCA/PFA identified significant latent factors standing for different pollution sources such as organic pollution, industrial pollution, diffuse pollution and faecal contamination. Thus, the present study illustrates that various multivariate statistical techniques can be effectively employed in sustainable management of water resources. Highlights ? The effectiveness of existing river water quality monitoring network is assessed ? Significance of seasonal redesign of the monitoring network is demonstrated ? Rationalization of water quality parameters is performed in a statistical framework     

水环境监测实验室的质量控制和质量保证

质量控制和质量保证是水环境监测工作的重要组成部分,质量体系是实验室内部实施质量管理的法规,覆盖了监测样品、监测过程、仪器设备、人员素质、设施与环境、量值溯源与校准、检验方法和化学试剂等全部质量控制要求。能够准确地反应水环境质量现状和预测污染的发展趋势。     

An early warning and control system for urban, drinking water quality protection: China’s experience

An event-driven, urban, drinking water quality early warning and control system (DEWS) is proposed to cope with China’s urgent need for protecting its urban drinking water. The DEWS has a web service structure and provides users with water quality monitoring functions, water quality early warning functions, and water quality accident decision-making functions. The DEWS functionality is guided by the principles of control theory and risk assessment as applied to the feedback control of urban water supply systems. The DEWS has been deployed in several large Chinese cities and found to perform well insofar as water quality early warning and emergency decision-making is concerned. This paper describes a DEWS for urban water quality protection that has been developed in China.     

水质自动监测站的取水问题及其处理方法

对水质自动监测站取水问题及常见原因进行了较为全面的分析和研究,并针对性的提出了解决办法。