丁苯橡胶废水的水质特性及其生物急性毒性分析

对典型丁苯橡胶废水进行了水质综合分析,并利用凝胶排阻色谱、傅里叶红外光谱和荧光光谱对废水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行了有机物特性分析。为了进一步分析DOM的组成与可生化性的关系,利用树脂将其分离为疏水酸性有机物(HoA)、疏水碱性有机物(HoB)、疏水中性有机物(HoN)以及弱憎水酸性有机物(WHoA)和亲水性有机物(HiM)五种组分,分别考察了DOM中各组分的比例分布及其生物急性毒性。结果表明:DOM是单体物质和聚合物的混合体,重均分子量约2 583Da,主要含有微生物代谢产物和可见区类富里酸荧光物质。DOM中疏水性有机物和亲水性有机物所占比例分别为40.23%和59.77%,其中HoN和HoA具有相对较高的芳香度和分子量。生物急性毒性结果表明:疏水性有机物的急性毒性显著高于亲水性物质,其中含量较低的WHoA和HoB的急性毒性最强。     

不同埋龄垃圾渗滤液中有机物在矿化垃圾床内的转化与去除

研究利用矿化垃圾床在准好氧工况下处理不同埋龄垃圾渗滤液,对渗滤液水质如COD、BOD、氨氮和总氮等几项指标进行了监测,分析了矿化垃圾床对两种渗滤液的处理效果。结果表明,矿化垃圾床对老龄和年轻垃圾渗滤液的COD处理率分别达70.21%和88.09%,但两者出水的B/C值均0.04。同时,在对三维荧光和紫外可见光谱的分析中得出,年轻垃圾渗滤液的出水中几乎不含小分子色氨酸类有机物。并且分子量分布结果表明两体系内的小分子类有机物占比均有所提高,表明了准好氧矿化垃圾床优先降解渗滤液中的大分子有机物,使得小分子有机物占比提高。因此,准好氧矿化垃圾床可应用于不同填埋龄垃圾渗滤液的前处理中,且效果良好。     

成都市区公园灰尘中金属元素分布及健康风险评价

为探究成都市公园生态环境质量,对成都市区20个公园灰尘中9种重金属含量进行分析,运用富集因子法、潜在生态危害指数法、健康风险评价法对其进行生态和健康评价。结果表明,成都市区公园灰尘中Pb、Cr、Co、Cu、Mn、Ni、V、Zn、Cd平均含量分别为82.4、147.4、16.8、101.2、642.7、30.7、91.3、512.1、1.2 mg/kg,其他城市相比Mn、V含量较高,其他元素则处于中等水平;富集因子法评价结果表明,公园灰尘中Cd、Zn、Pb为重度富集,其余为中度富集;潜在生态指数评价表明,公园灰尘中Cd潜在生态风险等级为很强,其余均为轻微;健康风险评价结果显示,9种重金属元素的非致癌风险均可忽略,而致癌重金属元素Cd、Ni、Co、Cr均不存在致癌风险。整体来看,成都市区公园空气质量较好,适宜开展各类休闲娱乐活动。     

水环境中挥发性有机物的监测方法

挥发性有机物具有种类多、含量少以及毒性大等特点,已成为我国水质监测优先控制污染物。本文叙述了近年来水中挥发性有机物在环境监测中的研究现状,主要介绍了4种预处理技术和两种分析方法,同时简单介绍了水环境中挥发性有机物的发展方向。     

GC-MS法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的有机污染物

采用GC-MS联用技术对深圳市两个垃圾填埋场（A和B）渗滤液中的有机污染物进行分析。垃圾场A是简易生活垃圾填埋场,垃圾场B是生活垃圾焚烧底渣填埋场。垃圾场A渗滤液中COD、TOC、NH3-N、NO3^--N等污染指标的浓度比垃圾场B渗滤液高一个数量级。两个垃圾填埋场渗滤液中分别检测出主要有机物72种和57种,其中含有大量难降解有机物,如酚类、胺类、杂环类物质。两个垃圾填埋场渗滤液中有机物组分的相对含量不同,渗滤液A中酚类物质含量最高,渗滤液B中有机物多为长链烷烃。     

地表水中挥发性有机物浓度变化特征及来源建模分析

常规方法分析挥发性有机物(VOC)浓度变化特征时，仅考虑挥发速率这一因素，忽略了比增长和比去除速率的干扰，导致有机物浓度变比模拟值与实测值偏差较大，针对这一问题，提出地表水中挥发性有机物浓度变化特征及来源建模分析。应用质谱联用法，获得有机物质谱图，根据测定的水样浓度，计算有机物比增长和比去除速率，结合挥发速率建立变化特征模型，识别有机物污染来源。选取具有代表性的水源地，设置对比实验，结果表明，设计方法相比两组常规方法，生活源有机物浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.09%和5.02%,农业源浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.03%和5.40%,工业源浓度变比模拟偏差分别减小了3.97%和6.75%,浓度变化趋势与实测浓度最为贴近。减小了挥发性有机物浓度变化的模拟值偏差，对水域有机物浓度变化预测更为准确。     

氯离子对过一硫酸盐法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

为探究氯离子(Cl^-)对过一硫酸盐法(PMS)去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮和难降解有机物的影响,通过改变Cl^-浓度和氨氮浓度,采用常规水质指标分析及三维荧光光谱分析,对比了Cl^-对PMS体系处理垃圾渗滤液中活性氯的累积生成情况、氨氮的转化影响和难降解有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在无氨氮时,Cl^-可以增强垃圾渗滤液中有机物的降解效果;当初始氨氮浓度为60 mg/L,反应60 min时,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除率可达90%以上,但UV₂₅₄去除率从22.96%大幅下降9.27%,说明了Cl^-的存在可以促进渗滤液中氨氮的转化但会影响芳香性有机物的去除效果。三维荧光分析结果进一步证明了Cl^-可以降低PMS体系处理后垃圾渗滤液中有机物的腐殖化程度,但氨氮的存在会削弱高含氯垃圾渗滤液中腐殖质的去除效果。本文研究结果可为优化过一硫酸盐法处理高含Cl^-垃圾渗滤液中氨氮与有机物提供理论基础。     

电气浮法去除钻井废水COD机理研究

借助有机物红外光谱分析,探讨了采用电气浮法处理前与处理后废水中有机物的结构变化情况,并对电气浮法去除钻井废水COD的机理进行了初步探析。结果表明,某些有机物如磺化沥青在采用电气浮法处理前与处理后其分子结构发生了很大变化,在一定程度上被氧化降解,其去除以电解氧化还原作用为主,电解絮凝和电解气浮作用为辅;而某些有机物主要是在电解絮凝和电解气浮作用下去除的。     

离子交换树脂的有机物污染及其复苏

综述了树脂污染和树脂吸收有机物的机理,并对污染树脂常用的几种复苏方法作了简要介绍和比较。自然界中甲基化速度加快会使水质恶化,富里酸离解产生的离子与树脂中甲基污染物反应可以去除树脂中的有机污染物。离子型树脂吸附有机物能力低于OH-型树脂,用Cl-型树脂作为有机物清除剂是因为洗脱容易,但由于吸附能力低,有机物容易漏过,对除盐不利。经过对几种复苏方法的比较,有机溶剂法是效果最好的复苏方法,复苏后,可以大大提高树脂的理化性能。     

新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度变化规律分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市新装修居室空气连续6个月的追踪监测,分析新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度的动态变化规律。结果表明,室内甲醛的浓度随装修竣工后时间的增加呈现降低趋势,但到第6个月为止,绝大部分住户室内空气甲醛浓度依然超标。总挥发性有机物的浓度降低趋势较为明显,到第5个月时,绝大部分住户室内空气总挥发性有机物浓度达到国家标准限值的要求。室内空气甲醛浓度的降低是一个长期缓慢的过程,居室内甲醛污染对人体健康的危害应引起人们的足够重视。     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于产品生命周期的环境管理

原料从开采、加工、再加工等生产过程到形成最终产品,又经过贮运、销售、消费、使用等过程,直至报废、回收和最终处置等生命周期带来不少环境问题。通过基于产品生命周期的设计、生产、流通、服役、退役等不同阶段,分别采用绿色设计、环境友好生产、生态标志认证、减少流通环节、绿色采购与消费、延伸生产者责任、建立回收与处置体系等环境管理模式,以减少甚至避免环境污染,为企业、管理部门、公众对产品全过程的环境管理提供系统认识和综合管理。     

Assessing and Prioritizing Ecological Communities for Monitoring in a Regional Habitat Conservation Plan

In nature reserves and habitat conservation areas, monitoring is required to determine if reserves are meeting their goals for preserving species, ecological communities, and ecosystems. Increasingly, reserves are established to protect multiple species and communities, each with their own conservation goals and objectives. As resources are always inadequate to monitor all components, criteria must be applied to prioritize both species and communities for monitoring and management. While methods for prioritizing species based on endangerment or risk have been established, approaches to prioritizing ecological communities for monitoring are not well developed, despite a long-standing emphasis on communities as target elements in reserve design. We established guidelines based on four criteria derived from basic principles of conservation and landscape ecology--extent, representativeness, fragmentation, and endangerment--to prioritize communities in the San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Plan (MSCP). The MSCP was one of the first multiple-species habitat conservation areas established in California, USA, and it has a complex spatial configuration because of the patterns of surrounding land use, which are largely urbanized. In this case study, high priority communities for monitoring include coastal sage scrub (high endangerment, underrepresented within the reserve relative to the region, and moderately fragmented), freshwater wetlands, and coastal habitats (both have high fragmentation, moderate endangerment and representativeness, and low areal extent). This framework may be useful to other conservation planners and land managers for prioritizing the most significant and at-risk communities for monitoring.     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.