深圳室内挥发性有机物污染初探

目前深圳的室内挥发性有机物污染比较严重，甲醛、甲苯、二甲苯、苯、乙苯和苯乙烯是主要污染物，其次是a-蒎烯、丙酮、卤代烷烃和卤代烯烃。     

离子交换树脂的有机物污染及其复苏

综述了树脂污染和树脂吸收有机物的机理,并对污染树脂常用的几种复苏方法作了简要介绍和比较。自然界中甲基化速度加快会使水质恶化,富里酸离解产生的离子与树脂中甲基污染物反应可以去除树脂中的有机污染物。离子型树脂吸附有机物能力低于OH-型树脂,用Cl-型树脂作为有机物清除剂是因为洗脱容易,但由于吸附能力低,有机物容易漏过,对除盐不利。经过对几种复苏方法的比较,有机溶剂法是效果最好的复苏方法,复苏后,可以大大提高树脂的理化性能。     

大港油田地区挥发性有机物分析

采用热脱附气相色谱-质谱法对大港油田地区环境空气进行了监测分析,并对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度变化趋势和组分进行了研究。结果表明:大港油田地区挥发性有机物的浓度水平冬季要高于其他季节,时间分布特征比较明显;其主要成分为硫化物、卤代烃和芳香烃三大类,为典型的石化类污染。在此基础上,结合油田实际情况,对减少挥发性有机物的污染提出了初步建议。     

油气田开发业挥发性有机物排放来源及控制措施

文章从源强产生角度,重点研究了油气田行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)在项目开发建设期和油气生产期的排放来源,即开发建设期污染源主要为钻井过程中、柴油机燃烧产生及井喷事故排放的VOCs,油气生产期有组织排放及无组织挥发的VOCs。探讨了其源头控制、末端治理的措施,并针对目前存在的问题提出合理化建议,为提升我国挥发性有机物的治理水平提供技术支撑。     

油田场站挥发性有机物来源及组分分析

采用色谱-质谱法对长庆油田地区场站各生产区域环境空气进行了检测,分析了非甲烷总烃（NMHC）与挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要来源、组分与浓度,结果表明油田场站VOCs主要污染来源为敞开液面、储罐损失,其组分主要是正丁烷、丙烷等为主的烷烃类化合物,对后期开展收集治理技术研究、制定管控措施与方案,提供了基础数据支持,对改善油区环境空气质量提供了一定的技术依据。     

二噁英的污染防治

对目前人类发现的最具毒性的物质二噁英的来源、毒性作了介绍，并据国内外研究的现状，提出了我国二噁英污染防治的措施。     

南充城区秋季VOCs污染特征及来源分析

为了解南充城区秋季大气环境中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征及来源,2018年11月7日~11月15日,利用在线GC-MS对南充城区的VOCs成分进行了连续在线监测,并运用PMF模型对VOCs的来源进行了解析。结果表明:监测期间,南充城区的VOCs共检出103种,小时平均体积分数约为(32.5±5.7)×10-9,由烷烃、含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)、芳香烃、烯烃、卤代烃等组成,占比分别为38.5%、31.7%、10.2%、9.5%和8.0%;各类污染物中烯烃对总臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的贡献度最大,占32.6%,OVOCs次之(31.7%),其余依次为芳香烃(26.0%)、烷烃(8.3%)和卤代烃(1.1%);VOCs的日变化总体呈现两高两低的趋势,但变化幅度较小,VOCs与NO 2、CO、PM 2.5和PM 10浓度呈正相关关系,与O 3的浓度呈负相关关系;运用PMF模型共解析出道路交通源、工业源、油气挥发、燃料燃烧和餐饮油烟5个因子,道路交通源是南充城区秋季大气环境VOCs最大贡献源(29.3%),其次为工业源(26.1%)和油气挥发(23.0%),燃料燃烧(14.4%)和餐饮油烟(7.2%)的贡献最小。相关分析表明:南充城区秋季大气环境中的VOCs受机动车尾气、工业溶剂、油气挥发和生物质燃烧的影响较大,建议后期应重点关注这4类污染源。     

家里的灰霾——中国家庭室内灰尘中有毒有害物质抽样调查

家庭室内灰尘是考察室内污染情况的"晴雨表"。近期,针对目前国际国内关注度较高的四类有毒有害物质,绿色和平采集了中国五个城市十一个家庭的室内灰尘样本进行检测。结果显示全部样本中都存在上述四类有毒有害物质,且浓度范围与其他国家和地区的研究相一致。这表明中国公众可能通过室内灰尘暴露于多种有毒有害物质的复合影响之下。有此,绿色和平建议完善中国化学品管理体系,为公众创造一个"无毒"的未来。     

中国挥发性有机物污染防治政策及对监测技术的管理需求

本文通过梳理现行的挥发性有机物污染防治政策法规和方法标准,结合国外经验,提出了现阶段挥发性有机物污染防治政策体系。尽管起步较晚,但陆续实施的挥发性有机物排污收费和总量控制机制,已经对污染物监测提出了明确的管理需求。虽然离线检测技术具有良好的灵敏度和响应度,但使用FID和NDIR法的在线和便携仪器响应时间短、数据连续,可以实现对挥发性有机物污染的实时追踪,更好地满足污染预警、应急执法等环境管理新需求。     

城市扬尘污染长效管理机制研究

城市扬尘是影响空气质量、危害居民身体健康的污染源之一。本文进行了上海市杨浦区扬尘源解析,从类型上将扬尘分为建筑施工扬尘、道路施工扬尘和堆场扬尘。引用相关经验公式计算出杨浦区三类扬尘的起尘量大小顺序为：建筑施工〉道路施工〉堆场,并分析评价了杨浦区近两年扬尘排放量的时空变化。针对杨浦区的自身特点,以目标体系、标准体系、责任体系、管理体系、监督体系为框架,初步建立了扬尘污染管理的长效管理机制。     

有机农药对土壤的污染及生物修复技术研究

农药的大量使用污染了大气、水体及生态系统。有机农药以直接施用、拌种、喷撒、随降水落入等方式进入土壤。农药在土壤中会以吸附、扩散稀释和降解等几种方式发生转化,并改变土壤结构、对土壤中生物的生存及酶的活性产生影响。生物修复技术可以通过动植物、微生物及根际环境对农药污染的降解来治理土壤中的农药,是治理农药污染的一种推荐方法。     

室内挥发性有机化合物综合散发量及其特征

基于室内建筑污染源散发特性与汇效应机制分析,给出了建筑室内挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）综合散发量的计算模型,并进一步分析了材料内部扩散系数、气固界面分离系数和材料厚度对室内VOCs综合散发量的影响特征。研究结果表明,在近似稳定阶段室内VOCs综合散发量会随源材料内部扩散系数的增大而升高,而随源材料气固界面分离系数和材料厚度的增加而减小,且以源材料内部扩散系数的影响最为显著;同时,室内汇表面三类参数的增大均会使室内VOCs综合散发量降低;此外,在相同的环境参数条件下,室内VOCs综合散发量会因室内汇效应的存在而减小。     

Wastewater Effluent,Combined Sewer Overflows,and Other Sources of Organic Compounds to Lake Champlain1

Abstract: Some sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) to streams, lakes, and estuaries, including wastewater‐treatment‐plant effluent, have been well documented, but other sources, particularly wet‐weather discharges from combined‐sewer‐overflow (CSO) and urban runoff, may also be major sources of OWCs. Samples of wastewater‐treatment‐plant (WWTP) effluent, CSO effluent, urban streams, large rivers, a reference (undeveloped) stream, and Lake Champlain were collected from March to August 2006. The highest concentrations of many OWCs associated with wastewater were in WWTP‐effluent samples, but high concentrations of some OWCs in samples of CSO effluent and storm runoff from urban streams subject to leaky sewer pipes or CSOs were also detected. Total concentrations and numbers of compounds detected differed substantially among sampling sites. The highest total OWC concentrations (10‐100 μg/l) were in samples of WWTP and CSO effluent. Total OWC concentrations in samples from urban streams ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/l, and urban stream‐stormflow samples had higher concentrations than baseflow samples because of contributions of OWCs from CSOs and leaking sewer pipes. The relations between OWC concentrations in WWTP‐effluent and those in CSO effluent and urban streams varied with the degree to which the compound is removed through normal wastewater treatment. Concentrations of compounds that are highly removed during normal wastewater treatment [including caffeine, Tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate, and cholesterol] were generally similar to or higher in CSO effluent than in WWTP effluent (and ranged from around 1 to over 10 μg/l) because CSO effluent is untreated, and were higher in urban‐stream stormflow samples than in baseflow samples as a result of CSO discharge and leakage from near‐surface sources during storms. Concentrations of compounds that are poorly removed during treatment, by contrast, are higher in WWTP effluent than in CSO, due to dilution. Results indicate that CSO effluent and urban stormwaters can be a significant major source of OWCs entering large water bodies such as Burlington Bay.     

对饮用水中有机污染物的控制

以保护饮用水的水质为出发点，控制饮用水中有机污染物为目的，本文介绍了有机污染物对饮用水水质的影响，着重从治理污染源和加强饮用水的深度处理等方面讨论了对饮用水中有机污染物的控制。     

Vehicular Contamination of Dust in Amman, Jordan

Road dust from four traffic areas; the city center, tunnels, closed car parks and a residential area was collected from the urban part of Amman and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals content.Total PAH and selected heavy metals were in the range of a few gg^–1. The distribution of PAH was controlled by the arid climatic conditions. PAH distribution in the street dust tended to be dominated by 4- and 6-ring PAHs with significantly less 2- and 3-ring PAH reflecting volatilization of the latter under the hot and dry climatic conditions. However, both PAH and heavy metal concentrations were affected by the densities and conditions of traffic activity at the various sites. Generally, the highest concentrations of both PAH and heavy metals were found in the tunnels and the lowest in the residential areas.Significant correlation between PAH and total organic matter (TOM), lead and cadmium indicated that PAH and heavy metals in street dust of heavily traffic areas are strongly affected by automobile exhaust emission and that those in the residential areas have another source, most probably street material erosion.     

混合菌种的共固定化技术在污染治理中的应用

对混合菌种固定化技术所用的载体和改进方法作了介绍,以及在污染治理中的应用进行了综述,治理的污染物主要包括酚类、卤化烃、氮和磷及其芳香族化合物。对该技术在污染治理中的应用前景作了评述。     

Dust Storm as an Environmental Problem in North China

Dust storms in north China, which are associated with land deterioration from increasing human pressures, have intensified over the past decades. Although synoptic meteorological conditions and sedimental environments dictate the occurrence of dust storms, their increase in frequency in north China due to human activities can be expected. Sand stabilization and control projects may be compromised by the pursuit of short-term economic returns and lack of systematic and integrated understanding of land degradation. Two actions are recommended as positive responses to escalating dust storms in north China. A policy of long-term ecologically sustainable development strategies is needed as well as a scientific research initiative combining biophysical and socioeconomic aspects.     

油气田挥发性有机物管控源项及排放系数研究

对美国油气田挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控要求、排放系数、可行技术及相关治理费用进行梳理总结,为我国油气田VOCs排放标准、排污许可申请技术规范、污染源核算技术指南等制定以及油气田企业VOCs治理提供借鉴。美国新建污染源控制标准主要对油气田油气井完井、储存、气动阀、气动泵、压缩机、设备泄漏、无组织逸散等VOCs污染源提出管控要求。参照我国当前石油化学工业VOCs管控理念,可将上述污染源归为设备和管道组件密封点、物料转移和输送、工艺无组织、储存4个源项进行管控。     

利用标准化法评价污染源

大连石化公司运用标准化法对该厂污染源进行了普查,进而对污染源做出了评价。以二蒸馏装置为例,对总排放口污染源的监测数据进行了标化处理,确定了主要的污染因子及污染源:石油类主要来自减压塔顶分离器;硫化物主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器和常压塔顶油、水分离器;挥发酚主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器。