表面活性剂对黄土中石油污染物的解吸影响研究

研究了用表面活性剂去除黄土中柴油类污染物。选用阴离子活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠（LAS和SDS）和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对污染的土壤进行解吸实验，表明阴离子表面活性剂浓度从0.1%增加到1.0%时，其柴油的去除率可达20％，而阳离子表面活性剂去除作用不甚明显。利用摩尔增溶比MSR值求得LAS和SDS的logKm值为4.552和3.630，这和理论的计算值很接近。     

维多利亚蓝B与十二烷基磺酸钠相互作用的表征及应用

在pH=4.00的缓冲溶液中,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)形成带负电荷的胶束,阳离子分子探针维多利亚蓝B(VBB)通过静电作用可吸附在带负电荷的胶束表面上.研究结果表明,VBB在SDS胶束表面上的吸附符合Langumir吸附方程,VBB与SDS之间具有较强的作用,为单分子层吸附,结合常数(K)为2.43×106 L/mol;较高盐度下,VBB分子间发生自聚,结合比(γ)有一定程度的上升;较高温度加快了VBB分子的解吸速度,γ随着温度的升高而下降;利用VBB与SDS之间的相互作用,结合光吸收比差法,对水样中阴离子表面活性剂浓度进行了测定,方法检测限为0.027 mg/L;干扰实验和水样测定结果表明,该方法具有较好的选择性和准确度,是一种测定水体中阴离子表面活性剂浓度的快捷简便的方法.     

表面活性剂对污泥脱水性能的影响及其作用机理

研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对活性污泥脱水和沉降性能的影响,及其改善活性污泥脱水效能的作用机理。结果表明,质量分数8%的CTAB可使污泥比阻(SRF)从8.5×1012 m/kg降为7.5×1011 m/kg,滤饼的含水率降至75%左右,污泥的沉降性能最好,上清液的浊度也较小。相比之下,SDS对污泥沉降、脱水性能的改善效果明显逊于CTAB。实验表明, 表面活性剂主要是通过溶出胞外聚合物(EPS)破坏污泥结构释放内部结合水来加快污泥的沉降速度和提高其脱水性能。     

表面活性剂改性活性炭对阳离子染料的吸附

以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为改性剂对粉末活性炭(AC)改性,研究了SDS在活性炭表面的吸附稳定性,用比表面积测定仪、Zeta电位测定仪对改性前后活性炭进行表征,并将其用于吸附模拟废水中的阳离子染料。结果表明,改性剂SDS浓度等于临界胶束浓度时,改性后活性炭(SDS-AC)对SDS吸附稳定,SDS在纯水和染料溶液中的解吸率分别为19.4%和1.6%。pH对活性炭吸附阳离子橙染料影响较小,SDS-AC和AC对染料的吸附平衡时间分别为4 h和12 h,SDS-AC和AC对阳离子橙染料的吸附动力学模型符合拟二级反应模型,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,SDS-AC对阳离子橙染料的最大吸附量较AC提高47.8%,SDS-AC对阳离子橙染料的吸附机制为物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用下的单分子层吸附,其中化学吸附是主要控速步骤。     

纳米SiO2在含阴离子表面活性剂低浊水处理中的应用

在含有阴离子表面活性剂-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的6 NTU高岭土悬浊液中,改变SDS的浓度,投加纳米SiO2与聚合铝PAC进行动态混凝实验与静沉实验,借助图像分析技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO2与PAC处理含SDS低浊水的作用机理、絮凝效果与形态学特征.结果表明:①纳米SiO2与SDS使高岭土粒子表面负电性增强.纳米SiO2的絮凝机理以吸附架桥为主.②纳米SiO2对SDS的去除效果优于PAC.SDS浓度越高,去除效果越显著.但纳米SiO2对无机高岭土粒子的处理能力不如PAC,PAC絮凝后的上清液浊度低.当SDS浓度增至10 mg/L时,纳米SiO2对SDS的去除率高,而PAC对SDS的絮凝能力弱,PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果也下降.③助凝剂纳米SiO2较强的吸附活性能加快PAC絮体成长为结构密实的RLCA构型,分维值高,絮凝效果好.     

铝板电絮凝法去除重金属离子Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)

以模拟遭受突发性镉、镍污染的水体为研究对象,采用铝电极板电絮凝法去除水中Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+),考察电流密度、反应时间、溶液初始p H与极板间距等操作参数对重金属离子Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)去除效果的影响,在最佳工况条件下,Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的去除率均能达到99.99%以上。在模拟废水中投加5.0 mg/L阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),与不投加SDS过程相比,电流效率从101.4%上升到118.0%,电絮凝除Cd~(2+)过程,同样达到99.52%的去除率,反应时间从12 min缩短到10 min,对于Ni~(2+)去除过程,同样达到98.61%去除率,反应时间从10 min缩短到8 min。2个反应过程均符合一级动力学模型。阳极表面扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征显示,SDS添加有助于Al3+的释放。     

新型聚合铝硅混凝剂处理洗浴废水的试验研究

针对常规铝盐、铁盐去除洗浴废水中阴离子洗涤剂 (LAS)效果不理想的状况 ,采用高碱化度钙型聚合铝硅混凝剂 (CPASC)进行了试验研究 ,同时与聚合氯化铝 (PAC)作了比较。结果表明 ,该混凝剂对洗浴废水中COD、LAS、SS及浊度都有较高的去除率 ,特别对LAS、COD的去除率分别比PAC高 10 %和 8%以上。当投加量为 6 0mg/L时 ,出水各项指标均达到生活杂用水水质标准 (GJ2 5 .1 89)。     

表面活性剂清洗处理重度石油污染土壤

为了优化表面活性剂清洗处理重度石油污染土壤的方法和具体洗脱条件参数,采集山东省东营市胜利油田污染土壤,研究了阴离子-非离子混合表面活性剂对该土壤中石油类污染物的去除效果。应用化学热洗原理,主要考查了表面活性剂配比、投加量、清洗温度及清洗助剂对去除效果的影响。实验得到的清洗处理最佳条件为：使用LAS与TX-100质量比为8∶2的组合表面活性剂,总表面活性剂浓度为3 g/L,助剂硅酸钠浓度为5 g/L,75℃条件下搅拌1 h。清洗后土壤含油量从20%下降到4.6%,去除率达到76.9%。废水回用实验表明,清洗处理的废水对土壤中石油烃类物质仍有一定的去除效果。废水回用比从30%到100%时,对土壤中石油烃的去除率都可达到55%以上。对废水进行二次回用时仍能去除18.8%的污染物。     

表面活性剂在北京碱性土壤中的吸附行为研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京碱性土壤对阴离子表面活性剂SDS、阳离子表面活性剂CTAB和非离子表面活性剂Tween80的吸附行为,考察了温度对表面活性剂吸附的影响.结果表明:7种不同土样对SDS、CTAB和Tween80的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力的大小顺序为2号轻壤土》轻粘土》中壤土》砂壤土》5号轻壤土》重壤土》紧砂土,这主要是由于7种土样的pH、有机质含量和机械组成不同的缘故;同一土壤中,CTAB的吸附量》Tween80的吸附量》SDS的吸附量;温度的升高,不利于SDS和CTAB在土壤中的吸附,而有利于Tween80的吸附.     

LAS对土壤中多环芳烃吸附行为的影响

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)对PAHs在土壤中吸附行为的影响.结果表明,LAS改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附/解吸平衡,吸附态LAS可提高土壤对PAHs的吸附,而溶解态LAS则增加了PAHs的表观溶解度,这2种作用的综合结果改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附系数.因此,文中用表观吸附系数来描述PAHs在土壤-水-LAS体系中的综合吸附行为.     

Biodegradation of diesel oil by cold-adapted microorganisms in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

The effect of different concentrations of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on biodegradation of diesel oil was assessed during 32 days at 10 degrees C, under simulated environmental conditions, in liquid culture and in an alpine soil. Low SDS concentrations (50-100 mg l-1) significantly enhanced oil biodegradation by a psychrotrophic inoculum in liquid culture, whereas higher SDS concentrations (500-1000 mg l-1) inhibited hydrocarbon biodegradation. Oil biodegradation by the indigenous microorganisms in soil was inhibited at all SDS concentrations tested. The surfactant itself was rapidly biodegraded both in liquid culture and in soil.     

Electron transfer sensitized photodechlorination of surfactant solubilized PCB 138

Sensitized photodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB 138, in three different surfactant solutions was studied. The sensitizer of choice was leuco-methylene blue, which was produced in situ from methylene blue using either triethylamine or sodium borohydride. Three types of surfactants, anionic (SDS), neutral (TWEEN 80), and cationic (CTAB) at different concentrations were investigated. The neutral and cationic surfactants were found to be more effective than anionic. In each case the surfactant concentration was found to play a significant role in the rate of dechlorination. For different sensitized systems (triethylamine or sodium borohydride), a different product distribution and a different pathway of dechlorination was observed.     

4种表面活性剂及其混合物对p,p'-DDT污染土壤洗脱效果

为了研究表面活性剂对p,p'-DDT污染土壤的淋洗效果,选取了4种阴、非离子表面活性剂,对人工p,p'-DDT污染土壤进行单一和复配洗脱实验。结果表明,对于人工p,p'-DDT污染土壤,阴离子表面活性剂洗脱效果优于非离子表面活性剂,其中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和鼠李糖脂（RL）的洗脱效果较好,添加量为15 000 mg·L-1时洗脱率分别达到44.5%和36.5%,均优于非离子表面活性剂吐温80（TW80）（30.4%）和曲拉通100（TR100）（20.3%）;研究还表明非离子表面活性剂在添加量达到10 000 mg·L-1后,继续增加表面活性剂浓度,洗脱效果提升不明显。混合表面活性剂体系中,总添加量为10 000 mg·L-1时,SDS-TW80混合体系对p,p'-DDT的洗脱率为42%,高于SDS-TR100（34.9%）、RL-TW80（33.4%）和RL-TR100（37.4%）,表面活性剂混合体系对于p,p'-DDT的淋洗有明显的协同作用。     

表面活性剂强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌修复柴油污染土壤

使用吐温80（Tween80）、鼠里糖脂（RL）、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和十二烷基苯硫酸钠（SDS）强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus）修复柴油污染土壤,研究了表面活性剂对甲基营养型芽孢杆菌的影响。结果表明：甲基营养型芽孢杆菌可以较好地降解柴油,但由于土壤的吸附,土壤中柴油的修复效率较低,仅为22.68%;因此,需要使用表面活性剂进行强化。浓度为3 000 mg·L-1的SDBS和SDS、2 000 mg·L-1的Tween80、500 mg·L-1的RL具有较好的洗脱效果。微生物毒性实验表明,Tween80和RL对甲基营养型芽孢杆菌具有促进作用,可以用于强化修复柴油污染土壤。2 000 mg·L-1 Tween80强化甲基营养型芽孢杆菌修复柴油土壤的修复效果（46.11%）优于500 mg·L-1 RL的修复效果（45.32%）,同时具有较好的经济性,具有较好的应用前景。     

Enhanced desorption of phenanthrene from contaminated soil using anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant

A new approach using an anionic/nonionic mixed surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) with Triton X-100 (TX100), was utilized for the desorption of phenanthrene from an artificial contaminated natural soil in an aim to improve the efficiency of surfactant remediation technology. The experimental results showed that the presence of SDS not only reduced the sorption of TX100 onto the natural soil, but also enhanced the solubilization of TX100 for phenanthrene, both of which resulted in the distribution of phenanthrene in soil-water systems decreasing with increasing mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solutions. These results can be attributed to the formation of mixed micelles in surfactant solution and the corresponding decrease in the critical micelle concentration of TX100 in mixed solution. The batch desorption experiments showed that the desorption percentage of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil with mixed solution was greater than that with single TX100 solution and appeared to be positively related to the mole fraction of SDS in surfactant solution. Thus, the anionic/nonionic mixed surfactants are more effective for the desorption of phenanthrene from the contaminated soil than a single nonionic surfactant.     

Electrochemical destruction of p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol -- Influence of surfactants and anode materials

The electrochemical oxidative removal of p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current electrolysis on commercially available graphite and titanium substrate insoluble anodes (TSIA). The effect of cationic cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and non-ionic polyoxyethylene(23)lauryl ether (Brij-35) surfactants, which prevent adherent film formation on the electrode surface were also studied. CV experiments indicate that p-chlorophenol exhibits a relatively higher tendency for film formation on graphite and that sodium chloride is a better medium for the destruction of phenols. The electrochemical oxidation of phenols under galvanostatic conditions in chloride medium with CTAB enhanced the detoxification process with significantly lower fouling effects on TSIA. The surfactants, however, did not improve phenol removal on graphite under identical experimental conditions. A charge of 2.5F per mol was found to be sufficient to achieve 44-48% removal of phenol on both the electrodes in the absence of the surfactants. A 55-65% removal was achieved in the presence of the cationic surfactant on the TSIA electrode. Phenol was removed as a low molecular weight polymer (MW approximately 4450).     

A comparative study of adsorption of an anionic and a non-ionic surfactant by soils based on physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils

In the present work we performed a comparative study on the adsorption of the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (anionic), and octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) (non-ionic) to 18 soils with organic matter (OM) and clay fraction contents varying over a broad range. The objective of the study was to gain further insight into the influence of the physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils on the adsorption of surfactants by soils. Adsorption isotherms were obtained using concentrations below the critical micellar concentration (cmc) of the surfactants. The adsorption coefficients, Kf, determined from the Freundlich equation were lower for SDS (range 1.77-82.1, mean value 36.3) than for Triton X-100 (range 0.01-913, mean value 257). Simple and multiple correlation coefficients were obtained between Kf values and soil characteristics. The results obtained indicate the influence of the OM content on the adsorption of SDS (r=0.64, p<0.01) and of the clay fraction content on that of Triton X-100 (r=0.83, p<0.001). Additionally, we observed a preferential adsorption of SDS by the 1:1 mineral kaolinite (r=0.54, p<0.05), while Triton X-100 was adsorbed mainly by the 2:1 minerals, montmorillonite (r=0.66, p<0.01) and illite (r=0.87, p<0.001). According to the influence of different soil parameters on adsorption, different mechanisms of adsorption are proposed for each surfactant. Our findings point to the interest of considering the physicochemical properties of soils and also the mineralogy of the soil clay fraction when selecting a surfactant in technologies involving enhanced solubilization and removal of contaminants from soils and sediments.