堆制处理过程中的多环芳烃降解

用实验室模拟方法,研究了堆制处理过程对污染土壤中４ ～６ 环的多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ） 的降解． 结果表明,堆制对６ 种难降解的ＰＡＨｓ 都有不同程度的降解作用,ＰＡＨｓ 的降解随着苯环数的增加而降低,其去除率的大小顺序为荧蒽＞ 苯并［ａ］ 蒽、苯并［ａ］ 芘＞ 苯并［ｂ］ 荧蒽、苯并［ｋ］ 荧蒽＞ 苯并［ｇｈｉ］ 北． 其中,荧蒽的去除率为４６．０ ％ ～９２．９％ ;苯并［ａ］ 蒽的去除率为７．７％ ～３７ ．２ ％ ． 当ＰＡＨｓ 的初始浓度提高约５０ 倍时,除荧蒽外其它ＰＡＨｓ 的降解随着污染浓度的提高而降低． 不同Ｃ／Ｎ均有类似的规律,但Ｃ／Ｎ２５：１ 比Ｃ／Ｎ４０：１ 为好． 堆中各种ＰＡＨｓ 浓度在高温期以前都有所提高,但在降温期以后又有不同程度的降低． 细菌总数测定表明,数量变化呈双峰型．     

NaCl对大麦的毒性试验

土壤盐渍化是全球农业面临的严重问题,大多数作物在盐渍条件下生长受到抑制［１］,但作物在盐渍环境中生长发育的机理尚未搞清．ＳＣＥ（ｓｉｓｔｅｒｃｈｒｏｍａｔｉｄｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ）是检测环境有害物质对动植物细胞ＤＮＡ损伤的灵敏指标［２～４］,我们在实验中...     

硅营养缓解水稻幼苗Cd、Cr毒害的生理研究

两系法杂交稻“培杂山青”和常规稻“双桂３６”幼苗经较高浓度的Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝９．６～３８．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝７．５～２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理可使其叶片光合速率、叶绿素（ａ＋ｂ）含量、叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值、叶片可溶性糖、淀粉及可溶性蛋白质含量降低，而叶片的ＰＯＤ活性提高；低浓度Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝４．８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理幼苗对上述生理指标有提高作用，但ＰＯＤ活性稍降低．加Ｓｉ（Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３）［ｃ（ＳｉＯ２）＝１．３３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ］的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理比不加Ｓｉ的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理的幼苗叶片上述生理指标明显提高，且明显降低其ＰＯＤ活性．说明Ｓｉ在不同程度上起到缓解Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ对水稻幼苗的毒害作用．而ｃ（Ｃｒ３＋）＝２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ是“双桂３６”幼苗的致死浓度     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

二氯苯在盐水溶液中活度系数的研究

本文采用紫外分光光度法测定了２５．００±０．００１℃下间位和对位二氯苯在ＨＣＯＯＮａ,ＣＨ３ｃＯＯＮａ,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４,ＭｇＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＳＯ４水溶液中活度系数（ｆ）,它们的ｌｇｆ－Ｃ关系符合Ｓｅｔｓｃｈｎｏｗ盐效应公式。     

洗涤废水化学法除磷试验研究

对Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３，Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２不同反应条件下去除洗涤废水中总磷的情况作了对比试验，结果表明，按Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２：ＴＰ＝３．７：１．０（重量比）投加试剂，回用生成的磷灰石沉淀助凝，ＴＰ（总磷）去除率可达９５％，ＣＯＤｃｒ有少量去除。     

野生与养殖长吻血液及不同器官同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ－Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｓｉｓ）,对野生及养殖长吻Ｕａｉ心脏、肾脏、肌肉、肝脏四个器官及血液的ＬＤＨ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．２７）、ＰＯＤ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．１）、ＥＳＴ（ＥＣ．３．１．１．１）、ＭＤＨ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．３７）同工酶所获电泳图谱进行对比分析,发现以上各酶在不同组织器官中均表现出组织特异性;野生Ｕａｉ和养殖Ｕａｉ四种同工酶也存在差异;ＬＤＨ同工酶电泳带分     

三株产甲烷细菌表面层研究

用电子显微镜的负染色技术,对史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｓｍｉｔｈｉｉ Ｈ１３）、嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｈｅｒｍｏｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ ＣＢ１２） 、拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｃｏｒｐｕｓｃｕｌｕｍ ｌａｂｒｅａｎｕｍ Ｚ） 的表面结构观察比较结果表明：史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３ 和嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 的表面层由规则排列的四边形亚单位组成;前者每个亚单位直径为５～７ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为５ ～８ ｎｍ ,后者亚单位直径为９～１２ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为１１～１４ ｎｍ ．拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层是条纹和颗粒状或丝状组成的网状结构．每根条纹宽３～４ ｎｍ ,条纹之间的距离为６～８ ｎｍ ．３ 株产甲烷细菌的表面层各不相同,其中嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 和拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层结构十分独特,明显不同于已报道的产甲烷细菌和古细菌的表面层结构．     

冬作季节土壤水分状况对稻田CH_4排放的影响

温室盆栽试验表明,冬作季节土壤持续淹水处理（淹水）稻田平均ＣＨ４ 排放通量显著高于干燥处理（干燥）,前者是后者的５．５８ 倍（１９９６ 年）和４．１６ 倍（１９９７ 年）。冬作季节土壤水分状况明显影响土壤Ｅｈ 和ＣＨ４ 排放的季节变化。淹水处理土壤Ｅｈ 在整个水稻生长期皆处于适宜ＣＨ４ 产生的水平,所以整个水稻生长期皆有ＣＨ４ 排放（经历烤田后例外）,而干燥处理水稻移栽４２ ｄ 后土壤Ｅｈ 才降为负值,在此期间几乎没有ＣＨ４ 排放。     

环境水样化学耗氧量的快速测定

重铬酸钾加热回流法是化学耗氧量测定的国标法。这种方法稳定，重现性好，但它耗时长（回流２ｈ），耗电多，工序复杂，很难适应大批量样品分析的需要。为了加快分析速度，耗氧量的快速测定法研究日益受到人们的重视［１］。本文采用常温下比色法快速测定环境水样ＣＯＤ，并与经典方法—重铬酸钾加热回流法对比，取得了满意的结果。１　仪器、试剂、测定步骤１．１　仪器　　７２１型分光光度计，３ｃｍ比色皿，５０ｍｌ具塞比色管。１．２　试剂　　重铬酸钾标准溶液（１／６Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７＝１．００ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）：称取在１２０℃烘干２…     

四联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效观察

观察奥美拉唑、枸橼酸铋钾、阿莫西林及呋喃唑酮四联疗法对消化性溃疡的疗效.方法选取96例消化性溃疡、幽门螺杆菌(HP)阳性患者,给予口服奥美拉唑20 mg+枸橼酸铋钾240 mg+阿莫西林1 g+呋喃唑酮200mg2,次/日,共14日,观察症状,并复查胃镜和HP感染情况.结果绝大部分患者症状消失,行胃镜检查和HP检测,显示溃疡面治愈或明显好转,并HP转为阴性.结论四联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效可靠,副作用少,价格便宜,值得临床推广.参10.     

甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)致癌性的综合评估

甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)被数家机构分类为可能的人类致癌物,其主要依据为动物实验发现对啮齿动物经灌胃暴露TDI后肿瘤发生率升高。基于研究结果的可靠性以及一致性,综合评估了现有研究数据是否支持这一分类。结果显示现有的流行病学数据不足以有力证明TDI为人类致癌物。动物实验研究表明,吸入接触TDI并不导致肿瘤发生。经灌胃暴露后观察到的肿瘤很可能是由于TDI转化为已知的啮齿动物致癌物甲苯二胺(TDA)所致。在TDI吸入暴露的体内实验中,当由TDI转化生成的TDA不能达到具有显著生物学效应的浓度时,TDI对啮齿动物或人类都没有遗传毒性。由于哺乳动物在生理性接触条件下TDI不能转变成TDA,所以对人类而言,TDI接触与致癌效应之间无直接的显著因果关系。因此虽然在如灌胃等非生理暴露的条件下,TDI可能的人类致癌物的分类是正确的,但本文对其致癌研究数据的合理评估和正确理解有助于将产品监管力度集中于与职业暴露更相关的有害健康效应上。     

基于高通量定量PCR研究城市化小流域微生物污染特征

水体微生物污染(包括致病菌、病毒、寄生虫)会引起多种传染病和寄生虫病,对生产生活用水安全和人体健康造成重要威胁。本研究应用基于Taq Man探针的高通量荧光定量PCR技术对厦门市后溪流域冬季微生物污染进行检测,包含了5种粪便污染源(人源、反刍动物源、猪源、家禽源、狗源)微生物源示踪分子标记物与12种病原微生物。结果表明,该流域在上游及水库5个位点没有粪便污染,仅在其中一个水库位点检测出棘阿米巴,微生物污染极小;中下游检测出人类、反刍动物、猪、家禽、狗粪便污染,并且检测出产气荚膜梭菌、肠聚集性大肠杆菌、肠毒素型大肠杆菌、幽门螺杆菌、霍乱弧菌、副溶血弧菌、棘阿米巴、克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌等病原菌,其中流经旧城区居民生活生产区水样微生物污染严重,下游新城区微生物污染较小。这些结果暗示着城市人类活动是流域微生物污染主要来源,应从污染源头加强微生物污染控制。     

Training Conservation Biologists in Human Interaction Skills

Questionnaires were sent to 298 graduate programs in conservation biology and other areas of the biological and agricultural sciences and to 702 public and private organizations that employ, or might employ, conservation biologists. The focus of the questionnaires was on the need for training conservation biologists in human interaction skills (e.g., interpersonal communication, leadership, group decision making). Respondents were asked to indicate the current availability of such training at their institutions or organizations. Questionnaires were returned by 28.5% of the graduate programs and 21.1% of the conservation organizations. A majority of both groups of respondents indicated a high need for training in the following seven areas: written and oral communication; explaining science and values of biodiversity to the lay public; group decision making; interpersonal skills; group planning; leadership; and advocacy. Despite the high level of perceived training need, relatively few academic institutions and even fewer conservation organizations offer or require courses in human interaction skills (with the exceptions of written and oral communication and foreign languages). Sixty-four percent of the graduate faculty respondents and 78% of the employer organization respondents indicated that human interaction skills are equally important or more important to the work of conservation biologists than science knowledge and skill. We suggest that follow-up research should be conducted to delineate further the need for human interaction skills training and to assess the relationship between specific human interactions skills and conservation outcomes. We also recommend that a curriculum on human interaction should be designed and developed for conservation biologists, perhaps through a cooperative effort of interested faculty and employers facilitated by the Society for Conservation Biology and conservation organizations.     

抗菌消费品中纳米银含量调查及银的健康风险评价

纳米银(Ag NP)因具有良好的抗菌特性被广泛应用于日常消费品中,人体主要通过皮肤接触或口服等方式暴露于Ag NP。为了评价这些抗菌消费品中银对成人的非致癌暴露风险,对市面10种日常抗菌消费品中Ag NP和总银含量进行了调查,并采用美国环保局推荐的皮肤和口部暴露途径的健康风险评估模型来评价含银抗菌消费品引起的皮肤及口部非致癌暴露风险。调查结果表明:4种液态抗菌消费品中检测出Ag NP,含量为0.79~57.89 mg·L~(-1),占其总银含量的8.8%~99.1%。其他厂家标注含有Ag NP的抗菌消费品中则未检测出Ag NP。风险评价结果显示,大多数抗菌消费品的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.8×10-1,其中经皮肤暴露的银非致癌风险熵为1.0×10-3~6.8×10-1,经口暴露的银风险熵为3.6×10-4~6.0×10-3,对人体健康不会产生显著风险;然而,其中1种抗菌消费品中银的风险熵上限为0.86,接近于1,存在潜在的非致癌风险。     

Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis SH-14

Biological control agents have become a useful alternative for the reduction of the use of chemical insecticides. LABIOFAM (Cuba) is developing a new formulation of a biolarvicide that possesses as active biological agent Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis serotype H14. In order to evaluate the genotoxicity of this new formulation, an in vivo battery test was used: micronucleus (MN), chromosome aberrations (CAs), and sperm morphology (SM) assays. A dose of 6.45?×?10⁸ spores was administered per animal via oral administration. Bone marrow cells were collected 24?h after a two day treatment for the MN assay, and 24?h after a unique treatment for the CA assay, using cyclophosphamide as the positive control. Sperm cells were collected at 5 weeks from the first of five administrations for the SM test, using acrylamide as positive control. Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis serotype H14 failed to show either a significative increase of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, chromosomal aberrations, or sperm abnormalities. Acute oral administration of a high dose of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis serotype H14 did not produce mutagenic effects in bone marrow or sperm cells.     

Human bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the city of Torino, Italy

Several physiologically based extraction procedures have been proposed to estimate the fraction of the potentially toxic element content that would be bioaccessible in the human gastro-intestinal tract following accidental ingestion of soil. Many of these procedures are complex, they have been applied to a very limited range of soils, and most work has focussed on arsenic and lead. In the present study, a simplified, two-stage extraction, simulating the human stomach and intestine, was developed and applied to urban soil samples from ten public-access areas in the City of Torino, Italy. The human oral bioaccessibility of chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc was estimated. Lead and zinc bioaccessibilities were found to be higher in the stomach, but chromium was more bioaccessible in the intestine. Analyte concentrations were higher in roadside soils than in soils from parks. A higher proportion of the soil metal content was found in bioaccessible forms at roadsides than in parks. Comparison of the current findings with results of earlier work involving sequential extraction of the same soils indicated that the sequential procedure gave a relative, but not an absolute, indication of bioaccessibility. Calculations based on the bioaccessible analyte concentrations suggest that ingestion of only 2–3 g of some of the roadside soil samples from Torino could deliver the tolerable daily oral intake of chromium, nickel and lead to a 20-kg child. The developed procedure is useful for preliminary screening of soils and prediction of whether their bioaccessible metal contents are likely to pose a risk to human health.     

Changes over time in persistent organic pollutants (POP) concentrations in human milk in the Republic of Moldova

Persistent organic pollutants (POP) in human milk originating from various sources are used as environmental exposure markers. Further, mothersmilk is a predominant pathway for human exposure for suckling infants to POP. The aim of present study was to provide baseline and time trend information on human milk POP concentrations in the Republic of Moldova. A pooled sample of breast milk was analyzed in 2009 and 2015 and health risk evaluated by comparing reference values of humans' daily intake with estimated daily intake (EDI). Results showed decreases for concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, heptachlor, α and β-hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans between sampling periods. Regardless of the decrease, EDI was higher than reference values for dioxins toxic equivalents, polychlorinated biphenyls and β-hexachlorocyclohexane in both phases. However, increased levels were detected for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (twofold) and hexabromocyclododecane (threefold) from 2009 to 2015, but the EDI in both phases is much lower than the reference. The decline in certain POP levels may be attributed to coordinated efforts undertaken by national and international entities to regulate these compounds. The basis for the elevated levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane remains unknown but raises concerns regarding lactational exposure.     

In Vitro法评估铅污染土壤对人体的生物有效性

采用基于生理学的In Vitro实验，测定经口无意摄入的铅污染土壤在人体内的生物有效性。通过模拟人体的胃和小肠环境，研究土壤中铅被消化道吸收的最大量。结果表明，在铅污染土壤中施加羟基磷灰石后，铅对人体的生物有效性下降约20倍。     

阿维菌素对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)的毒性影响

通过单次饲喂高浓度阿维菌素药液以及连续饲喂亚致死浓度阿维菌素药液进行意大利蜜蜂的经口染毒,从而探讨阿维菌素对意大利蜜蜂的急性及慢性毒性影响。结果表明,阿维菌素对意大利蜜蜂急性经口毒性48 h半数致死剂量(48 h-LD50)为0.00700μg a.i.·蜂-1,慢性经口毒性240 h每日半数致死剂量(240 h-LDD50)为0.000308μg a.i.·蜂-1·天-1。在亚致死效应方面,0.0233 mg a.i.·L-1和0.0467 mg a.i.·L-1处理组在168 h后摄食量出现明显的减少,说明阿维菌素中毒已经严重影响意大利蜜蜂的觅食和摄食能力。同时,由于摄食量的下降以及阿维菌素的毒性作用,造成了0.0467 mg a.i.·L-1处理组意大利蜜蜂体重的大幅度下降,试验前后的体重变化率达到-54.84%。意大利蜜蜂爬行能力的测定结果显示,各处理组的爬行通过率均低于对照组,特别是0.0117 mg a.i.·L-1处理组、0.0233 mg a.i.·L-1处理组和0.0467 mg a.i.·L-1处理组(P0.05)。综上所述,阿维菌素对意大利蜜蜂的急性经口毒性为高毒,较高剂量染毒会引起意大利蜜蜂的直接死亡;此外,长期接触较低浓度的阿维菌素,一方面会损害意大利蜜蜂的运动能力,如爬行、飞行能力的减弱;另一方面意大利蜜蜂生理方面也会遭到威胁,表现为摄食量下降、体重减轻,甚至死亡。因此,在施用该农药时应尽量避开蜜蜂栖息地,同时避免在蜜源植株花期时施用。