山西省稷山和永济两地矮牡丹体内无机元素含量的比较

采用原子吸收分光光度法和比色法测定了山西省稷山和永济两地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中的10种元素(K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb),分析比较了各种元素在不同地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中的分布规律及不同地区矮牡丹对无机元素的吸收富集能力.结果表明,两地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中无机元素含量无显著性差异;土壤及植株不同器官间元素含量也无显著性差异;两地区矮牡丹对不同元素的富集系数有显著差异,差异主要表现在对Cd(永济0.457,稷山0.213)和Ni(永济0.093,稷山0.167)的富集上,植株不同器官之间的富集系数无显著差异.表4参9     

新疆沙冬青和蒙古沙冬青叶片及其生境土壤中15种无机元素的含量比较

采用单道扫描等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)和微波消解仪测定了新疆沙冬青和蒙古沙冬青两种珍稀植物的叶片及生境土壤环境中15种无机元素(Al、B、Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Na、Ba、La、Co、Ni、Pb、Rb和Ti)的含量,其中两种沙冬青叶片及生境土壤中含量最大的元素均为Ca,最小的均为Co.应用两个独立样本检验(Independent-samples T Test)中的曼-惠特尼U检验法(Mann-Whitney U)分析15种无机元素的差异性,结果显示,两种沙冬青的土壤环境相似;叶片的无机元素除了5种元素(B、Fe、Co、Ni和Ti)呈现显著性差异以外,其余元素含量差异不显著;通过比较叶片和土壤的元素含量发现,15种元素均呈现显著性差异;通过叶片内无机元素的浓度与生境土壤中该元素浓度的比值比较,发现Pb和Ti两种元素的叶片内浓度与生境土壤中浓度比值存在显著差异.图1表7参25     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

安徽宿州地区石灰岩-土壤元素迁移及质量评价

通过野外采样及室内分析测试,对宿州石灰岩土壤质量状况、成土作用过程中元素迁移规律及影响因素进行研究.结果表明,宿州地区石灰岩土壤P、Sr较缺乏,K、Ca、Fe、Mn和Cu含量丰富,S、Zn含量适中;在岩石-土壤作用过程中,Ca、Cu和Sr元素亏损,其他元素全部富集;主成分分析提取4个主成分,解释累计总方差77.03%,其中元素Si、Zr、Ca、Ti、Al、K、Mn主要受控于自身化学行为(PC1);Rb、Fe、V、Th、Cr主要受区域环境影响(PC2);PC3和PC4分别对元素Pb、Sr、As和Cu、Zn有较高的贡献,暗示此两种因素为后期人类活动.     

不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态

对福建东山赤山林场不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝中的钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)元素含量及其再吸收率动态进行了研究.结果表明,海岸梯度对短枝木麻黄小枝中各元素含量及其再吸收率均具有显著影响.在各海岸梯度上,K再吸收率为正值,且基干林带的再吸收率显著低于其它样地,Fe和Zn为负值,Ca、Mg和Na再吸收率在防护林带前沿为负值,而在后沿林为正值,Mn则相反.这表明,基干林带严重的环境胁迫显著降低了短枝木麻黄小枝的养分再吸收率.短枝木麻黄成熟小枝中的K、Mg含量与其再吸收率存在显著正相关,而Na和Fe与其再吸收率存在显著负相关,其它元素与其再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.除K外,各元素在衰老小枝中的含量与相应元素再吸收率之间均存在显著负相关,表明元素再吸收程度越高,其再吸收率就越高.Ca、Mg、Na和Fe再吸收率之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),Zn除与Mn再吸收率呈显著正相关外,与其它元素均表现为负相关,Mn则与其它元素再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.因而短枝木麻黄小枝中不同类型的养分状况对其再吸收率具有不同的影响.表5参42     

不同攀援角度裂叶牵牛叶片金属元素含量变化及其相关性分析

为研究攀援角度对藤本植物金属元素含量的影响,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了不同攀援角度裂叶牵牛叶片中10种金属元素含量,并对金属元素含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:攀援角度处理对裂叶牵牛叶片的金属元素含量产生不同程度的影响.攀援角度对Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd含量影响显著.大量元素对攀援角度的敏感性小于微量元素.随攀援角度增加(从0°到90°攀援角),叶片Mg、Zn和Mn含量显著增加,而Cd含量显著下降;K、Ca、Na和Fe含量呈"U"型变化趋势;从30°到90°攀援角,Pb含量呈增加趋势;Cu含量的变化规律不明显.相关分析表明,攀援角度与Mg、Zn、Mn含量呈显著的正相关,与Cd含量呈显著负相关;攀援角度与Ca、Na、K、Fe、Cu和Pb含量之间的相关性未达到显著水平.10种金属元素中呈正相关的元素多于负相关元素.其中,Mg、Zn、Mn和Cd在金属元素之间的协同或拮抗中发挥主要作用.     

菌根真菌处理下滇重楼对营养元素的吸收和积累

通过室温盆栽接种实验,研究在灭菌土壤中,不同丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌处理对滇重楼不同采收期的根际土壤和药材中N、P、K、Mg、Na、Ca等10种营养元素吸收积累的影响.结果表明,接种不同AM真菌可增加果熟期重楼药材中Mg、Na、Zn、Ni等营养元素的含量,并能降低重金属离子Cu的含量,而衰老期无明显差异;还可对滇重楼根际土壤中N、P、K、Mn、Ni等营养元素浓度产生一定影响,增强滇重楼对Mg、Zn、Ni的富集能力.在滇重楼的生长过程中,根际土壤和药材中的营养元素含量间存在相关性:成熟期根际土壤中Na含量与药材中N含量呈正相关,衰老期根际土壤P含量与药材中N、Mg含量呈负相关.土壤与药材中的营养元素含量相互影响,并对药材的品质形成有较大影响.故可通过接种AM真菌增加根际土壤和滇重楼药材中相关营养元素的含量,从而起到提高重楼品质的作用.     

内蒙古羊草草原植物营养元素的含量特征

植物对营养元素的吸收利用是生态系统物质循环的关键过程,同时也是退化草地生态系统恢复和重建的重要问题。为探讨草原生态系统植物对元素的吸收利用规律,在内蒙古锡林河流域的羊草草原选取羊草(Leymus chinensis、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、西伯利亚羽茅(Achnatherum.sibirica)、芯芭(Cymbaria dahurica.)、洽草(Koeleria cristata)等11种主要植物为研究对象,分析比较了10种营养元素的含量特征。结果表明,(1)研究区主要植物各元素含量特征属于w(K)w(Ca)w(Mg)型。元素的变异系数均小于1,元素种间差异不显著。(2)相关性分析表明,C和Fe、C和Cu、N和K、N和Mg、P和K、P和Mg、Ca和Mg、Fe和Cu均为极显著相关(P≤0.01),C和Fe、C和Cu是负相关,其它均为正相关;N和P、N和Ca、K和Mg显著正相关(P≤0.05)。(3)禾本科植物具有低N-P-K-Ca特征,Fe、Cu元素含量较高,非禾本科物种Mn、Zn、P、Mg、Ca、K、N、C元素含量较高,其中Ca、K、Mg元素达到极显著差异(P≤0.01),N达到显著差异(P≤0.05)。(4)利用主成分分析法对植物营养元素水平进行综合评价,表明芯芭、洽草、菊叶委陵菜的营养元素含量水平较高,吸收营养元素的能力较强。     

黔西北土壤-植被系统元素地球化学特征及其生态关系

在黔西北不同地区采集地带性和非地带性植物样品和对应的土壤样品,分析了元素在土壤和植物中的含量。结果表明:黔西北自然状态下土壤N、P、K含量低,Ca、Mg元素空间变异较大,微量元素含量大多小于贵州土壤背景值,Co具有明显富集特征,As为区内高背景值元素,Cd污染较严重;盐肤木、鸢尾和马尾松等具有较强的Cd吸收能力,且鸢尾能同时较好地吸收Cd和As;同种植物在不同成土母岩区的元素生物吸收系数差异较大,同种植物在碳酸盐岩区的生物吸收系数要大于碎屑岩区,吸收系数主要受土壤p H和共吸附作用的共同影响。此外,Co和Cd、Cu和Zn的生物吸收系数存在显著相关性,土壤P可能会抑制植物对Cu和Pb的吸收。     

野生苦刺花元素含量的测定分析

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了云南野生蔬菜苦刺花中的硫(以S计),磷(以P计),钾(以K计),钙(以Ca计),镁(以Mg计),铁(以Fe计),锌(以Zn计),铜(以Cu计),锰(以Mn计)9种矿质元素的含量.实验表明:苦刺花中含有对人体有益的P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Cu等矿质元素.苦刺花中各矿质元素之间存在差异,这种差异与土壤中各元素含量和植物对元素的吸收有关.用ICP-AES测定辣椒中微量元素对此类资源的充分利用有重要的指导意义.表1,参24.     

茂兰喀斯特森林常见钙生植物叶片元素含量及其化学计量学特征

喀斯特森林植物的生态适应性及其对环境变异的生态响应和调控机制是喀斯特森林生态系统稳定性维护和退化生态系统恢复重建必需明确的关键科学问题。为探讨喀斯特森林植物的生态适应性调控机制,本文以茂兰喀斯特森林几种常见钙生植物为研究对象,分别对其叶片10种必需元素进行了测定分析。结果表明：含量大于10000 mg·kg^-1的元素有N、K和Ca,1000～10000 mg·kg^-1的元素有P、Mg和S,100～1000 mg·kg^-1的元素有Fe和Mn,小于100 mg·kg^-1的元素有Zn和Ni。这些元素中,除 P 外均高于已报道的陆生高等植物所需元素的合适组织浓度,但仍全部处于世界陆生维管植物元素平均含量范围内。元素含量特点是w（Ca）＞w（K）＞w（Mg）型。P、Mg、Fe的频数分布呈正态分布,N、K、Ca、S、Mn、Zn、Ni呈对数正态分布。元素间的相关分析表明,N和S、P和Mg、K和S、Ca和Mg、Ca和Zn具有极显著正相关关系（P≤0.01）, Mg和Zn也具有显著正相关关系,而N和Fe、S和Fe具有显著负相关关系（P≤0.05）。根据植物叶片w（Ca＋Mg）含量,冷水花（Pilea notate）、荔波唇柱苣苔（Chirita liboensis）和掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）属于嗜钙型植物,石山吴茱萸（Evodia calcicola）属于喜钙型植物,黄梨木（Beniodendron minus）、单性木兰（Kmeria septentrionalis）、南天竹（Nandina domestica）、粗糠柴（Mallotus philippensis）、石山桂（Cinnamomum calcareum）和黔竹（Dendrocalamus tsiangii）属于随遇型植物,贵州悬竹（Ampelocalamus calcareous）属于厌钙型植物,荔波鹅耳枥（Carpinus lipoensis）、石山胡颓子（Elaeagnus calcarea）介于喜钙型植物和随遇型植物之间,石山楠（Phoebe calcarea）介于随遇型植物和厌钙型植物之间。对叶片元素化学计量比值的分析表明,喀斯特钙生植物具有低P、K和高Ca、Mg的特点,绝大部分植物属于P     

不同栽培基质对石山珍稀濒危植物苗期生长的影响

对 6种石山珍稀濒危植物在石灰岩土壤和酸性红壤上的苗期生长状况及体内化学元素含量进行了对比研究 ,结果表明 :(1 )每种植物在 2种土壤上的物候学特征基本一致 ;(2 )小花异裂菊和青檀在石灰岩土壤上生长量比酸性土壤上高 ,海南椴在酸性土壤上生长量比石灰岩土壤上高 ;(3 ) 6种植物体内Ca、B 2种化学元素的含量是石灰岩土上比酸性土上高 ;除小花异裂菊外 ,Al在其它 5种植物中的含量都是酸性土上高于石灰岩土上 ,小花异裂菊则是石灰岩土上高于酸性土上 ;(4 )K、Zn、B的生物吸收系数是石灰岩土高于酸性土 ,而N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Mn则是酸性土高于石灰岩土。     

姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

Mineral status of soils and forage in the Mole National Park,Ghana and implications for wildlife nutrition

Geochemical mapping of soils and selected plant species has been carried out in the Mole National Park, Ghana. The distribution of the essential nutrients: cobalt, copper and manganese is largely controlled by bedrock geology, while the geochemical dispersion of Ca, I, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na and Zn has been modified by soil and hydromorphic processes. From selective extraction experiments, Fe, Mn and Co are found to be largely fixed in the soil mineral fraction. Larger proportions of Cu, I, Mo, Se and Zn are EDTA extractable and have a high chelation potential.Cobalt, Cu and Mn were preferentially concentrated in grass species while molybdenum and selenium are concentrated in browse plants. Copper uptake is antagonistic to Fe, Mo and Zn accumulation in all plant and grass samples. Similarly, Se and Mn appear antagonistic and Fe uptake is antagonistic to Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn.The low concentration of P points to a potential dietary deficiency of this element throughout the park. Cobalt deficiency may also occur due to a love extractability of these elements in the soils and low concentration in plants. However, the lack of data on the elemental requirements of wildlife allows only tentative conclusions to be drawn.     

Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety

Eighteen representative sites for the Austrian grain-growing and eight for the potato-growing zones (soils and crops) were investigated. On each site, total element contents (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sr and Zn) were determined in 4–12 varieties of winter wheat (n = 136), 6 varieties of spring durum wheat (n = 30), 5 varieties of winter durum wheat (n = 15), 7 varieties of rye (n = 49), 5 varieties of spring barley (n = 30) and 5 varieties of potatoes (n = 40). Element accumulations in grain species and potato tubers varied significantly with site conditions, with the main exceptions for B in potatoes and wheat as well as for Zn, Cu and Co in durum wheat. On average, across all investigated sites, differences in varieties occurred concerning the elements Ca, Cd, Ba, Sr and Zn (except Zn in potatoes and winter durum). A rough estimation revealed that an average Austrian consumer of wheat, rye and potatoes meets more than 50% of the needs of daily element intake for K, P and Mg, between 36 and 72% for Fe, Zn and Cu, and more than 100% for Co, Mo and Mn. In particular, the elements Ca and Na have to be added from other sources.     

Environmental effects on mineral accumulation in rice grains and identification of ecological specific QTLs

Optimizing the beneficial mineral elements in rice grains is of interest for rice breeders. To study the environmental effects on mineral accumulation in rice grains, we grew a double-haploid (DH) population derived from the cross between cultivars Chunjiang 06 (CJ06, a japonica rice) and TN1 (an indica rice) under two different ecological environments (Lingshui and Hangzhou, China) and determined the content of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn in brown rice. These contents show transgressive variation among the DH lines. Subsequently, the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mineral accumulation in rice grain were mapped on the chromosomes using CJ06/TN1 population. For the 7 mineral elements investigated, 23 and 9 QTLs were identified for Lingshui and Hangzhou, respectively. Of these, 24 QTLs were reported for the first time in this study and 8 QTLs are consistent with previous reports. Only 2 QTLs for Mg accumulation have been detected in both environments, indicating that mineral accumulation QTLs in rice grains are largely environment dependent. Additionally, co-localizations of QTLs for Mn and Zn, Mg and P, and Mg and Mn accumulation have been observed, implying that these loci might be involved in the accumulation of different elements. Furthermore, the QTLs for the accumulation of Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn were mapped to a region close to each other on chromosomes 8 and 9, suggesting that clusters of genes exist on chromosomes 8 and 9. Further characterization of these QTLs will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for mineral accumulation in rice grains.     

A contribution to the distribution of some chemical elements inMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum during reinstatement of the Leegmoor,Emsland, FRG

The concentrations of Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn were determined by AES/ICP inMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum grown in the Leegmoor, which is in reinstatement. In the soil substrate analytical detection limits were obtained for Ag, Co, Li, Mo and Rb and additionally for Al, Be, Cd, Cr, La, Li, Ni, Pb, Ti and V in plants. Compared with mineral soils, the concentration of elements in peat is low. The elements K and P were enriched byMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum, and in addition Mn and Zn byEriophorum vaginatum. Altogether the ability of accumulation essential elements seem to be more efficient byEriophorum vaginatumthan byMolinia caerulea, which can be an ecophysiological advantage on peats, whereMolinia caerulea is normally not distributed.     

Geographic variation in statolith trace elements of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, in high seas of Eastern Pacific Ocean

We applied the solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify trace elements in statoliths of Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, collected from the high seas off Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica by Chinese squid jigging vessels during 2007–2009. All squid samples were aged and their spawning dates were back-calculated based on daily increments in statoliths. The most abundant trace elements in the whole statolith were Ca and Sr followed by other elements in the order of Fe, Mg, Zn, Ba, Cu, Mn, Ni, Al, Cr, Co, and U. Significant differences in Mn and Sr were found among samples from the three regions. Sr, Ni, Mn, and Co contributed significantly to the discrimination among the regions, with Co responsible for explaining most of the variation, followed by Ni, Mn, and Sr. Squid from the high seas off Costa Rica could be separated from those off Peru and Chile mostly due to the differences in Ni, Sr, and Co, while samples off Peru and Chile could be distinguished mainly because of differences in Mn and Co. Discriminant function analysis suggested that the overall cross-validated classification rate was 85.6 % with samples off Chile having the highest correct identification rates and samples off Costa Rica having the highest false classification rates. Significant positive relationships were found between sea surface temperature (SST) and Cr/Ca, Mn/Ca, and U/Ca, and there was a negative relationship between SST and Cu/Ca, Sr/Ca. This study suggests that the spatial difference in trace elements of statolith can be used to separate geographic populations of D. gigas and that elements having significant relationships with SST can be considered as natural indicators of ambient temperature.