表层土壤中有机污染物的光化学行为

本文首先简要介绍了光化学反应的基本原理，然后，重点介绍了研究表层土壤中有机污染物光化学行为的实验方法，影响光化学行为的因素及影响机理，光化学反应与吸附，迁移等的互相作用。最后阐述了这方面存在的问题，并且提出了一些建议。     

Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物体系的光解特性

以Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学过程中产生的Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH为主要检测对象,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学反应的基本规律及影响因素。结果表明,体系的光化学过程能产生Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH;产生Fe(Ⅱ)的速率远高于产生.OH的速率;Fe(Ⅱ)生成浓度在pH 3.50时最大,.OH则在pH 3.00时最大;配合物的光化学过程中会伴随pH的升高;在照度为3.6×103Lux的日光灯照射下,Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物初级光解的速率常数为2.1×10-3S-1;Fe(Ⅱ)是高价重金属的主要还原剂,.OH是有机物的主要氧化剂。     

助溶剂甲醇对化学物质紫外光解的影响

在研究微量有机化学污染物的光化学行为时,为了增加难溶于水的药品溶解度,往往采用甲醇作助溶剂。但对反应体系中助溶剂甲醇对光化学反应的影响缺乏系统研究。以高压汞灯为光源,以萘普生(NP)及其光解产物NP_1和NP_2为研究对象,通过对比纯水、1%甲醇和1%异丙醇反应体系中的实验结果发现,少量助溶剂甲醇在紫外光照下对羟基自由基的淬灭效果接近于异丙醇。结合检测到的中间产物,推导了NP的光解路径主要为光致脱羧、羟基自由基夺氢、自由基耦合等反应过程。在助溶剂甲醇存在的体系中,甲醇能与萘普生发生酯化反应,并通过淬灭羟基自由基,影响萘普生的光解反应,从而导致实验结果误读。因此,在光化学实验研究中,应该排除助溶剂甲醇对实验结果的影响。     

基于荧光猝灭的地表水光化学BOD微生物传感器的研究

选择大肠埃希氏菌、热带假丝酵母、枯草芽胞杆菌以及3种菌株间的混合菌等淡水微生物菌株,利用有机改性溶胶-凝胶包埋法在载玻片上分别固定不同淡水微生物菌株和氧猝灭荧光探针,制备出不同光化学BOD微生物传感膜,与光纤BOD测定仪耦合成光化学BOD微生物传感器.比较了单株菌、混合菌不同光化学BOD微生物传感器的荧光响应行为、重金...     

天然水体中亚硝酸根和硝酸根的光化学研究进展

综述了近年来亚硝酸根和硝酸根 (NO-2 /NO-3 )在天然水体中的环境光化学研究进展。重点介绍了NO-2 /NO-3 光解生成活性氧 (如羟基 )的机理及其影响因素 ,探讨了NO-2 /NO-3 光解引发天然水体中有机物反应的环境意义 ,并据此提出了本领域今后的研究方向     

不同条件下Fe(Ⅲ)催化有机酸光化学还原 Cr(Ⅵ)的比较研究

为开发含Cr(Ⅵ)废水处理工艺提供必要资料,对不同条件下Fe(Ⅲ)催化有机酸光化学还原Cr(Ⅵ)进行了比较研究.研究结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原不仅受pH、Fe(Ⅲ)或有机酸的起始浓度以及共存阳离子的影响,而且还与有机酸种类有关.低pH的酸性条件有利于cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原,在pH 3.0条件下经3h后的还原率达89.9％,在pH 5.0经3h后其还原率为37.3％.Fe(Ⅲ)或有机酸起始浓度增高会促进Cr(Ⅵ)的还原,在pH3.0和Fe(Ⅲ)浓度高于Cr(Ⅵ)浓度条件下导致在3h后Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原率达100％.共存Al(Ⅲ)或Cu(Ⅱ)会抑制Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原.由Fe(Ⅲ)催化3种有机酸对Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原作用大小次序为:酒石酸＞柠檬酸＞苹果酸.还对不同条件影响Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原可能机制作了讨论.     

利用紫外光降解多氯联苯(PCBs)的研究进展

本文综述了PCBs在各种溶剂中的紫外光化学反应特性和降解途径 :PCB的光化学反应以氢取代氯的脱氯反应为主 ,除此之外 ,在水或醇等极性溶液中 ,还存在羟基化反应 ;PCB的光化学反应活性与其氯原子的数量和取代位置有关。文章最后还简述了光降解在治理受PCB污染土壤方面的应用     

改性膨润土对水中苯胺光化学降解的催化作用研究

研究了改性膨润土对水中苯胺光化学降解的催化作用.试验了水中苯胺的光化学降解的适宜条件.结果表明,改性膨润土能有效地催化苯胺的光化学降解.     

利用紫外光降解多氯联苯（PCBs）的研究进展

本文综述了PCBs在各种溶剂中的紫外光化学反应特性和降解途径：PCB的光化学反应以氢取代氯的脱氯反应为主,除此之外,在水或醇等极性溶液中,还存在羟基化反应;PCB的光化学反应活性与其氯原子的数量和取代位置有关。文章最后还简述了光降解在治理受PCB污染土壤方面的应用。     

改性膨润土对水中萃胺光化学降解的催化作用研究

研究了改性膨润土对水中苯胺光化学降解的催化作用，试验了水中苯胺的光化学降解的适宜条件，结果表明，改性膨润土能有效地催化苯胺的光化学降解。     

Photochemical behavior of parathion in the presence of humic acids from different origins

This paper reports the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation of pesticide ethyl parathion in the presence of humic acids. Ethyl parathion was completely degraded in 300 min using an artificial lamp of 7.41 x 10(-10) einstein/s. Humic acid from peat did not influence the photochemical rate (k = 8.92 x 10(-3) min). However, in the presence of aquatic humic acid, the photochemical rate was higher (11.5 x 10(-3) min). The analytical determinations show the presence of p-nitrophenol and aminophenol in the reaction medium during the photochemical experiments. The kinetic of degradation in all experiments obeyed a first-order reaction pattern.     

Heterogeneous photocatalytic effect of zinc oxide on photochemical smog formation reaction of C4H8-NO2-air

As a model of heterogeneous photochemical smog formation reaction, butene-NO₂-air systems in the presence of zinc oxide were experimentally studied using a flowing reaction system. Zinc oxide revealed a remarkable photocatalytic action which involved the production of hitherto unreported species such as cyano-compounds (HCN and CH₃CN) as well as a striking change in the distribution of the reaction products (aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, alkyl nitrates, HNO₃, CO, CO₂, etc.). It is confirmed that ZnO little affected the initial process of gas-phase photochemical reactions but interacted photocatalytically with the gas-phase reaction products.     

Photochemistry and environment IV- Photochemical behaviour of monochlorophenols in dilute aqueous solution

The photochemical behaviour of chlorophenols is different to that of non-halogenated phenols. In the former, the first step is a C-Cl bond scission, which is not influenced by oxygen. Chlorine is converted into hydrochloric acid. For monochlorophenols, the position of the chlorine on the ring strongly influences the transformation. In the molecular form, 2-chlorophenol is converted into pyrocatechol. In the anionic form however, it is reduced in a cyclopentadienic acid which dimerizes according to a Diels-Alder reaction. The irradiation of 3-chlorophenol leads to resorcinol whatever the pH. This would appear to suggest a photohydrolysis mechanism. With 4-chlorophenol, the photochemical conversion is not so specific. Hydroquinone is formed (mainly in aerated solution), along with polyphenolic oligomers. A radical mechanism is proposed.     

Photochemical Behavior of Parathion in the Presence of Humic Acids from Different Origins

This paper reports the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation of pesticide ethyl parathion in the presence of humic acids. Ethyl parathion was completely degraded in 300 min using an artificial lamp of 7.41 × 10^{? 10} einstein/s. Humic acid from peat did not influence the photochemical rate (k = 8.92 × 10^?3 min). However, in the presence of aquatic humic acid, the photochemical rate was higher (11.5 × 10^?3 min). The analytical determinations show the presence of p-nitrophenol and aminophenol in the reaction medium during the photochemical experiments. The kinetic of degradation in all experiments obeyed a first-order reaction pattern.     

Photochemical persistence of sulfa drugs in aqueous medium: kinetic study and mathematical simulations

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aimed at investigating the photochemical behavior of sulfa drugs containing five and six-membered heterocyclic substituents...     

Interpretation of Meteorological Pollutant Roses in Areas Subject to Nocturnal Drainage Winds

The composition of aerosol particle products formed from the photochemical reaction of terpenes with NO_x and the chemical reaction of terpenes with ozone was determined using direct insertion probe/high resolution mass spectrometry. Samples of the aerosol particles generated from these gas phase reactions were collected on stainless steel disks using a specially-designed impactor. The samples were analyzed using computer-controlled high resolution mass spectrometry. The photochemical reaction of limonene with NO_x produced more than 30 reaction products in the aerosol phase. The major products identified included aldehydes, alcohols, acids, peroxides, and nitrate esters of alcohols, acids, and peroxides. In addition, there was evidence of dimeric and possibly trimeric reaction products. The composition of aerosol particle products formed from the dark reaction of ozone with limonene was determined and found similar to those products generated in the photochemical reaction, excluding the nitrated species. Aerosol concentrations were monitored using nephelometry which indicated a conversion of terpene to aerosol of 50% or greater for both the limonene and terpinolene reaction systems. The results show that direct insertion probe high resolution mass spectrometric technique has the capability for determining the composition of very polar and high molecular weight materials in aerosol particles. The composition of terpene aerosol particle products and the mass spectral data obtained from their analysis can be used in further studies to determine the importance of terpene aerosol particle formation in ambient air.     

Photoinduced addition of the fungicide anilazine to cyclohexene and methyl oleate as model compounds of plant cuticle constituents

Photoreactions, initiated by sunlight irradiation, between organochlorine pesticides and olefinic compounds of plant cuticles have been postulated. Concerning the formation of bound residues, which so far have not been detectable by common analytical techniques, photoaddition reactions are of main interest. In order to study the photochemical behavior of chlorinated fungicides, anilazine was irradiated in cyclohexene and methyl oleate as model compounds for olefinic plant cuticle constituents. Anilazine extensively reacted with the cis-double bond of both model compounds via radical mechanisms. In addition to a dechlorinated photoproduct several addition products were formed showing plausible reaction pathways for the formation of bound residues in plant cuticles. Photoproducts were isolated by preparative HPLC and analyzed by HPLC, MS, 1H-, and 13C-NMR.     

A novel transformation pathway of p-arsanilic acid in water by colloid ferric hydroxide under UVA light

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Iron species that occur in natural surface water could affect the photochemical behavior of pollutants. Complexation between iron species and...     

Semiconductor-assisted photodegradation of lignin, dye, and kraft effluent by Ag-doped ZnO

This work reports a preliminary study of semiconductor-assisted photochemical degradation of lignin, Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Kraft E1 paper effluent by using ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO photocatalysts. The doped semiconductor was prepared in the reaction media by photoreduction of silver nitrate. With the use of 100 mg of ZnO and 15 mg of Ag-ZnO, almost total decolorization of the dye and lignin samples in reaction times lower than 60 min were observed. Extending the photochemical reaction up to 120 min, the total organic carbon content (TOC) was reduced in 90%. For the paper effluent, a fast decolorization was obtained for relatively short reaction times. However, de TOC reduction was negligible (near of 10%) up to high reaction times (300 min). By using the Ag-ZnO photocatalyst, the toxicity of lignin and Kraft E1 effluent toward E. Coli was completely removed. For the dye, the formation of transient toxic species was observed.     

An Evaluation of the Fuel Factor Through Direct Measurement of Photochemical Reactivity of Emissions

Findings in research at the Bureau of Mines Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center show that photochemical reactivities of vehicular emissions are reliably measured in laboratory experiments in which smog manifestations are observed directly. Results of the direct smog-chamber measurements reveal that the photochemical behavior of emissions may differ significantly from the behavior that is predicted from the exhaust composition using reactivity scales. The concept of direct measurement of reactivity was applied to determine differences in characteristics of emissions from 20 passenger vehicles, each tested using 10 different fuels. The primary objective of the fuel study was to assess the over-all effect on vehicle emissions of fuel modifications designed to reduce the photochemical pollution associated with automotive evaporative losses. A similar, brief, comparative study of leaded and nonleaded fuels was also made. Reducing volatility was found to reduce the over-all smog potential of vehicle emissions but involved some penalty by way of increased exhaust emissions. Replacing light olefin with the corresponding paraffin also reduced over-all smog potential and in this case exhaust reactivity was not affected. In general greater smog potential was found to be associated with prototype nonleaded fuels than with leaded fuels typical of products currently marketed.