土地利用规划的生态满意度评价与环境影响分析

摘 要： 土地利用总体规划的环境影响包括对传统环境影响评价要素的影响及对区域人-地系统的影响。土地利用总体规划中的刚性方案与弹性方案的环境影响有着不同的表现形式,它们使得土地利用规划的环境影响评价变得更为复杂。鉴于土地利用总体规划这一环境影响评价对象的特殊性,提出了土地利用总体规划环境影响分析与生态满意度评价的方法。根据仙桃市土地利用总体规划方案,识别了各种污染源。在MAPGIS支持下进行了面域分析与空间统计处理,预测了规划实施后主要环境指标的变化;根据预测的规划实施后的生态指标变化,进行生态满意度评价。结果表明：规划区预测生态满意度值为7485,生态环境总体处于良好水平,但水污染还比较严重,应该加强治理,固体废物无害化处理也应该得到重视。土地利用总体规划环境影响评价存在着诸多不确定性,评价过程中应根据规划内容与区域差异选择合适的指标建构生态满意度评价体系。     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment,简称SEA）的发展,SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制,目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价,以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上,提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价,宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势;生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较,避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失;物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据;受研究水平限制,基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

洞庭湖滩地围垦及其对生态环境的影响

本文研究了建国以来洞庭湖区围垦利用方式及动态变化,分析了湖泊滩地浮涨,围垦利用与泥沙沉积的双重循环影响关系,在此基础上探讨了湖滩地围垦利用对生态环境的影响以及对湖滩地利用应采取的对策措施。     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment，简称SEA）的发展，SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制，目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价，以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上，提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价，宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势；生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较，避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失；物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据；受研究水平限制，基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

Pesticides exposure in Pakistan: a review

This is the first systematic review of studies done since 1960, and to give an integrated picture of pesticides exposure to humans, animals, plants, waters, soils/sediments, atmosphere etc. in Pakistan. Authors have extracted data from different departments, published literature in research journals and National reports. Although the wide-spread usage of pesticides in Pakistan has controlled the pests, but like other countries, it has started causing environmental problems in the area. In some areas of Punjab and Sindh groundwater has been found contaminated and is constantly being under the process of contamination due to pesticide use. There is considerable evidence that farmers have overused and misused pesticides especially in cotton-growing areas. It is evident from the biological monitoring studies that farmers are at higher risk for acute and chronic health effects associated with pesticides due to occupational exposure. Furthermore, the intensive use of pesticides (higher sprays more than the recommended dose) in cotton areas involves a special risk for the field workers, pickers, and of an unacceptable residue concentration in cottonseed oil and cakes. The authors have also discussed the merits and demerits of different studies. The review will set the future course of action of different studies on pesticide exposure in Pakistan. Data limitations are still the major obstacle towards establishing clear environmental trends in Pakistan. The authors suggest that a reliable monitoring, assessment and reporting procedures shall be implemented in accordance with appropriate environmental policies, laws and regulations in order to minimize the pesticides exposure.     

Contamination of shallow wells in Nigeria from surface contaminant migration

Contaminated wells, located in six south/western and western states of Nigeria, were sampled and analysed for pollution characteristics. Results of analysis indicated migration of contaminants into the wells from places where there was a potential source. There was a significant microbiological population in the wells placed near domestic waste sites. Also, there were excessive levels of trace heavy metals in those placed near metal dumping sites. On the other hand, the contaminants were minimal in wells that were not close to polluting sources. The studies revealed that groundwater contamination occurred primarily by dumping of wastes, wrong placement of waste disposal facilities, and improper construction of wells. The groundwater sources (wells, etc.) are used when pipe-borne water facilities are inadequate.     

试论土地复垦学在环境科学中的地位和作用

土地复垦学是一门新兴的综合性应用学科,是土地科学和环境科学的重要分支。本文从土地与环境关系的角度,阐述了土地复垦的必要性,并从土地复垦学的研究对象、任务等方面论述了其在环境科学中的地位和作用。     

The impacts of the waterfront development in Iskandar Malaysia

The increasing number of waterfront projects shows that the concept of waterfront development has contributed to the advancement of the Malaysian construction industry. This study seeks to assess the impacts of the implementation of waterfront development in Iskandar Malaysia eliciting the perceived relative importance of these impacts. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted to collate the potential impacts of the waterfront development. A total of 363 sets of questionnaires were distributed to the contractors and developers registered under G7 category of the Construction Industry Development Board in Malaysia. Results show that the most significant influence of the waterfront development is related to economic benefits, while environmental impacts are not considered as a priority for this category of stakeholders. In addition, this study also indicates that the implementation of the waterfront projects has generated numerous job opportunities within the developed region. Moreover, exchanging knowledge in the planning and managing of the waterfront development is imperative to the development of the waterfront projects. Nevertheless, the shortcomings of these developments, such as the negative environmental impact on natural beaches and the coastline (i.e. pollution) as well as human-related issues (i.e. excessive human settlement), should not be taken lightly. This research confirms that the reclamation of land for waterfront development is closely correlated with the destruction of these natural structures.     

Environmental and economic viability of Alkali Activated Material (AAM) comprising slag,fly ash and spent coffee ground

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a concept of reusing spent coffee ground (CG) as a construction material. Through creating a CG-filled Alkali Activated Material (AAM) with industrial wastes such as fly ash (FA) and slag (S), a strong recycled material was synthesised and found suitable to be used as a road subgrade fill material. Potential groundwater contamination tests were done in accordance to the Australian Standard Leaching Procedure (ASLP). The environmental analysis done on this green material shows that albeit being composed of various industrial wastes and chemicals, CG-filled AAMs in the ground will not cause adverse environmental impacts to surrounding soils and groundwater. Heavy metals and cyanide leached from the AAMs were well below hazardous thresholds. Comparing the carbon footprint of CG, it is found that recycling CG into a construction material would reduce the nett global carbon emission by reducing dependency on quarried material. Cost analyses done on CG-filled AAMs show that these AAMs are expensive to produce relative to traditional construction materials. However, as recycling technology is progressively advancing, in the future the economic value of CG-filled AAM may increase to match those of contemporary construction materials.     

The precautionary principle and chemicals management: The example of perfluoroalkyl acids in groundwater

Already in the late 1990s microgram-per-liter levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were measured in water samples from areas where fire-fighting foams were used or spilled. Despite these early warnings, the problems of groundwater, and thus drinking water, contaminated with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including PFOS are only beginning to be addressed. It is clear that this PFAS contamination is poorly reversible and that the societal costs of clean-up will be high. This inability to reverse exposure in a reasonable timeframe is a major motivation for application of the precautionary principle in chemicals management. We conclude that exposure can be poorly reversible; 1) due to slow elimination kinetics in organisms, or 2) due to poorly reversible environmental contamination that leads to continuous exposure. In the second case, which is relevant for contaminated groundwater, the reversibility of exposure is not related to the magnitude of a chemical's bioaccumulation potential. We argue therefore that all PFASs entering groundwater, irrespective of their perfluoroalkyl chain length and bioaccumulation potential, will result in poorly reversible exposures and risks as well as further clean-up costs for society. To protect groundwater resources for future generations, society should consider a precautionary approach to chemicals management and prevent the use and release of highly persistent and mobile chemicals such as PFASs.     

邹城东滩矿区复垦土壤微生物量碳与#br# 基础呼吸的特征

探究复垦土壤微生物量碳与基础呼吸的特征及其演变归因,有助于监测复垦土壤质量演变,并为提高复垦土壤质量提供科学依据。利用“空间代替时间”的方法研究了邹城东滩矿区复垦土壤微生物量碳（MBC）与基础呼吸（SBR）随复垦年垦的变化及其与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明：复垦土壤MBC和微生物熵（qSMBC）随复垦年限呈增加趋势;复垦土壤SBR均显著高于对照,土壤代谢熵（qCO2）随复垦年限趋于降低,复垦后土壤微生物量逐渐恢复,同时土壤微生物对碳源利用效率逐渐提高,说明土壤环境逐渐有利于土壤微生物的生长。土壤MBC与碱解氮、总氮和有机碳呈极显著正相关（p＜0.01）,反映土壤养分缺乏是复垦后土壤微生物生长的主要限制因素。土壤代谢熵（qCO2）与土壤碱解氮、速效磷和MBC均呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）与pH呈显著正相关（p＜0.05）,说明氮磷等元素的缺乏以及较高的土壤pH环境是限制微生物生长的重要因素。这些对全面监测复垦后土壤质量的演变,并指导今后的复垦工作具有重要理论与实践意义。 关键词： 采煤塌陷区;土壤微生物量碳;土壤微生物熵;基础呼吸     

浅海中海水淡化高盐度尾液排放的试验研究

近年来由于淡水资源短缺和海水淡化处理成本的显著下降,海水淡化产业在全球范围内蓬勃发展。出于环境保护考虑,保证海水淡化后产生的高盐度尾液能够迅速与受纳海水掺混的排放口设计显得尤为重要。目前实践中广泛采用的型式是圆形倾斜淹没式排放,而之前的研究建议倾角设计与水平方向成60°为最佳。但伴随60°倾角的射流上升高度相对较高,可能不适用于排放入浅海海域。应用先进的粒子图像测速（PIV）和平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术在实验室模拟较小角度（30°和45°）的排放,从而研究其掺混及稀释特性。通过实验数据整理得到相应的射流最大上升高度、碰撞点水平距离、碰撞点稀释度等属性,从而为浅海区的海水淡化高盐度尾液排放的工程设计以及相关规定的制定提供参考。     

国内外大型水电工程生态环境监测与保护

简要介绍了世界银行对水电工程的环境政策,概述了埃及阿斯旺、巴西伊泰普、中国的二滩和三峡等四个世界著名水电站的长期环境监测计划和减少负面影响的对策。水电工程对周边环境会产生正面或负面影响,对大型水坝的负面影响作了集中的阐述。埃及的阿斯旺高坝建于20世纪60年代, 当时人们对生态环境影响问题还没有引起重视。长期的生态环境监测结果表明,一些环境影响比如河床侵蚀等实际上被过分夸大,而另外一些,如对传统的制砖业带来的影响又被忽视;巴西的伊泰普水坝在兴建过程中注意了采取措施减少负面影响,如在库周地区植树造林,兴建生物屏障,建立自然保护区,实施动物救护等;中国的二滩水电站由世界银行贷款兴建,并执行了世界银行的环境政策来降低负面影响;这些大型水电工程兴建中的经验给在建的三峡工程提供了有益的借鉴,一系列的环境保护措施正在实施,世界上最大的生态环境监测网络已在三峡库区及相关地区建成。     

Resourceful Utilization of Tannery Wastewater

Leather industry is an important light industry in China.Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment.Degreasing,unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater.Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD,75% of BOD,95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret,furthermore reduce environment impact,decrease treatment costs,save chemicals and water.Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported.The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational,and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery.Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology,updating equipment,and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures.     

Resourceful Utilization of Tannery Wastewater

Abstract

Leather industry is an important light industry in China. Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment. Degreasing, unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater. Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD, 75% of BOD, 95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret, furthermore reduce environment impact, decrease treatment costs, save chemicals and water. Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported. The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational, and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery. Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology, updating equipment, and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures.     

Evolution of electronic waste toxicity: Trends in innovation and regulation

Rapid innovation in printed circuit board, and the uncertainties surrounding quantification of the human and environmental health impacts of e-waste disposal have made it difficult to confirm the influence of evolving e-waste management strategies and regulatory policies on materials. To assess these influences, we analyzed hazardous chemicals in a market-representative set of Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, 1996–2010). We used standard leaching tests to characterize hazard potential and USEtox® to project impacts on human health and ecosystem. The results demonstrate that command-and-control regulations have had minimal impacts on WPCBs composition and toxicity risks; whereas technological innovation may have been influenced more by resource conservation, including a declining trend in the use of precious metals such as gold. WPCBs remain classified as hazardous under U.S. and California laws because of excessive toxic metals. Lead poses the most significant risk for cancers; zinc for non-cancer diseases; copper had the largest potential impact on ecosystem quality. Among organics, acenaphthylene, the largest risk for cancers; naphthalene for non-cancer diseases; pyrene has the highest potential for ecotoxicological impacts. These findings support the need for stronger enforcement of international policies and technology innovation to implement the strategy of design-for-the-environment and to encourage recovery, recycling, and reuse of WPCBs.     

土地利用规划环境影响评价的实例研究——以贵州省毕节地区为例

土地利用规划环境影响评价是针对土地利用的宏观结构调整与布局对环境可能造成的影响作出的预测性评估。当前我国的土地利用规划环境影响评价工作刚刚起步,国内还没有形成公认的范例,旨在通过实例研究建立一个适用于土地利用规划环境影响评价的方法。选用综合指数和协调度指标相结合的方法对贵州省毕节地区的土地利用规划环境影响进行评价,并且系统地探讨了基于该方法的评价指标体系的建立。结果表明,毕节地区土地利用规划修编方案对生态、社会和经济环境的综合影响属中等水平协调,通过适当的环境影响减缓措施加以改善即可。     

Concentrations and environmental fate of Ra in cation-exchange regeneration brine waste disposed to septic tanks and accumulation in sludge, New Jersey Coastal Plain, USA

Concentrations of Ra in liquid and solid wastes generated from 15 softeners treating domestic well waters from New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifers (where combined Ra ((226)Ra plus (228)Ra) concentrations commonly exceed 0.185 Bq L(-1)) were determined. Softeners, when maintained, reduced combined Ra about 10-fold (<0.024 Bq L(-1)). Combined Ra exceeded 0.185 Bq L(-1) at 1 non-maintained system. Combined Ra was enriched in regeneration brine waste (maximum, 81.2 Bq L(-1)), but concentrations in septic-tank effluents receiving brine waste were less than in the untreated ground waters. The maximum combined Ra concentration in aquifer sands (40.7 Bq kg(-1) dry weight) was less than that in sludge from the septic tanks (range, 84-363 Bq kg(-1)), indicating Ra accumulation in sludge from effluent. The combined Ra concentration in sludge from the homeowners' septic systems falls within the range reported for sludge samples from publicly owned treatment works within the region.     

Chemical treatment of oil spills

Chemical treatment methods have been used with varying degrees of success for mitigating the environmental effects resulting from oil spills. These methods include dispersing, herding, and gelling a floating oil slick; sinking the oil; burning the oil mass either on open waters or on the affected shoreline; and applying film-forming chemical agents to protect shorelines from oil than eludes offshore cleanup. The latest technical information on the applicability and effectiveness of these approaches for treating and controlling oil spills is presented.     

Cobalt and secondary poisoning in the terrestrial food chain: data review and research gaps to support risk assessment

Cobalt is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals and has diverse industrial importance. It is cycled in surface environments through many natural processes (e.g. volcanic eruptions, weathering) and can be introduced through numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. burning of coal or oil, or the production of cobalt alloys). The environmental behaviour of cobalt in terrestrial environment is relatively poorly studied and in particular where Co is used in industrial processes, the baseline information to support wider and long-term environmental impacts is widely dispersed. To support the adoption of new EU regulations on the risk assessment of chemicals, we review here the various aspects of the environmental chemistry, fate and transport of Co across environmental interfaces and discuss the toxicology and potential for bio magnification and food chain accumulation. The soil-to-plant transfer of Co appears to be viable route to expose lower trophic levels to biologically significant concentrations and Co is potentially accumulated in biomass and top soil. Evidence for further accumulation through soil-invertebrate transfer and to higher trophic levels is suggested by some studies but this is obscured by the relatively high variability of published transfer data. This variation is not due to one particular aspect of the transfer of Co in terrestrial environments. Influences are from the variability of geological sources within soil systems; the sensitivity of Co mobility to environmental factors (e.g. pH) and the variety of life strategies for metal elimination/use within biological species. Toxic effects of Co have been suggested for some soil-plant animal studies however, uncertainty in the extrapolation from laboratory to field is a major limitation.