表面改性秸秆生物质环境材料对水中PAHs的吸附性能

300~700℃下热解炭化芝麻秸秆8h后,再用H3PO4溶液进行表面改性,制备了芝麻秸秆生物质环境材料.测定了生物质环境材料比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力,并以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中不同固液比(0.01g/32ml和0.02g/32mL)下单一PAHs菲以及复合PAHs萘、苊、菲的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附能力也增强,700°C时比表面积、碘值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的最大值分别为269.95m2/g、434mg/g和150mg/g.生物质环境材料吸附水中PAHs的能力强,700℃时0.01g材料对32mL水中萘、苊、菲的去除率分别高达94.44%、95.47%和100%,均比相同条件下未经H3PO4改性的秸秆生物质环境材料高.     

菲降解菌株GY2B的分离鉴定及其降解特性

对一株菲降解菌进行了鉴定并对其降解特性进行了研究.初步鉴定菌株GY2B为鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonassp.).菌株GY2B有较高的降解效率,当无机盐培养液中菲初始浓度为100mg/L时,48h内对菲降解率达到99.1%.添加100mg/L的葡萄糖和蛋白胨均可以促进菌株的生长和菲的降解,pH值为中性条件时对细胞的生长较为有利.GY2B菌株还能降解1-羟基-2-萘酸、2-萘酚、萘、水杨酸、邻苯二酚和苯酚等多种芳香化合物并利用其为碳源和能源生长繁殖.GY2B菌株对菲的降解可能通过水杨酸途径.     

适应菲胁迫的高效聚磷菌筛选及聚磷特性研究

采用平板法分离菌株、蓝斑筛选和聚磷培养液除磷能力验证3种方法相结合,从太湖底泥样品中分离到2株能够利用菲的高效聚磷菌Y11和Y4-2,经形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）.通过固体平板和液体培养的方法对2株不动杆菌的环境适应能力和聚磷、除磷能力进行了测定,结果显示,2菌株的生长温度范围均为10～35℃,菌株Y11的pH范围为6～9,菌株Y4-2的pH范围为6～8;高磷浓度对菌株Y11的生长没有抑制作用,但对菌株Y4-2的生长产生一定的抑制作用;Y11和Y4-2能在以菲为唯一碳源（50 mg/L）的无机盐平板上良好生长,对菲有一定的适应性.菌株Y11和Y4-2在30℃,170　r/min,1%接种量（体积分数,菌悬液D₆₀₀ =0.4）的条件下,2 mg/L磷浓度的聚磷培养液中最大聚磷率分别为96.13%和94.65%,培养液的磷浓度由2 mg/L分别降至0.08 mg/L和0.11 mg/L;5 mg/L磷浓度的聚磷培养液中最大聚磷率分别为95.94%和71.19%,培养液的磷浓度由5 mg/L分别降至0.20 mg/L和1.44 mg/L;8 mg/L磷浓度的聚磷培养液中最大聚磷率分别为71.24%和47.81%,培养液的磷浓度由8 mg/L分别降至2.30 mg/L和4.18 mg/L.使用2菌株处理云南滇池污水（磷含量为1.01 mg/L）,30℃,170　r/min,4%接种量（菌悬液D₆₀₀ =0.4）条件下,菌株Y11处理6　h后磷浓度由1.01 mg/L降至0.06 mg/L,菌株Y4-2处理48　h后磷浓度由1.01 mg/L降至0.06 mg/L.研究结果表明,菌株Y11和Y4-2对环境的适应性较强,均能高效、快速地降低聚磷培养液和云南滇池水体的磷浓度,不动杆菌Y11的除磷能力和环境适应性都大于菌株Y4-2,菌株Y11适用于南方和北方含磷较高的、菲污染的各种富营养化水体修复,菌株Y4-2更适用于pH8.0以下、低磷和菲污染的富营养化水体修复.     

萘和菲在黄土上的吸附动力学

研究了萘和菲在天然黄土和阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土上的吸附动力学过程。结果表明,萘和菲在阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土上吸附速率比在天然黄土上的快,同时吸附数据都能很好的符合一级动力学方程;吸附速率与起始浓度、温度及黄土本身的性质有关;萘和菲的吸附速率常数k与温度T成负相关。吸附反应的活化能分别为:-6.196~-1.172kJ/mol和-28.86~-15.70kJ/mol;萘和菲在天然黄土和阳离子改性黄土上的吸附速率由膜扩散和孔扩散过程控制,实验数据可以用扩散动力学方程拟合。本研究为理解多环芳烃在土壤中的迁移规律提供了理论基础,同时有助于理解土壤环境中石油污染物的迁移。     

水中铋和锑的原子荧光光谱法优化研究

优化并建立了同时测定水中铋和锑的原子荧光光谱法。考察了仪器负高压和灯电流、原子化器高度、载气和屏蔽气流量、介质酸度、硼氢化钾浓度等测定条件对结果的影响。通过优化确定测定条件:负高压260V、灯电流80mA、原子化器高度10mm、载气流量300mL/min、屏蔽气流量700mL/min、酸度5. 0%、硼氢化钾浓度1. 0%。铋和锑标准曲线在0～40μg/L内线性良好,相关系数分别为0. 9997和0. 9991,方法检出限分别为0. 015和0. 079μg/L,精密度分别为0. 51%～1. 96%和0. 60%～2. 16%,样品加标回收率分别为94. 0%～98. 5%和86. 0%～92. 0%。     

ICP-AES法测定煤矸石中的Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr

取1.000g矸石样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入5mLH2O2放置过夜,加6mL浓HCl,4mL浓HNO3,在微波炉中消解至近干,再加2mLHF,继续消解至粘稠状,用温热稀HCl溶解残渣,转入50mL容量瓶中,加1%HNO3定容,用ICP-AES法测定煤矸中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr。在选定的测定条件下,检出限分别为0.013mg/L、0.0044mg/L、0.0014mg/L和0.0069mg/L;精密度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.4%、3.1%、2.1%;准确度实验铬的回收率在97.5%～106.0%之间。     

典型多环芳烃对红树林区硅藻的毒性效应

研究了2种典型多环芳烃对福建九龙江口红树林区优势藻的毒性效应.所选藻种为浮游藻中肋骨条藻和附着藻菱形藻,经分离、纯化和培养;所用的典型多环芳烃为菲和荧蒽.结果表明:丙酮对两种藻的不可见效应浓度值均为0.3%(v/v),菲对中肋骨条藻和菱形藻急性毒性试验的72 h半数生长抑制浓度(72-EC50)分别为0.95 mg/L和0.32 mg/L,而荧蒽对中肋骨条藻和菱形藻的72-EC50分别为0.17 mg/L和0.09 mg/L.中肋骨条藻对菲和荧蒽的耐受性比菱形藻强,菲对中肋骨条藻和菱形藻的毒性比荧蒽弱.     

固相萃取—气相色谱法测定海水中的666、DDT

采用固相萃取技术富集海水中的666、DDT,并使用气相色谱进行测定。主要包括不同填料(C8、C18、C18-N)、SPE柱规格(500 mg/3 mL、500 mg/6 mL)、洗脱试剂、上样流速、水样pH和洗脱试剂体积6个因素对666、DDT富集效率的影响。最终确定最优条件为:采用500 mg/6 mL C18SPE小柱,调节海水pH=6,上样流速4~5mL/min,10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱。优化后的固相萃取-气相色谱方法测定海水中666、DDT加标10 ng/L回收率为75.7%~110.4%,精密度为1.16%~4.00%,方法检出限为0.19~1.20 ng/L。     

鲤鱼对纳米二氧化钛的生物富集

建立了浓硫酸-硫酸铵酸化消解-ICP测定水样及鱼样中纳米二氧化钛的方法,并研究了纳米二氧化钛在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)体内的富集.酸化消解-ICP测定方法对20.0 mg/L纳米二氧化钛水样,测定的相对标准偏差仅为4.53%.纳米二氧化钛在水样和鱼样中的加标回收率分别为94%～104%和90%～103%,可以精确测定环境样品中纳米二氧化钛浓度.纳米二氧化钛在鱼体内有较高的富集,暴露于3 mg/L、10 mg/L纳米二氧化钛悬浮液的鲤鱼,25 d时鱼体内的二氧化钛浓度分别达到2.1 mg/g和5.8 mg/g.达到平衡时,BCF分别为675.5和595.4.纳米二氧化钛在鱼鳃、内脏中有很大程度的富集,肌肉部分对纳米二氧化钛的富集最少.     

AF反应器对芳香族化合物反硝化降解特性研究

以苯、联苯和萘为模型化合物,研究了厌氧滤池（AF）反应器在反硝化及连续运行条件下对含这几种芳香族化合物模拟废水的处理效果,并以葡萄糖为补充碳源,考察了不同C/N对有机物反硝化降解特性的影响.结果表明,在长期连续流运行及反硝化条件下,AF反应器对废水中几种典型芳香族化合物具有良好地去除效果,当进水COD浓度约为1?000mg/L,苯、联苯和萘总浓度为60mg/L时,出水COD去除率可达到90％,芳香族化合物的去除率可达到84％.苯比萘和联苯更易于反硝化降解.C/N在5～30范围内,苯的降解率均达到90%,C/N对苯的降解没有明显影响;COD、萘和联苯去除率受C/N影响较大,C/N为15时,COD、萘和联苯去除率最大,分别为90%、78%和82%.     

Effects of temperature and surfactants on naphthalene and phenanthrene sorption by soil

Adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the sorption behaviors of naphthalene and phenanthrene in six different soils and to determine the effects of temperature, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and cetylrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on sorption. The results show that for a given sorbent phenanthrene exhibited greater nonlinear and stronger sorption than naphthalene. There was a strong negative correlation for the Koc values with organic carbon content (foc). The increase of temperature was not favorable to sorption. Sorption decreased along with the increasing aqueous LAS concentration from 0 to 1000 mg/L. At low CTAB concentration (＜ 100 mg/L), the adsorption increased as CTAB hemimicelles formed on the soil surface. At high concentration, CTAB decreased the adsorption by occupying active hydrophobic adsorption sites and solubilization of naphthalene and phenanthrene.     

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

Utilizing surfactants to control the sorption, desorption, and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system

An integrative technology including the surfactant enhanced sorption and subsequentdesorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the soil-water system was introduced and tested. For slightly contaminated agricultural soils, cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant- enhanced sorption of organic contaminants onto soils could reduce their transfer to plants, therefore safe-guarding agricultural production. After planting, residual surfactants combined with added nonionic surfactant could also promote thedesorption and biodegradation of residual phenanthrene, thus providing a cost-effective pollution remediation technology.0ur results showed that the cationic-nonionic mixed surfactantsdodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) significantly enhanced soil retention of phenanthrene. The maximum sorption coefficient Kd* of phenanthrene for contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants was about24.5 times that of soils without surfactant (Kd ) and higher than the combined effects of DDPB and TX100 individually, which was about 16.7 and 1.5 times Kd , respectively.0n the other hand, TX100 could effectively remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants, improving the bioavailability of organic pollutants. Thedesorption rates of phenanthrene from these treated soils were greater than 85% with TX100 concentration above2000 mg/L and approached 100% with increasing TX100 concentration. The biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in the presence of surfactants reached over 95% in30days. The mixed surfactants promoted the biodegradation of phenanthrene to some extent in 10-22days, and had no obvious impact on phenanthrene biodegradation at the end of the experiment. Results obtained from this study provide some insight for the production of safe agricultural products and a remediation scheme for soils slightly contaminated with organic pollutants.     

秸秆生物质环境材料的制备及对水中多环芳烃的处理性能

300～700℃下热解炭化黄豆、芝麻、玉米秸秆8h,制备了秸秆生物质环境材料,测定了秸秆生物质环境材料的BET比表面积及其对亚甲基蓝和碘的吸附能力.以多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标污染物,探讨了生物质环境材料对水中单一和复合PAHs的吸附性能.结果表明,随热解温度升高,秸秆生物质环境材料比表面积增大,其对亚甲基蓝、碘的吸附...     

Effect of biosurfactant[0] on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the "soft" carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coefficient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 ± 0.007) μg/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

多环芳烃在中国两种典型土壤中的吸附和解吸行为研究

采用批量实验的方法,研究了多环芳烃类有机化合物萘和菲在两种中国典型土壤样品(草甸土和黑土)中的吸附和解吸行为,并用一种新型解吸模型--"双元平衡解吸(DED)模型"对解吸行为进行了预测.结果表明,萘和菲在两种土壤中的吸附符合传统的线性模型,解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,且DED模型的预测值与实验结果相吻合.DED模型能够利用简单的理化参数更加准确地定量描述憎水性有机污染物的解吸行为,该模型可为我国的土壤风险评价和土壤环境质量标准的制定等工作提供量化手段.     

溶解性有机质对菲在沉积物上吸附与解吸性能的影响

采集了北京通州凉水河(标记为L)以及广东东江流域(标记为D)的沉积物,并进行菲(Phe)的连续吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同含量及组成的溶解性有机质(DOMs)对其吸附与解吸性能的影响.结果表明,DOMs能明显抑制菲在沉积物上的吸附,在实验浓度范围内(0~110mg/L),菲在沉积物上的吸附量与DOC浓度呈显著的负线性相关,并且DOC浓度越高,对吸附作用的抑制越显著.在溶解性有机质存在条件下,菲在2种沉积物上的吸附均呈线性吸附特征,kd值随加入沉积物浸出液DOC浓度的减小呈增大的趋势.菲在2种沉积物上的解吸过程均呈现一定的迟滞性,其解吸迟滞性可用热力学指数TII来描述.随着菲初始浓度的增加,TII值先减小后增加,其变化可以用吸附在高低位点上的菲分子比例以及菲分子是否能够被禁锢在吸附剂微孔内部来加以解释;溶解性有机质的存在,能促进菲从沉积物上的解吸,从而使菲的解吸滞后性减弱, 增强其在水环境介质中的迁移与传输能力.