节约资源向往绿色--写在"绿色地产"开栏之前

《黄帝内经》表述了一个有关住宅与人的哲学思想：宅者,人之本→人因宅而立,宅因人得存→人宅相扶,感通天地.这条正宗的中国建筑哲学链条,简洁而清晰地道出了建筑的本质——人、人性.建筑,乃是人性的空间化和凝固.     

The spectral sensitivity of a passerine bird is highest in the UV

The work was supported by a grant from the DFG, SFB 4, E6.     

发展农村水利事业营造可持续发展的良好环境

水是生命之源,农村水利对于农村经济社会发展起着十分重要的作用。文中介绍了水利对于制约农村经济社会发展存在的问题,并提出了发展农村水利事业的对策,最后强调要加强农村水利建设,营造可持续发展的良好环境。     

含硫污水汽提处理后净化水回用工艺的开发

金陵石化炼油厂含硫污水汽提处理后净化水代替新鲜水和软化水回用于生产工艺，经济效益和环境效益显著，是一种具有良好推广价值的清洁生产工艺。     

Fog composition along the Yangtze River basin: Detecting emission sources of pollutants in fog water

To investigate the fog chemistry along the Yangtze River basin, a field observation experiment was performed from Shanghai to Wuhan during November 2015. Fifteen fog water samples were collected by using a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud water Collector(CASCC). The three-stage CASCC was mounted on the board of a ship. PH, electrical conductivity(EC), H_2O_2,HCHO, S(IV), ten inorganic ions, seven organicacids and sixteen trace metal elements were measured in this study. The p H of fog water samples ranged from weakly acidic(pH 4.3) to weakly alkaline(pH 7.05) and the EC ranged from 32.4 to 436.3 μS/cm. The main cations in fog water were NH+4 and Ca~(2+), accounting for 12.35% and 29.07% of those inorganic ions,respectively. In addition, SO_4~(2-) and NO_(-3) contributed to 25.52% and 12.93% to total anion concentrations respectively. Moreover, the dominant kinds of organicacids were formate and oxalate, occupying 45.28% and 28.03% of the total organicacids, respectively. For trace metal elements in fog samples, Al, Fe, Zn, and Ba revealed 34.6%, 16.4%, 19.3%, and 20.9%contributions to these sixteen trace element concentrations, respectively. The results indicated that pollutants were mainly from human activities, including fossil fuel combustion,biomass burning, steel-making, stone quarrying and sand digging. Besides, natural sources including natural background levels and long-range transport of sea salt particles also aggravated the pollution levels in the fog events along the Yangtze River.     

重金属铅离子和镉离子在水环境中的行为研究

本文综合了大量国内外的调查、研究报告等文献资料,对重金属,重点对镉、铅等重金属污染的问题作了探讨,涉及重金属污染及污染现状、重金属的环境化学性质、向环境的输入、在水环境中的迁移转化、对生物的影响与危害、控制重金属的排放、重金属废水处理技术、治理重金属污染的环境以及重金属处理技术的研究进展及展望.     

长江水质评价与沿江产业发展决策

长江干流水质基本良好,攀枝花以上江段属一类水,以下江段绝大部分属二,三类水,但长江干流大中城市江段已出现岸边污染带,达不到三类水要求。长江沿江城市内河均已受到较严重污染,许多内河达不到四、五类水要求。沿江湖泊、城市内湖和自来水取水水源也已受到不同程度污染。长江水质污染与沿江产业发展有密切关系。现仍可在沿江布局新工业和耗水企业,但主要应布局在中上游或稀释能力大的江段;沿江工业发展不宜超速;应搞好区域产业结构调整,长江三角洲地区宜发展高技术产业和高层次第三产业;抓好自来水厂选址工作,严格禁止在水源水附近上游布局污染企业。     

The European land leech: biology and DNA-based taxonomy of a rare species that is threatened by climate warming

The European land leech Xerobdella lecomtei was discovered in 1868 and is one of the rarest animals on Earth. During the 1960s, several individuals of these approx. 40 mm long, cold-adapted terrestrial annelids that inhabit the moist soils of birch forests around Graz, Austria, were investigated. Only one original research paper has been published on the biology of this species. Between 2001 and 2005, we re-investigated the morphology of preserved specimens and searched for living individuals in their natural habitat that appeared to be intact. We found only one juvenile individual (length approx. 10 mm), indicating that this local leech population became largely extinct over the past four decades. The feeding behaviour of our ‘lonesome George of the annelids’ was studied and is described here in detail. After its death, the Xerobdella individual was used for chemical extraction and molecular studies (deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] barcoding, based on one gene, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I). In addition, novel DNA barcodes for a land leech from Madagascar and a recently discovered species from Europe were obtained. Our phylogenetic tree shows that X. lecomtei is not a member of the tropical land leeches (family Haemadipsidae), as previously thought, but represents a separate line of descent (family Xerobdellidae). The decline of the local leech population around Graz correlates with a rise in average summer temperatures of +3°C between 1961 and 2004. This warming led to a drastic reduction in the moisture content of the soil where X. lecomtei lives. We suggest that human-induced climate change without apparent habitat destruction can lead to the extinction of populations of cold-adapted species that have a low colonization ability.     

地下水除铁除锰水厂设计实例

本文通过地下水除铁除锰实例介绍,说明新研制的ZB-DCT型地下水除铁除锰设备的性能优势和运行特点.     

中国经济增长最大的风险是资源不足

中国经济增长最大的风险是资源不足，按照已经探明的自然资源总量估计的资源价值，中国是5万亿美元，远远比不上俄罗斯的300万亿美元。按照人均资源中国就更是少得可怜。寄希望于科技进步，如氢燃料，转基因、海水淡化，由于成本限制在15年内应用价值不大。把污染环境，消耗资源最大的重化工业，如钢铁、造纸、化工等向海外迁移，是一个重要的大战略，但国内生产速度要下降，外国能够接纳多少也未可知。如果是投资带移民，对中国利益最大，但必然要受到外国的强烈反对。     

旱地深层土壤厌氧氨氧化菌及全细菌群落结构对加水培养的响应变化

为研究旱地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌及相伴随的全细菌的群落结构对水分增加的响应变化,选取西澳大陆Kalgoorlie地区60 m深的典型旱地土壤,采集淀积层和母质层土壤样品,加入纯水或3.5%的盐水进行密闭培养.针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsB基因及细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序.结果显示:初始土壤并未有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,加水培养3个月之后,开始有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,此时盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性要高于纯水培养的结果.且纯水培养中,厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构在淀积层和母质层中类似,均以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'为主(92.09%和91.94%),另有一定量的Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(7.43%和7.89%).盐水培养中,淀积层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(50.03%)和Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(40.25%),母质层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(71.20%);继续培养一个月后,盐水培养和纯水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性均有增加,且盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性依旧要高于纯水培养的结果.此时纯水培养中,淀积层依旧以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(87.88%)为主导,母质层中Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'增长明显,达到50.90%,取代Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(39. 92%)成为主导种属.盐水培养中,Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida'(45. 19%)与Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(47.99%)共同主导淀积层厌氧氨氧化菌群,母质层中Candidatus ‘Brocadia fulgida'增至73. 14%,取代Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(13.65%)成为主导种属.另外,相伴随的母质层土壤全细菌群落结构在培养过程中相对比较稳定,以厌氧或兼性厌氧的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占绝对主导(81.84%～95.45%),其中大部分为海洋营生的盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae).同时厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在培养过程中出现较明显增长.培养过程中,Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度变化显著正相关(r=0.991,p=0.009),与海洋营生的希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae)的相对丰度变化显著负相关(r=-0.971,p=0.029).综上,本文在一定程度上揭示了水分及盐度的变化对厌氧氨氧化的发生及菌群组成分布的重要影响,进一步拓展了对不同生境中厌氧氨氧化菌生理特性的认识.