HRT对改良式A2/O-BAF反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

研究HRT(水力停留时间)对改良式A~2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响.进水COD、NH~+_4-N和TP分别为189.6、 60.4和5.1mg·L~(-1),HRT分别为9、 8、 7和6 h时,COD出水平均浓度均小于42mg·L~(-1),NH~+_4-N出水平均浓度分别为2.4、 2.8、 3.3和6.5mg·L~(-1),TP出水平均浓度分别为0.3、 0.4、 0.7和0.8mg·L~(-1);系统缺氧段反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例(DPAOs/PAOs)从76.8%递减到48.8%;HRT为8 h时,通过数理统计方法得出反硝化除磷脱氮比(ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N)的概率密度高达37.5%,缺氧段ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N为1.24(理论值1.41),此时反硝化脱氮除磷效果最佳;在整个试验过程中SVI值均低于100 mL·g~(-1),而MLVSS/MLSS从0.74逐渐下降到0.63,表明污泥活性逐渐降低.     

ABR-MBR反硝化除磷工艺的启动及稳定运行

以低C/N值生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了以厌氧/缺氧(A/A)运行的ABR耦合好氧MBR系统启动过程中脱氮除磷特性及系统长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,控制ABR容积负荷(VLR)为0. 8 kg·(m3·d)-1,污泥回流比为80%,硝化液回流比从150%逐步提升稳定至300%,反硝化除磷功能区污泥停留时间(sludge retention time,SRT)为25 d,MBR溶解氧(DO)为1～2 mg·L~(-1),温度为30℃±2℃,于46 d成功富集了反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifying phosphorus bacteria,DPBs),净释磷量为20. 56 mg·L~(-1),净吸磷量达到27. 74 mg·L~(-1),批次实验表明约84. 8%的聚磷菌(PAOs)能够利用NO-3-N作为电子受体进行反硝化除磷.启动成功后稳定运行50 d,对COD、NH+4-N、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91. 8%、99. 0%、71. 5%和94. 2%,系统缺氧反硝化除磷去除1 mg·L~(-1)的PO_4~(3-)-P,同步消耗约0. 83 mg·L~(-1)的NO-3-N,满足同步脱氮除磷的要求.     

基于ABR-MBR组合工艺优化反硝化除磷性能的研究

基于ABR-MBR一体化反应器,以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,结合厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离的特性,通过优化与ABR优质供碳和脱氮除磷相耦合的膜生物反应器(MBR)硝化液回流比以实现高效反硝化除磷,并对ABR-MBR污泥回流比进行优化.结果表明,在ABR段有机负荷为2.0 kg·(m3·d)-1、系统的水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h、泥龄(SRT)为15 d,系统获得最优的处理效果时的硝化液回流比和污泥回流比分别为300%和100%.其中TN和溶解性PO3-4-P平均去除率分别达84%和94%,ABR中反硝化除磷量可达系统总去除量的87%,平均出水TN和溶解性PO3-4-P浓度分别为12.98 mg·L-1和0.43 mg·L-1.     

PD-DPR系统处理城市污水与高硝酸盐废水实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累和磷去除的特性

本研究以模拟城市污水和高硝酸盐废水为处理对象,在一个厌氧-缺氧-微曝气运行的SBR反应器内,将短程反硝化工艺(PD,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N)与反硝化除磷工艺(DPR)耦合,并通过联合调控进水C/N比、厌氧排水率和缺氧时间,考察了PD-DPR系统的亚硝酸盐积累特性和除磷性能.结果表明,经过140d,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N转化率(NTR)为80.1%,PO~(3-)_4-P去除率高达97.64%.在厌氧段(180 min),聚糖菌(GAOs)和聚磷菌(PAOs)对污水有机碳源进行充分利用,将其转化为内碳源;缺氧段(150 min),反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)和异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)分别进行内源和外源短程反硝化实现NO~-_2-N稳定积累,同时反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)进行高效反硝化吸磷;微曝气段(10 min),在不发生硝化反应的前提下,PAOs超量吸磷,提高了系统的除磷性能.系统出水NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N为1.31∶1(接近厌氧氨氧化工艺理论值1.32∶1),PO~(3-)_4-P浓度为0.30 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度为12.94 mg·L~(-1).其出水水质可满足与厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺耦合进行深度脱氮的需求.     

基于优质碳源提供的CAMBR复合工艺短程硝化-反硝化除磷研究

挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)是反硝化除磷过程可以利用的优质碳源,为此本研究结合厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离和膜生物反应器(MBR)出水水质优良的特性,构建了CAMBR复合工艺,并通过优化ABR水力停留时间(HRT)等运行条件以提供优质碳源,实现高效反硝化除磷.研究表明,当ABR的HRT为4.8 h时,可获得充足的VFA作为优质碳源,并实现消耗VFA的量为56.1 mg·L~(-1)的同时获得10.43 mg·L~(-1)的释磷,即释放1 mg磷需要的VFA量为5.38 mg,同时实现12.35 mg·L~(-1)的吸磷,而MBR池的吸磷为1.33 mg·L~(-1).短程硝化除磷过程中,缺氧消耗1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P需要0.62 mg的NO-x-N,吸收1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P所需NO_2~--N的量为1.67~2.04 mg.系统出水水质稳定,COD、TN和溶解性PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91%、84%和93%,出水平均浓度分别为30、7.15和0.55 mg·L~(-1),表明CAMBR复合工艺生在处理生活污水过程中可获得稳定高效的反硝化除磷效果.     

反硝化除磷耦合部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体式工艺的启动

采用厌氧折流板反应器与完全混合反应器(ABR-CSTR)组合的一体式工艺作为试验载体,在连续流的运行条件下,针对低碳高氨氮(NH~+_4-N≥200mg·L~(-1))污水,将不同隔室内的普通厌氧污泥驯化培养为分别具有反硝化除磷、部分亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化功能,以实现三者功能的耦合.A4(CSTR)段通过限氧(DO=0.8 mg·L~(-1))和间歇曝气(曝∶停比=30 min∶30 min)的方式经过30 d成功实现部分亚硝化的启动.随后进一步采取缩短水力停留时间(HRT)的方式实现部分亚硝化的稳定运行,为厌氧氨氧化提供了NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N为1.0～1.1的稳定进水基质.A5和A6隔室运行154 d后实现了厌氧氨氧化功能, NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的去除率分别为94%和97%,其出水中NO~-_3-N浓度稳定在22 mg·L~(-1)左右.A1～A3隔室利用回流中的NO~-_x-N作为电子受体成功实现了反硝化除磷功能,PO~(3-)_4-P的去除率为77%.一体式工艺经过175d成功耦合,实现了碳、氮和磷的同步高效去除.     

容积负荷对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响

采用连续流ABR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水,研究不同容积负荷(volume loading rate,VLR)对该工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响,获得最佳工艺参数.试验考察ABR进水容积负荷(以COD计,下同)分别为0.76、1.01、1.51和2.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时系统去碳脱氮除磷的性能,并在各ABR容积负荷条件下考察MBR容积负荷对MBR反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,在ABR进水容积负荷为1.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,系统A2隔室COD去除量最大,并在MBR容积负荷为0.462 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,MBR反应器中实现了短程硝化,系统NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到90%和72%以上,厌氧释磷量为7.41 mg·L~(-1),缺氧吸磷量达到15.42 mg·L~(-1),出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),这表明短程硝化更有利于强化ABR-MBR系统的反硝化除磷性能.     

A~3/O-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能研究

为探究自行设计的A~3/O-MBR工艺脱氮除磷性能,以模拟生活污水为处理对象,重点研究了在内循环回流比(γ)为100%,硝化液回流比(α)分别为100%、200%、300%条件下系统反硝化除磷特性。结果表明:缺氧II区是工艺反硝化除磷的关键,系统具有优良的同步脱氮除磷效果,ρ(COD)出水均低于50 mg/L。当回流比为200%时,系统对TN、TP去除效果最好,平均去除率分别为75.46%和88.94%,出水平均ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)分别为14.97 mg/L和0.48 mg/L。通过静态释/吸磷试验测定不同硝化液回流比条件下反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例及污泥含磷量,当回流比为200%时,反硝化聚磷菌所占比例最高达95.47%,该回流比条件下缺氧II区污泥含磷量最高为23.07 mg/L,最大吸磷量为0.2136 g/d。     

基于ABR-MBR组合工艺不同进水C/N比对反硝化除磷性能的影响机制

基于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离及膜生物反应器(MBR)高效截留的特性,通过加设硝化液回流与污泥回流实现了ABR-MBR一体化反应器的循环联动,对连续流条件下调控进水COD浓度及COD/TN比条件下的反硝化除磷影响机制展开了研究.结果表明在5个不同进水C/N比下,ABR-MBR组合工艺最终出水溶解性PO_3-4-P平均浓度分别为0.22、0.34、0.39、0.42和2.45 mg·L~(-1),低C/N比可获得更好的除磷效果,而C/N为4.8~6.0时,工艺对COD、TN和溶解性PO_3-4-P去除率分别在87%、76%和93%以上.此外,在C/N为3.6~6.0时,ABR缺氧吸磷量与工艺对TN去除量呈良好的线性关系,提高进水C/N比有助于系统对TN的去除.最终获得进水C/N比为6时最有利于氮和磷的同步去除.     

后置短程反硝化AOA-SBR工艺实现低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷

为了解厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中,强化生物除磷(EBPR)与同步短程硝化反硝化(SPND)耦合,并后置短程反硝化的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N(≤4)城市污水为处理对象,通过优化曝气量和缺氧时间,实现了低C/N城市污水的深度脱氮除磷.结果表明,当好氧段曝气量由1.0 L·min-1降至0.6 L·min-1,缺氧时间为180 min时,出水PO3-4-P浓度由0.06 mg·L~(-1)降至0,出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度分别由0.18、18.79和0.08 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0、16.46和0.05 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率由72.69%提高至77.97%;随着曝气量的降低,SPND现象愈加明显,SND率由19.18%提高至31.20%;此后,当缺氧段时间由180 min逐渐延长至420 min,出水PO3-4-P、NH+4-N和NO-3-N浓度分别维持在0、0和0.03 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NO-2-N低至3.06 mg·L~(-1),SND率达32.21%,TN去除性能逐渐提高,TN去除率高达99.42%,实现了系统的深度脱氮除磷.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.