外来物种入侵法律问题研究

本文研究的目的就是在目前国内外外来物种入侵危害日益严重的情况下,探索我国应如何针对外来物种入侵本身的特点,借鉴国际公约和在这一问题上做得较好的国家的法制层面上的相关经验,并总结我国目前有关防治外来物种入侵立法和管理体制的基本情况,着重探讨其中的不足和盲点,以提出一些切实可行的应对外来物种入侵的对策．     

浙江省典型生态系统外来入侵物种调查研究

随着经济全球化和国际贸易的不断增长,因外来物种入侵而引发的生物安全问题,已成为全球关注的热点之一。浙江省生态系统类型丰富,对外经济贸易活跃,为外来物种提供了入侵和蔓延的条件。部分外来入侵物种已对浙江省造成了严重危害,直接威胁到区域生态安全。为了解浙江省典型生态系统外来物种入侵状况,以浙江省大盘山自然保护区、天目山自然保护区和古田山自然保护区等3个国家级自然保护区以及温州沿海滩涂为研究区,开展了外来物种入侵状况调查研究。在3个自然保护区内共发现列入《中国第一批、第二批外来入侵物种名单》外来物种6种,名单以外的外来物种9种;温州沿海滩涂互花米草分布面积13.16km2,在温州沿海5个县(市、区)沿海滩涂均有分布。     

基于三种入侵植物风险评价体系评估柳叶马鞭草的入侵风险

柳叶马鞭草（Verbena bonariensis L.）植株高大、种子量大、繁殖方式多样、抗旱能力较强,城市公园绿地引种后已出现多处逸生的植株,其具有演变为类似加拿大一枝黄花这样失控的外来入侵植物的潜力。基于野外调查和植物性状解剖,采用3种外来物种风险评估指标体系［《外来草本植物安全性评估技术规范》（NY/T 3669—2020）、《外来入侵植物杂草化风险“五阶评估法”体系》《外来草本植物引入风险评估技术规范》（NY/T 1851—2010）］分别对柳叶马鞭草进行风险评估,并同时评估了外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis L.）和外来植物番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）的风险,以此作为参照。在3种风险评估标准中,《NY/T 3669—2020》评估柳叶马鞭草的风险值（R）为63.6,为严禁引入。《外来入侵植物杂草化风险“五阶评估法”体系》评估柳叶马鞭草的入侵风险值（R）为47.5,必须严格限制引入的目的、区域、数量和次数,而且引入后必须有足够措施限制其逃逸和扩散,并加强监测工作。《NY/T 1851—2010》评估柳叶马鞭草的风险值（R）为1.07,风险等级为中,须增加评估内容或暂缓引入。3种评价体系均表明,柳叶马鞭草具有较高的外来入侵风险,应加强监控和管理,防止演变为恶性入侵杂草。     

防范外来物种入侵风险,维护生态安全

随着国际贸易和交往的日益增多,外来物种入侵的几率大大提高,其危害也呈逐步加深的态势,对我国的一些地区造成了严重的经济损失和生态破坏。外来物种入侵已经成为威胁我国生态安全的重要因素之一,加强外来物种的防范和管理已是当务之急。本文以吉林省生态环境现状调查典型案例——吉林省外来物种入侵生态调查的部分成果为基础,阐述了外来物种入侵的特征、危害及相应的防治对策。     

浅析青藏高原铁路建设的外来物种入侵风险

交通干线的建设和生物入侵的发生紧密相关,由于青藏高原环境的脆弱性,在该区进行交通设施建设更须警惕外来物种入侵的风险。围绕青藏高原这一特殊自然地理区域的铁路建设,初步分析了铁路建设和运行带来的环境变化,同时结合青藏高原生态系统的特点,分析了可能造成的生物入侵风险,并针对生物入侵的防范提出了相关建议。     

入侵植物凋落物浸提液对紫色土吸附金霉素的影响

用3种入侵植物的地上(O)和地下(U)凋落物浸提液(Le)对紫色土进行修饰,采用批处理法研究各Le修饰土样对金霉素(CTC)的等温吸附特征,分析pH值、离子强度和温度对CTC吸附的影响。结果表明：各Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附等温线最适用于Freundlich模型描述;当pH值为2,离子强度为0.1 mol/L和试验温度40 ℃时,一年蓬(Conyzaannumus)Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量为1.68 mmol/kg~7.94 mmol/kg;当Le修饰比例为100%时,OLe和ULe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附量均达到最大,且OLe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果相比ULe更佳。     

植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征分析方法研究进展

植物内重金属分析不仅有助于阐述重金属迁移转化规律,揭示植物修复机理,也是监测评价大气、水及土壤环境重金属污染状况的重要依据。研究针对植物样品中重金属赋存形态及分布特征的分析方法进行综述,分别介绍了其原理、优缺点及应用。提出制定统一高效的分析检测方法,深化植物内重金属的赋存形态及分布特征与环境相关性的研究以及建立数据共享平台是植物样品重金属信息分析方法的未来发展方向。     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性保护研究

生物多样性具有多重价值,如生态价值、社会价值和经济价值。卡拉麦里山自然保护区生物多样性不但关系到当地经济发展和人民生存安全,而且关系到整个保护区、整个新疆的可持续发展。本文分析了卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性特点及生物多样性遭受严重破坏的原因,提出了保护该区生物多样性的对策措施：①加强卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性的调查研究工作。②加强保护区的建设。③加大立法与执法制度。④加强生物多样性保护的宣传教育。⑤加强生物多样性保护的公众参与。⑥加强当地居民的基本生产、生活条件建设。⑦在保护区推行生态旅游。     

基于RSEI模型的祁连山自然保护区生态环境质量评价

基于1988-2018年祁连山国家自然保护区的Landsat系列遥感影像,利用绿度、湿度、热度和干度指标计算获得遥感生态指数(RSEI),并应用RSEI对保护区近30年的生态环境质量作评价.结果表明:近30年来该保护区生态环境质量整体呈好转趋势,RSEI上升0.016,可1998-2018年生态环境质量有所下降;生态环...     

Anthropogenic influences on a mediterranean Nature Reserve: modelling and forecasting

The lagoon of Biguglia (northeastern Corsica) is one of a number Nature Reserve. Anthropogenic activities are increasing over its watershed however. The present study aims to examine the state of health of the lagoon with the example of two pollutants (Cd and Cu). Water samples were collected in spring and summer 1997. The trace metal fluxes between the various compartments were measured. Transfer processes from the watershed to the lagoon were also examined. The temporal evolution of Cd and Cu content is assessed on the one hand by comparing the present data with former reference work (1992). On the other hand, a 5-box model is implemented in order to reduce the complex functioning of the lagoon to a system of differential equations. With the help of a numerical resolution method, the increase of metallic concentration levels is estimated since 1992. On the basis of 1997 data, two hypotheses are compared. The hypothesis that takes into account a growing increase of anthropogenic activities on the watershed gives, by extrapolation, results that are closer to field measurements. However, even with this hypothesis, the cadmium content in the lagoon is underestimated. This may signify that for this metal the evolution of the lagoon pollution is more important than a linear increase.     

罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区水环境概况及其保护

罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区水源十分缺乏,基本无地表水系,水源主要以泉水形式存在。目前保护区内分布的泉水点有40多个,泉水点主要分布在保护区东部阿奇克谷地区域和南部阿尔金山区,北部的库鲁克塔格山区也有少量分布。本文介绍了保护区的自然地理环境、水文条件、泉水点分布情况、水质情况及矿产开发、非法放牧及道路建设等人类活动对水源的影响,并提出了水环境保护的意见和措施。     

Eight nonnative plants in western Oregon forests: Associations with environment and management

Nonnative plants have tremendous ecological and economic impacts on plant communities globally, but comprehensive data on the distribution and ecological relationships of individual species is often scarce or nonexistent. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of vegetation type, climate, topography, and management history on the distribution and abundance of eight selected nonnative plant taxa in forests in western Oregon. These eight taxa were selected as being reliably detected by a multi-resource inventory of 1127 systematically-placed plots on nonfederal forest lands from 1995 to 1997 by the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. One or more of the eight nonnative taxa studied were found on 20% of the sampled subplots in the study area, but relatively few stands were dominated by them. Overall abundance of nonnative taxa was likely much greater, because few composites and graminoids were identified to species in this general-purpose inventory. Distribution of most taxa was more closely associated with low density of overstory trees than with climate. Nonnative taxa were significantly more abundant in stands that had been recently clearcut or thinned than in stands that had not. Frequencies of several taxa decreased with elevation, which may reflect proximity to source populations and intensive land use rather than any climatic constraints. Although the greatest potential for displacement of native forest species appears to be in early-successional communities, the potential for spread of some shade-tolerant evergreen shrubs also seems high.     

Development of a Grassland Integrity Index Based on Breeding Bird Assemblages

We utilized landscape and breeding bird assemblage data from three Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes sampled from 1965–1995 to develop and test a grassland integrity index (GII) in a mixed-grass prairie area of Oklahoma. The overall study region is extensively fragmented from long-term agricultural activity, and native habitat remnants have been degraded by recent encroachment of woody vegetation, namely eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). The 50 individual bird survey points along the BBS routes, known as stops, were used as sample sites. Our process first focused on developing a grassland disturbance index (GDI) as a measure of cumulative landscape disturbances for these sites. The GDI was based on five key landscape variables identified in an earlier species-level study of long-term avian community dynamics: total tree, shrub, and herbaceous vegetation cover indices, overall mean landscape patch size, and grassland patch core size. The GII was then developed based on breeding bird assemblage data. Assemblages were based on commonly used response guilds reflective of five avian life history parameters: foraging mode/location, nesting location, habitat specificity, migratory pattern, and dietary guild. We tested the response of 78 candidate assemblage metrics to the GDI, and eliminated those with no or poor response or with high correlations (redundant), resulting in 13 metrics for use in the final index. Individual metric scores were scaled to fall between 0 and 10, and the cumulative index to range from 0 to 100. Although broader application and refinement are possible, the avian-based GII has an advantage over labor-intensive, habitat-based monitoring in that the GII is derived from readily available long-term BBS data. Therefore, the GII shows promise as an inexpensive tool that could easily be applied over other areas to monitor changes in regional grassland conditions.     

汉江流域有毒鱼类区系分布特征

准确辨识有毒鱼类区系分布是研究有毒鱼类生态适应情况的前提。基于野外调查数据和历史资料,对汉江有毒鱼类的区系组成、毒性类型、食性和空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,汉江流域分布有58种有毒鱼类,占鱼类总物种数的46.77%。58种有毒鱼类隶属于6目10科33属,以鲤形目、鲇形目和鲈形目为主。汉江流域有毒鱼类毒性类型包括胆毒(31种)、刺毒(23种)、血清毒(2种)、卵毒(1种)和肝脏毒(1种);食性主要以肉食性和无脊椎动物食性为主,分别占有毒鱼类总物种数的37.93%和29.31%。在空间分布上,上游河段有毒鱼类物种数显著多于中下游河段。其中,大鳞黑线(Atrilinea macrolepis)、齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)、司氏(Liobagrus styani),以及拟鲿属的乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)、细体拟鲿(Pseudobagrus pratti)、盎堂拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ondon)、凹尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrusemarginatus)等7种有毒鱼类仅分布于汉江上游河段,圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)和白缘(Liobagrus marginatus)2种有毒鱼类仅分布在中游河段,长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)仅分布在下游及河口江段。Jaccard相似性指数分析结果表明,各江段有毒鱼类的物种组成相似性较高。ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarities)检验分析结果显示,Global R=0.99(P<0.01),表明各江段有毒鱼类的毒性类型存在显著的空间差异。研究结果可为淡水有毒鱼类资源保护与利用及有毒动物生态适应演化研究提供基础数据。     

Lead Levels in the Airborne Dust Particulates of an Urban City of Central India

The dust fall-out rate, distribution pattern andconcentration of lead in the particulate fall-outmatters in urban Raipur city covering an area of 160 km² during one hydrological year i.e. November1996–June 1997, has been described. The entire cityhas been divided into 6 zones comprising ofindustrial, commercial, residential and heavy trafficareas. A monthly collection and analysis of dustfall-out rate between 3.0(±0.1) and91.3(±1.2) metric tonnes km^-2 month^-1 wereobserved at all 6 sampling sites. The total annualflux of lead in the fall-out of the city at differentzones is in the range 0.0065–0.4304 kg km^-2yr^-1. The results show that dust fall-out and thelead levels both are at higher magnitudes in winterand autumn. These large levels of air pollutants havealso been correlated with some meteorological parameters like relative humidity and temperature, and strong positive correlations have been observed.     

基于IsoSource模型的沿海流域硝酸盐氮溯源研究

过量的硝酸盐氮负荷在导致水质下降的同时,也会对流域生态和人类生产生活造成危害,尤其是在东南沿海地区,硝酸盐氮污染现状堪忧。因此,亟需对沿海流域开展氮污染调查,以阐明氮污染分布格局,识别主要污染来源并量化其贡献,进而保障流域水环境安全,促进沿海城市可持续发展。基于此,以东南地区沿海流域——白溪流域为例,结合2016—2020年长时序水质监测数据和硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素溯源数据,采用IsoSource质量守恒模型,对氮污染分布格局和污染来源进行定量解析。结果表明:①该流域水体中的总氮主要以溶解性无机氮的形态存在。其中,总氮在2019年呈现整体偏高的态势。硝酸盐氮是干流水车国控断面和支流屠岙胡市控断面的主要氮污染形态。水车断面的总氮浓度范围为1.46~1.83 mg/L,屠岙胡断面的总氮浓度在2.12~2.36 mg/L之间。②流域硝酸盐氮污染主要来自流域内村庄排放的污水和粪便,其贡献率达到了44%;其次是土壤有机氮、大气沉降物、化学合成肥,贡献率分别为25%、16%、15%。③从减少氮污染物排放、提高作物氮吸收率、改进养殖策略和完善污水处理设施角度出发采取相关措施,可以有效缓解流域氮污染。另外,还需要全面落实最严格的水资源管理制度,进一步规范库区内各类水资源开发利用活动,继续做好对库区周边生产经营活动的监督管理,从而减少陆源污染物排放,更好地保护饮用水水源地。     

The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China

Based on land ecological classification of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and field investigation, two phases of TM remote sensing data obtained in 1986 and 2000 were compared. From spatial variations and type transformation trends, the spatial changes and evolutional patterns of land ecosystem in the source regions of the two rivers were analyzed using the analytical method of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that middle and high-cover high-cold steppe areas degraded considerably by 15.82%, high-cover high-cold meadow areas by 5.15%, while high-cold swamp meadow areas decreased by 24.36%. Lake water area was reduced by 7.5%, especially the lakes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Land desertification is developing rapidly and the average of desertified land area has increased by 17.11%. Desertified land in the source region of Yellow River is expanding at an annual rate of 1.83%. Analysis of the evolutional pattern of land ecotypes shows that the general tendencies of spatial evolution in the regions are coverage reduction and desertification of high-cold steppe, cover reduction and steppification of high-cold meadows, and desiccation of swamp meadows. As a result, land ecological spatial distribution pattern in the region is changing and the state of eco-environment declining.