菏泽市不同类型村庄土壤主要无机元素的监测与评价

为揭示土壤主要无机元素积累成因,制定科学防控措施,以菏泽市养殖型、蔬菜型、粮食型、工业型4种类型村庄为研究对象,分析了11个典型村庄8种土壤主要无机元素含量、分布特征及污染风险。结果表明,土壤镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌的质量分数分别为0. 01～0. 53、0. 002～0. 145、5. 51～15. 20、17. 6～75. 8、14. 5～69. 9、13. 3～33. 8、18. 8～46. 9、41. 5～96. 4 mg/kg。蔬菜型村庄镉、汞、铅元素含量最高;粮食型村庄铬、铜、镍含量最高;养殖型村庄砷、锌元素含量最高;工业型村庄铬、铜、镍元素含量较高,其余元素的含量都较低。各主要无机元素平均值均未超过农用地土壤污染筛选值,但除汞外,均超过了黄河故道区域土壤环境背景值,尤以镉最显著。     

土壤中7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标研究

通过对浙江省近700组实际土壤样品进行分析,研究了土壤中铜、铅、锌、铬、镍、镉、砷、汞7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标(实验室内相对偏差和实验室间相对偏差),并与行业标准分析方法和文献进行了比较,旨在为环境监测质量控制与质量保证工作提供参考。经统计分析,建议实验室内相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤15%;铅,≤15%;锌,≤15%;铬,≤15%;镍,≤15%;镉,≤20%;砷,≤15%;汞,≤50%。建议实验室间相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤25%;铅,≤25%;锌,≤20%;铬,≤20%;镍,≤25%;镉,≤35%;砷,≤25%;汞,≤55%。     

西南某省14种尾矿重金属浸出量及总量分析

研究中国西南某省不同类型尾矿的重金属浸出量及总量,为尾矿的污染防范、环境管理和综合利用提供参考和建议。采集了14种类型共164个有代表性尾矿进行浸出毒性试验,并分析其中79个典型尾矿样品的9种重金属含量,以评估其污染风险和综合利用价值。结果表明,有5种类型共7个样品出现浸出毒性超标,分别为铅锌矿、镍矿、银矿、铁矿、锰矿,总体超标率为4.3%。超标元素分别为砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素,最大超标倍数分别为砷18.3倍、锌4.8倍、镉3.0倍、铅0.56倍、铜0.32倍、镍0.16倍;尾矿含有较多重金属,其中砷、锌、铅、铜含量较高,最高分别达到11.75%、2.60%、1.01%、0.29%,不同类型尾矿其重金属含量各有不同,铅锌矿尾矿的重金属总量最高。总体上,该省绝大多数尾矿为普通固废,少部分为危险废物,砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素存在污染风险,其中砷元素是最主要污染物;尾矿由于重金属含量较高而有一定的综合利用价值。     

密闭微波消解 ICP- AES 法测定大气颗粒物中金属元素

采用过氯乙烯滤膜采集、密闭微波消解、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物中铅、镍、铬、铜、铁、锌、锰、钡、镉,优化了试验条件.方法线性良好,各元素的检出限在0.001 mg/L～0.01 mg/L之间,滤膜样品测定的RSD为0.6%～2.9%,加标回收率为96.0%～105%.     

水稻重金属含量与土壤质量的关系

根据“淮安市绿色食品基地调查以及相关研究”课题资料 ,分析了水稻中重金属含量与其土壤质量的关系。结果表明 ,重金属含量在水稻中的分布是 :根 >茎叶 >籽粒 ;水稻籽粒对重金属的吸收特点因其元素不同而差异较大 ,重金属元素被水稻糙米吸收的程度为 :砷 <镉 <汞 <铅 <锰 <铬 <铜 <锌 ;在糙米中检出的重金属铜和铬的含量与土壤中铜和铬的含量呈显著性相关关系 ,铅、锌、锰的含量与土壤中铅、锌、锰的含量相关关系不显著     

环境污染事故中重金属优先快速监测方法研究

在国内外重金属监测技术的基础上对环境污染事故中重金属（铜、铅、锌、砷、汞、铬、镉）的两种主要快速监测方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：比色法可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、六价铬5种重金属,且精密度与准确度均较好;阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、汞6种重金属,但测定六价铬时偏差较大;除六价铬和铜外,阳极溶出伏安法的测试范围较比色法宽,且检出限较低;阳极溶出伏安法可同时测定镉、铅、铜3种金属,具有较好的适用性。     

湛江南桥河、北桥河水重金属含量及分布的研究

通过硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解样品,采用ICP-AES法测定了河水中锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铁、铬、铜等重金属元素的含量,并分析了这些重金属元素在不同河段、不同水期含量的分布情况。测定结果的RSD<9%,加标回收率在86.0%~103.4%之间,检出限在0.832~2.42μg/L之间,该方法快速、稳定、效果较好。     

便携式XRF在污染地块土壤金属元素调查中的应用

研究了便携式X荧光光谱仪（PXRF）测定土壤中砷、铅、铬、铜、锌和镍的性能,评估其检出限、精密度和准确度,探索了土壤水分和粒径对测定结果的影响程度,并与常规实验室分析方法测定结果进行比对。结果表明,PXRF测定土壤中砷、铅、铬、铜、锌和镍的检出限为5~15mg/kg,标准物质测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤8.6%,相对误差在±15%以内。随着土壤水分含量的增加,各金属元素测定结果均呈下降趋势,而RSD有上升趋势。土壤粒径对测定结果的影响较小,随着土壤粒径减少,各金属元素测定结果的RSD略有下降趋势。PXRF可以简单、快速地测定多种重金属元素,适用于污染地块重金属元素的现场实时监测。     

三峡库区柑橘对土壤重金属吸收富集特征研究

研究区域柑橘果实重金属含量符合NY/T 426-2000<绿色食品柑橘>标准,果实品质达到一级产品.土壤中重金属的含量越高,柑橘叶片、果皮、果肉的重金属含量也越高.柑橘叶片对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、汞、砷、铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮与果肉,果皮对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的吸收富集能力显著大于果肉,果肉对土壤重金属铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮.柑橘同一部位对土壤中不同重金属元素的吸收富集能力也存在很大的差异,柑橘叶片对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Ni,柑橘果皮对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As,柑橘果肉对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni＞Pb＞As.     

中国表层土壤微量元素环境背景值水平分布的趋势分析

本文依据“七·五”攻关课题“中国土壤环境背景值研究”数据资料,结合手工编图实践,对12种微量元素(铜、铅、锌、镉,镍、铬、汞、砷、氟、锰、钴,钒)的水平分布规律进行了定量分析,并从成因机制上对定量分析结果进行了阐释。 一     

不同滤筒中无机元素含量探讨

选择国内10家制造商的玻璃纤维滤筒和国外2家制造商的石英滤筒,分别测定空白滤筒中的铍、铬、铅等17种元素,探讨不同滤筒中各元素的含量分布,同时结合相关分析方法标准的质控要求,评价各制造商玻璃纤维滤筒在废气监测中的适用性。     

真藓对碳酸盐型锰矿区重金属污染的指示意义

锰矿开采产生重金属污染,对周围环境造成影响,有必要对矿区重金属进行监测。研究以典型碳酸盐型锰矿——南茶锰矿(按职能划分为4个功能区：矿井区、废石区、选矿区、蓄矿区)为对象,以区域内真藓Bryum argenteum为材料,结合相关分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、变异系数等方法考察了真藓和土壤中重金属的含量及其可能的来源。结果表明：各功能区均受到不同程度的人为干扰,人为干扰越强,区域污染越严重。在不同污染梯度的功能区内,真藓的重金属(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Ba、Co、Mo、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Tl、As、Sb)含量与土壤重金属含量显著正相关(P<0.05),说明真藓是监测碳酸盐型锰矿重金属污染的有效指标。真藓指示南茶锰矿除了可能受到采矿活动的强烈影响外(Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mo、Ba),还受到来自运输车辆的机械磨损、排放及采矿活动的复合污染(Tl、Cd、Pb、As、Sb),识别结果与区域重金属分布情况吻合,表明真藓具有识别重金属污染的能力。在今后碳酸盐型锰矿污染防治工作中,可将真藓作为重金属污染监测的生物材料。     

Analysis of selected biomonitors to evaluate the suitability for their complementary use in monitoring trace element atmospheric deposition

The biomonitoring properties of oak tree bark compared with the epiphytic moss Hypnum cupressiforme and the influence of the tree bark, as its growth substrate, on the content of heavy metals in moss were investigated. Samples of the epiphytic moss H. cupressiforme and oak tree bark (Quercus spp.) were collected in Eastern Romania at a total of 44 sampling sites. Parallel moss and bark samples were collected from the same sides of the trunk circumference. V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, and Bi were determined by ICP-MS. Principal component analysis was used to identify possible sources of metals in bark and moss. Six factors explaining 87 % of the total variance in the data set were chosen. The main factors represent long-range atmospheric transport of elements (Zn, Cd, (Pb), Bi, (Mo), (Tl)), local emissions from industrial sources (As, Cr, Ni, V), road traffic (Pb, Zn) and agricultural activities (Cu, (Zn)). The element concentrations in moss and bark samples are of the same order of magnitude. For almost all the elements, higher concentrations were obtained in moss. Significant correlations between concentrations in moss and bark samples were obtained for 7 of the 13 elements: V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, In, and Bi, all typical anthropogenic pollutants. The use of tree bark for monitoring purposes might be an alternative in areas where there is a scarcity of mosses.     

北京灰霾天气PM10中微量元素的分布特征

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对北京市2008年4月和5月不同采样点采集的灰霾天PM₁₀样品中的15种微量元素进行了分析,得出了Ti、Fe、Zn、Sn、Pb为全样样品中相对含量较高元素;Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb是水溶样样品中相对含量较高元素。与晴天相比,灰霾天样品中微量元素可溶性增强,对人体危害更严重。与2002年分析数据进行对比,因2002年缺少Cr、Cd元素的测试值,全样样品中除了Co、Ni、Cu、Mo元素外,其余测试元素的浓度均有不同程度的升高,Fe和Sn元素的增幅最大。水溶样品中,参与对比元素的含量均下降。文中对含量相对较高的Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Pb元素进行了源解析,分析得出采样点附近的交通源及地面扬尘是这些元素的主要来源。     

Identifying the origin of atmospheric inputs of trace elements in the Prades Mountains (Catalonia) with bryophytes, lichens, and soil monitoring

The biomonitors Hypnum cupressiforme and Xanthoria parietina were used to assess the deposition of trace elements and their possible origin in the Prades Mountains, a protected Mediterranean forest area of NE Spain with several pollution sources nearby. Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, V, and Zn were determined in 16 locations within this protected area. Soil trace element concentrations were also ascertained to calculate enrichment factors (EF) and use them to distinguish airborne from soilborne trace element inputs. In addition, lichen richness was measured to further assess atmospheric pollution. EF demonstrated to be useful not only for the moss but also for the lichen. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn presented values higher than three in both biomonitors. These trace elements were also the main ones emitted by the potential sources of pollutants. The distance between sampling locations and potential pollution sources was correlated with the concentrations of Cu, Sb, and Zn in the moss and with Cr, Ni, and Sb in the lichen. Lichen richness was negatively correlated with lichen Cu, Pb, and V concentrations on dry weight basis. The study reflected the remarkable influence that the pollution sources have on the presence of trace elements and on lichen species community composition in this natural area. The study highlights the value of combining the use of biomonitors, enrichment factors, and lichen diversity for pollution assessment to reach a better overview of both trace elements’ impact and the localization of their sources.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定废水中20种元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,同时测定了废水中Be、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Hg、Tl、Pb、Th、U等20种元素,比较了5种不同消解体系对废水样品的加标回收结果,确定采用硝酸+过氧化氢消解体系。Hg在0.050μg/L～2.00μg/L、其他元素在5.00μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.01μg/L～0.2μg/L,国家有证标准物质的测定结果符合要求,废水样品平行测定的RSD为2.6%～6.5%,加标回收率为84%～110%。     

Survey of elemental contents in two organs of slaughtered bovine,porcine and avian specimens,Ontario, Canada 1980–83

Kidney and muscle samples were collected from 197 bovine and 33 porcine carcasses and liver and muscle from 115 poultry carcasses across the province. These tissues were analyzed for the following 13 elements, Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn. The intent of the study was to determine normal background levels. Tissue concentration of these elements fell into five orders of magnitude ranging from < 10 g kg^–1 for Ag to over 10 mg kg^–1 for Zn. Similar concentrations were observed in the three specie tissues being compared except for higher concentrations of Cd and Sb in bovine kidneys. In avian tissues Mo contents were higher in liver than muscle. When samples from all three species were grouped by age, no distinct trends were observed to indicate an increase in metal contents with age, with the exception of Cd in bovine kidneys.     

SEC-ICP-MS studies for elements binding to different molecular weight fractions of humic substances in compost extract obtained from urban solid waste

In this work, the speciation of elements in compost was studied with emphasis on their binding to humic substances. In order to assess the distribution of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, U, Th and Zn among molecular weight fractions of humic substances, the compost extract (extracted by 0.1 mol l(-1) sodium pyrophosphate) was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography coupled on-line with UV-Vis spectrophotometric and ICP-MS detection. Similar chromatograms were obtained for standard humic acid (Fluka) and for compost extract (254 nm, 400 nm) and three size fractions were operationally defined that corresponded to the apparent molecular weight ranges > 15 kDa, 1-15 kDa and < 1 kDa. The percentage of total element content in compost that was leached to the extract ranged from 30% up to 100% for different elements. The elution profiles of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb (ICP-MS) followed that of humic substances, while for other elements the bulk elution peak matched the retention time observed for the element in the absence of compost extract. Spiking experiments were carried out to confirm elements' binding and to estimate the affinity of individual elements for humic substances derived from compost. The results obtained indicated the following order of decreasing affinity: Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd > (Cr, U, Th) > (As, Mn, Mo, Zn). After standard addition, further binding of Cu, Ni and Co with the two molecular weight fractions of humic substances was observed, indicating that humic substances derived from compost were not saturated with these elements.     

Major and trace element contents in apples from a cultivated area of central Greece

Forty-two soil and apple samples from central Greece were collected and analyzed with regards to the content in major (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and S) and trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Ti, and Zn). Soil samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, while for the apples inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was implemented. Several elements such as As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Ti, and Zn, represent high concentrations in apples from the study area. These relatively high concentrations may be a consequence of the local geology, along with the excessive application of agricultural products such as fertilizers and agrochemicals.     

Fractionation of elements by particle size of ashes ejected from Copahue Volcano,Argentina

The volcano Copahue, Neuquén province, Argentina has shown infrequent explosive eruptions since the 18th century. Recently, eruptive activity and seismicity were registered in the period July-October, 2000. As a consequence, ash clouds were dispersed by winds and affected Caviahue village located at about 9 km east of the volcano. Samples of deposited particles from this area were collected during this episode for their chemical analysis to determine elements of concern with respect to the health of the local population and its environment. Different techniques were used to evaluate the distribution of elements in four particle size ranges from 36 to 300 microm. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was selected to detect major components namely, minerals, silicate glass, fragments of rocks and sulfurs. Major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Si and Ti), were detected by energy dispersive X ray analysis (EDAX). Trace element (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, U, V and Zn) content was quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Nuclear activation analysis (NAA) was employed for the determination of Ce, Co, Cs, Eu, Hf, La, Lu, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta and Yb. An enrichment was observed in the smallest size fraction of volcanic ashes for four elements (As, Cd, Cu and Sb) of particular interest from the environmental and human health point of view.