铁皮石斛多酚和黄酮含量及与抗氧化活性的相关性

通过测试ABTS、DPPH和羟自由基的清除活性和还原能力,研究铁皮石斛不同极性提取物的体外抗氧化活性及其与多酚和黄酮含量的相关性.采用溶剂提取法制备4个不同极性铁皮石斛提取物(EE、CE、EAE、NBE),以Vc为阳性对照.结果显示,样品CE中总酚含量为40.96 mg/g,黄酮含量为104.48 mg/g,在各样品中含量最高.体外抗氧化实验显示,样品CE浓度为375μg/mL时对ABTS自由基的清除率达到100%,其IC50为88.82μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时对DPPH自由基的清除率达到78.45%,IC50为394.62μg/mL;CE浓度为1 500μg/mL时还原能力为62.29%,随浓度增大到3000μg/mL时还原能力达100%,其IC50为905.06μg/mL.相关性研究显示各提取物对ABTS、DPPH清除能力以及还原性与黄酮含量相关性较强,相关系数分别为0.845、0.902和0.994.而各提取物的还原能力及对羟自由基的清除能力与样品中的多酚含量明显相关,其相关系数为0.521.研究表明,铁皮石斛4个不同极性提取物均具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且各提取物抗氧化活性与总酚含量和总黄酮含量之间有明显的相关性,表明铁皮石斛抗氧化活性的物质基础可能就是酚类或黄酮类成分.     

白洋淀水陆交错带N20还原酶基因（nosE）与反硝化活性的垂直分布研究

为深入剖析水陆交错带N2O释放热区的机理,选择白洋淀一处典型水陆交错带为研究对象。通过对其纵剖面（0～80cm）分层土壤样品的理化指标、反硝化速率（DNR）、N2O产生速率及N2O还原酶基因（NosZ）丰度和多样性的分析发现,在水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,表层土壤（0～10cm）的反硝化速率（DNR）和N2O产生速率均最高,分别为65．8和9．41nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N及dw计）;表层（0～10cm）和亚表层（10～20cm）土壤的nosZ基因丰度最高（分别为1．00×10^10genecopies·g^-1dw和9．23×10^9genecopies·g^-1dw）且没有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。生物多样性指数表明,表层土壤的nosZ基因生物多样性高于底层;在系统发育树中,表层和底层土壤的nosZ基因序列并没有明显的界限。Pearson相关性分析表明,在典型水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,nosZ基因丰度与N2O／N2O＋N2）呈负相关关系（r=0．766,p〈0．05）,表明在水陆交错带区域nosZ基因丰度是N2O转化的指示指标。     

海河流域定位土壤中不同形态硫的含量及其与土壤性质的关系

测定了海河流域14个褐土样品和8个浅色草甸土样品不同形态S含量及有关的土壤性质.回归统计结果表明,土壤中水溶性S的含量,或水溶性S加上吸附性S的总量,与土壤悬液电导率之间的相关系数r=0.97,二者呈线性关系;土壤有机S含量与有机质含量成正相关.     

河口潮滩沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特性

以长江河口滨岸潮滩为研究对象 ,运用模拟实验的方法 ,研究了潮滩沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特征 .结果表明 ,在模拟实验上覆水中氨氮的浓度 ( <1 40 μg·ml- 1 )范围内 ,沉积物对氨氮的吸附呈线性特征 .长江河口潮滩沉积物对氨氮的吸附系数在 3 81— 9 0 0之间 ,且与沉积物中有机碳 (TOC)的含量有良好的相关关系 (相关系数r =0 779,α =0 0 5 /) ,揭示了有机质控制着长江河口潮滩沉积物中氨氮的吸附行为 .模拟实验结果还发现 ,在淡水控制区域内 ,潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量处在 1 6 68— 33 73μg·g- 1 (dw)之间 ,而在海水所控制的潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量在 0 5 7— 6 36μg·g- 1 (dw)之间 ,这可能反映了研究区域内潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量主要受盐度控制     

2种植物秸秆浸提液对水绵生长的抑制作用

研究了不同质量浓度(4、8、12、16和20 mg·L-1)水稻(Oryza sativa)和再力花(Thalia dealbata)秸秆水浸提液对水绵(Spirogyra sp.)生长的抑制作用。结果显示,试验96 h后各处理组浸提液对水绵的生长均有抑制作用,随着浸提液浓度的增大,水绵细胞叶绿素a含量逐渐降低,显示出明显的剂量-效应关系。再力花ρ(96 h,EC50)为6.85 mg·L-1,水稻ρ(96 h,EC50)为11.27 mg·L-1,表明再力花秸秆浸提液对水绵的毒性强于水稻。水绵细胞中MDA累积含量与水稻浸提液浓度之间呈显著正相关(P0.01,r=0.977),与再力花浸提液浓度之间亦呈显著正相关(P0.01,r=0.964)。各浓度再力花浸提液处理组水绵细胞中MDA累积含量均高于水稻处理组。当ρ(浸提液)为20 mg·L-1时,再力花处理组MDA累积含量最高,达1.884μmol·g-1,比相同浓度水稻浸提液处理组MDA累积含量高105.20%;电解质外渗率也呈现基本相同的变化趋势,即除ρ(浸提液)为0和4 mg·L-1以外,其他4个再力花浸提液浓度组水绵电解质外渗率均高于相应浓度水稻浸提液组。水绵的PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(F v/F m)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)和最大电子传递效率(ηe,t,max)的变化与浸提液浓度之间均呈负相关关系。将ρ(浸提液)为20 mg·L-1时与0 mg·L-1时相比,水稻处理组水绵F v/F m下降96.58%,再力花处理组下降82.24%;水稻处理组水绵ΦPSⅡ下降96.74%,再力花处理组下降96.17%;水稻处理组水绵ηe,t,max下降84.56%,再力花处理组下降43.40%。上述结果表明这2种植物秸秆浸提液对控制水绵的生长具有一定的潜在价值。     

乌毛蕨凝集素的部分性质

乌毛蕨的叶片经PBS抽提和硫酸铵沉淀，得到的粗蛋白经活性碳柱处理后，在分子筛层析柱Sephadex G-100上纯化得到一种凝集素(Blechnum Orientale Lectin，简称BOL)，BOL的比活性比粗提液提高了32倍，活力回收率达75％，在PAGE上显示一条蛋白染色带，而在SDS-PAGE上显示BOL由两个不同的亚基组成，亚基分子量分别为16600和22910．BOL是一种糖蛋白，其中性糖含量为20．06％．其分子中含有Mg和Ca两种金属元素，含量分别为0．08％和0．70％．BOL对温度变化敏感，其凝血活性能被N-乙酰葡萄糖胺所抑制，用滤纸圆片法检测，BOL在测试的8种菌中对大肠杆菌和玉米大斑病菌的生长有抑制作用，图4表5参13     

填埋场渗滤液灌溉对粘壤土N2O释放的影响

以生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液和粘壤土为实验材料,研究了不同的渗滤液灌溉量、灌溉后土壤中矿物氮含量和反硝化酶活性对粘壤土N2O释放的影响.结果表明:渗滤液灌溉可促进土壤中N2O的释放,投加渗滤液的土壤样品N2O的释放通量是投加(NH4)2SO4溶液的2-3倍.粘壤土含水率为25%并且保持氧含量的条件下,渗滤液灌溉土壤后,土壤中N2O主要在硝化过程中产生.相关性统计分析表明:N2O释放通量与NO-2和渗滤液灌溉量呈显著正相关(分别为r=0.928,p＜0.001;r=0.425,P<0.05),而与土壤中NO-3和反硝化酶活性无显著相关性.     

强电离先进氧化OH·治理赤潮试验

采用强电场电离H2O、O2方法，在分子层次上加工成高浓度OH溶液，喷洒在有赤潮生物的海面上，当海水的羟基比值浓度达到0．68mg／L时，致死洛氏角刺藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)等29种赤潮生物效率达到99．89％，致死细菌、弧菌效率达到100％，致死膝沟藻孢子、多甲藻孢子效率达到100％；赤潮生物叶绿素a含量低于检测方法低限值；剩余OH分解成H2O、O2；尸体将分解成CO2、H2O和微量无机盐．试验数据表明，强电离先进氧化OH是治理赤潮有效、可行的绿色新方法，实现了治理赤潮以及加工羟基过程的零污染、零废物排放、零残留物．图3表2参30     

镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响及伤流液与稻米镉含量的相关性研究

立足于我国水稻受镉污染的实际情况,研究镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响,并探讨伤流液镉含量与稻米镉含量之间的关系,为镉污染地区稻米安全生产提供数据支持和科学指导。采用营养液培育试验方法,选择中嘉早17和泰优390两个水稻品种,设置CK(0μg·L~(-1))、Cd10(10μg·L~(-1))、Cd50(50μg·L~(-1))、Cd200(200μg·L~(-1))、Cd500(500μg·L~(-1))和Cd1000(1 000μg·L~(-1)) 6个Cd浓度处理,分析不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响以及各部位镉含量与糙米镉含量的相关性。结果表明,与CK相比,ρ(Cd)≤10μg·L~(-1)处理对水稻生长有促进作用,但未达显著水平(P0. 05),当ρ(Cd)10μg·L~(-1)时有抑制作用,Cd浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。水稻各部位镉含量随着镉胁迫浓度的增大而增大,伤流液中镉含量增加幅度与各部位变化趋于一致。伤流液镉含量与糙米镉含量之间存在极显著正相关(P0. 01),且在分蘖期伤流液镉含量能较好地用于预测水稻镉毒害程度。     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定眩晕停胶囊中的葛根素和芍药苷

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法建立在线同时测定眩晕停胶囊中葛根素和芍药苷含量的方法.通过Online SPE方法可以有效去除样品中其他成分的干扰,葛根素的质量浓度在44.00—132.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内同相应峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率为97.07%,相对标准偏差RSD为0.98%.芍药苷的质量浓度在284.00—852.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991)范围内同相应峰面积呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率为103.64%,RSD为0.51%.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.