切断位置对赤子爱胜蚓再生速度的影响

将赤子爱胜蚓从脑、生殖环部位和总体节的 1/ 2和 3/ 4的位置切断 ,得到有头无尾、无头无尾、无头有尾 3种类型 16个处理体段 ,在 (2 0± 1)℃人工气候箱中培养 ,测定其再生速度 .结果表明 ,赤子爱胜蚓切断的位置不同 ,其再生速度不同 .其中 ,脑部的存在与否 ,对再生速度没有显著的影响 .但是生殖环存在的处理比切除生殖环的处理再生速度快 ,且存活率高 .无头无尾体段再生前部和再生后部的比较表明 ,再生前部比再生后部慢 .体节的损失越少 ,再生的速度越快 .图 6表 3参 11     

柠檬醛对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)再生的影响

用不同浓度柠檬醛处理不同部位剪切的蚯蚓,和处理剪切后不同时间段的蚯蚓体段,探讨了柠檬醛对赤子爱胜蚓再生作用的体段、作用浓度和敏感时间段.结果表明,柠檬醛对蚯蚓再生有明显影响,但这种作用依不同体段而异,以体段P7和P25作用最显著,而A25,A90和P60的受柠檬醛影响较小; 柠檬醛影响蚯蚓头部再生,而不影响尾部再生;对再生有影响的柠檬醛浓度为1mmolkg-1, 0. 1mmolkg-1和0. 01mmolkg-1 (土壤),对蚯蚓再生作用的时间为切后0. 5~1d.试验显示,柠檬醛干扰蚯蚓再生头部形成而且还影响再生头尾体轴形成;内源视黄酸在蚯蚓头尾轴再生图式形成中有重要作用. 图4表4参18     

铜暴露下赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）活体基因的损伤研究

通过碱性单细胞凝胶电泳法研究了Cu2+暴露剂量对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)活体基因损伤的动态影响.结果显示:不添加Cu2+的对照组和添加Cu2+的处理组蚯蚓体腔细胞尾部DNA含量和尾长均呈非正态分布(p<0.05);在暴露72h时,125mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾部DNA含量值最大,为41.44%,100mg·L-1Cu2+处理组尾长值最大,为33.79μm;随着Cu2+暴露剂量的增加,尾部DNA含量和尾长损伤频率增加;对照组和处理组的尾部DNA含量和尾长之间均存在显著性差异(p<0.05),Spearman非参数相关分析表明,尾部DNA百分含量和尾长之间呈显著相关(p<0.01,n=21),Cu2+暴露浓度与尾部DNA百分含量、尾长具有良好的剂量-构效关系(p<0.01).在125mg·L-1Cu2+浓度下暴露72h时蚯蚓的基因损伤程度达到最大,损伤程度为3级.可见,蚯蚓DNA生物标志物是重金属污染基因毒理诊断的重要指标,碱性SCGE试验是检测Cu2+暴露对赤子爱胜蚓活体基因损伤的有效手段.     

渔游蛇精子的超微结构

扫描电镜观察表明,渔游蛇（Ｎａｔｒｉｘ Ｐｉｓｃａｔｅｒ）精子总长度约１１０μｍ,分为头和尾两部分;头部呈前稍尖的细长圆柱形,略变曲,约长８．５μｍ,直径以经约０．６μｍ。尾部又分４段：颈段、中段、主段和末段;其与从不同之处是中段较长,约７３μｍ,占精子总长度的２／３多;线料体型鞘由近５００圈超过５０００个线粒体构成;透射电镜揭示了头部顶体体覆疬于核前约１／２;尾部颈段的结构较复杂,包括连接片的踝     

不同培肥措施对土壤团聚体中微生物特性的影响

土壤微生物生物量是土壤肥力的指示性指标。探讨不同培肥措施对土壤团聚体中微生物特性的影响,对合理培肥和改善土壤性状具有重要的实际意义。通过野外与室内实验,研究了不同培肥措施[施蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)粪wormcast(WC)、套养蚯蚓earthworm breeding(EB)、施牛粪cattle manure(CM)、施化肥chemical fertilizer(FL)和对照(CK)]对华南地区果园土壤团聚体中微生物特性的影响,旨在为果园土壤生态培肥提供依据。结果表明,与CK相比,各有机培肥措施均可显著提高各级团聚体的微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,且以施蚯蚓粪处理效果(分别为133.4、22.6、66.5 mg·kg~(-1))最佳。各处理0.25 mm粒径土壤团聚体的微生物生物量碳(87.0 mg·kg~(-1))、氮含量(15.2 mg·kg~(-1))均低于其他粒径团聚体。与CK相比,AWCD值的变化速度和最高值均有不同程度的提高,其大小顺序为:WCCMEBFLCK。由此可见,不同培肥措施均提高了团聚体中的微生物活性,且以施蚯蚓粪处理的效果最好。多样性指数分析表明:与CK相比,各培肥措施(施化肥除外)均可显著提高团聚体中的微生物群落丰富度,但各培肥措施对土壤常见微生物种类影响不大,且使微生物群落均匀度有所降低。综上可见,施蚯蚓粪对华南地区退化果园的土壤微生物特性改善明显,是提升其肥力的有效措施。     

改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤性质及黑麦草生长的影响

用蒙脱石、稻草、鸡粪作为改良剂，研究不同改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤PH、有效态重金属含量、脲酶和磷酸酶活性以及混合土壤上种植的黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明：添加蒙脱石对不同生长期黑麦草的生长量没有显著影响；使用稻草和鸡粪处理尽管在开始阶段不利于黑麦草(第1茬和第2茬)的生长，但随时间延长，黑麦草的生物量(第3茬和第4茬)明显增加，表现出很好的后效。黑麦草的根重与鸡粪的添加量关系显著，施用稻草的纯尾矿砂处理组(处理22)根重最大，而且蚯蚓只能在使用适量稻草的处理条件下才能在混合土壤中生长。土壤酶的分析发现，磷酸酶的活性除了在蚯蚓能够生长的处理组表现出较高外，其它处理之间无明显差异，但脲酶的活性则随着稻草和鸡粪施用量的增加而显著提高。各处理之间土壤的PH值变化不大。添加稻草减少了土壤中有效态重金属的含量，而使用鸡粪处理明显增加了土壤中包括铜、铅和锌等有效态重金属的含量，说明在施用含有重金属的畜禽粪便时务必小心谨慎，以防二次污染。     

全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应

采用人工土壤培养法,通过14 d急性暴露试验,研究了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的死亡率、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及DNA损伤的影响。研究结果表明：PFOS对蚯蚓14 d-LC₅₀为478.0 mg·kg^-1,显示为低毒;急性暴露期间,PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长,生长抑制率随着PFOS浓度增加而增大,且有良好的剂量效应关系(r=0.951,P<0.01);PFOS对蚯蚓GST和CAT活性均没有显著性影响,没有观察到剂量效应关系;PFOS可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,不同浓度的PFOS对蚯蚓体腔细胞尾长、尾部DNA含量和尾矩的影响具有一定的剂量效应关系(P<0.01),与对照组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,PFOS对蚯蚓的存活影响显示为低毒,但是对生长有一定影响,可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤。     

不同基质及硒添加量对蚯蚓生长、繁殖和富硒能力的影响

蚯蚓是潜在的富硒蛋白饲料.在大棚环境条件下采用不同配比的3种农业废弃物(牛粪、菌渣和残余菜叶)和低浓度硒(Na_2SeO_3,0/20/40 mg/kg)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)进行培养,研究不同培养基质和硒添加量对蚯蚓生长繁殖和富硒能力的影响.结果发现,培养45 d后,与相同浓度硒处理的其他3组基质[纯牛粪、牛粪+菌渣+菜叶(干重比为6/2/2和3/6/1)]相比,牛粪+菌渣组(干重比为1/1)蚯蚓总生物量、蚓茧数、蚓体硒富集量和富集系数均达到最大,其中总生物量比培养前最大增加了18.21%,每100条蚯蚓产蚓茧数量达68.35-72.45个,蚓体硒富集量最高达到151.56mg/kg,蚓体硒富集系数最大为4.91.当硒添加浓度为20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg时,以牛粪+菌渣+菜叶为基质的两组(干重比为6/2/2,3/6/1)在培养初期对蚯蚓活性和培养后的总生物量增加均有一定的抑制作用,蚯蚓总生物量最大降低了8.48%.在不同基质培养条件下,外源添加硒对蚓体硒富集量和硒富集系数增加有促进作用,蚓体硒富集量与基质硒添加量均呈现出剂量-效应关系.上述结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓对硒具有极强的富集能力且培养基质种类对蚯蚓的生长繁殖具有很大的影响,牛粪和菌渣组合(干重比为1/1)是最佳的富硒蚯蚓培养基质且基质硒添加浓度≤40 mg/kg不影响蚯蚓生长繁殖.(图3表4参25)     

农业有机废弃物蚯蚓堆制因素优化及堆制产物主要性状变化特征

采用模拟培养法,对农业有机废弃物的蚯蚓堆制条件进行因素优化,并以优化后条件组合作为培养条件,进一步研究了蚯蚓堆制物性状的变化.结果表明,随蚯蚓处理时间增加,堆制物pH和C/N比值均显著降低,电导率却显著增加;速效N、P含量均在处理45天时达到最高,速效K含量在处理30天时达到最高;在堆制前期,蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性均增强,而磷酸酶活性则呈下降趋势.在蚯蚓堆制60天时,与猪粪+稻草混合堆制物[m(猪粪):m(稻草)=7:3,温度15℃,湿度75%,接种密度10尾·盆-1]的特性相比,猪粪+木屑混合堆制物[m(猪粪):m(木屑)=7:3,温度20℃,湿度75%,接种密度15尾·盆-1]的pH、电导率及速效K含量相对较低,而蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性均相对较高.相对而言,利用蚯蚓对猪粪和木屑进行混合堆制可同时达到安全和资源化利用的目的.     

蚯蚓和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤五氯酚的影响

利用土壤五氯酚（PCP）污染模拟实验,研究两种不同生态型蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida和壮尾环毛蚓Amynthas robustus E.Perrie）和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤PCP的影响。在42 d培养期内,测试了不同处理下PCP质量分数、漆酶活性,以及土壤呼吸和微生物碳氮等微生物指标。结果表明：堆肥固定化漆酶降解土壤PCP的效果优于壳聚糖固定化漆酶和自由漆酶,主要原因是堆肥固定化漆酶能够有效地提高漆酶稳定性,减缓其活性下降速度。此外,堆肥还能提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,显著提升土壤漆酶的活性。添加两种生态型蚯蚓对漆酶活性影响不显著,但均可以显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,加速土壤中PCP的降解。壮尾环毛蚓对土壤微生物数量与活性的提升效果优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).