控制居住区交通噪声的建筑措施

首先分析了交通噪声对居住区声环境的影响，然后重点探讨相应的防治方法，特别是在居住区的规划中，就利用对噪声不敏感的建筑物和绿化隔离带形成小区周边的声屏障、合理布置小区道路系统并防止城市交通穿越、加强住宅建筑设计中隔声构造处理等方面提出了具体的技术措施。     

变电站吸隔声屏体的研制及工程实践

低频噪声污染是输变电工程建设重点关注的环境问题。基于对南通地区变电站噪声样本的频谱特性分析,研发了对低频噪声具有良好吸隔声性能的复合声屏障屏体,并应用于110 k V变电站噪声治理工程实践。声学仿真和验收监测结果表明,声屏障降噪效果明显,周围敏感建筑的声环境质量可满足相关环保标准要求。     

GIS模糊评价模型在城市声功能区划分中的应用

为了减轻城市噪声对人们日常生活带来的影响,提高城市噪声管理的水平及科学性,对城市声环境功能区中一、二类混合区域的划分进行了研究。针对"混合区"划分过程中存在的模糊性特点,运用模糊综合评价原理,选取适当的评价指标,引入"三标度法"确定了各指标的权重,并结合GIS技术的空间数据采集、储存、管理、查询和分析能力,建立GIS模糊综合评价模型,实现了城市声功能"混合区"的批量划分及可视化,最后将模型应用于某市的声环境功能区划分中,使划分结果更科学、客观。     

杭州市农贸市场的噪声特点分析

对农贸市场噪声进行了监测分析。结果发现,农贸市场营业时,市场内的噪声超标,其最小值出现在中午,最大值出现在下午下班高峰期;农贸市场一天内不同时段噪声污染级的数值大小有一定的差距;用噪声冲击指数来评定农贸市场声环境质量,其声环境质量极差。     

广州市内环路交通噪声模拟与降噪措施评估研究

基于单车辆噪声排放模型,考虑距离衰减及声屏障的遮挡作用,建立了高架道路交通噪声模拟模型,计算了广州市内环路的交通噪声分布,并基于地理信息系统(GIS)绘制了内环路的交通噪声地图。同时,以环市东路路段为例,评估了限速、限行及加装声屏障等降噪措施的降噪效果。结果表明:(1)内环路昼间的噪声污染较严重,靠近道路的第1排建筑物大部分处于65～70dB的噪声环境之下,面对路面的建筑物的开窗位置,噪声达到70～75dB。噪声较严重的地区为环市东路路段、火车站路段、中山一路路段、南岸路路段、环市西路路段等,这些地区都可能成为内环路噪声投诉事件的高发地区。相同地区的噪声在夜间下降了一个级别,能够达到《城市区域环境噪声标准》(GB 3096—93)的限值要求(55dB)。(2)加装声屏障的措施,能够在不影响现有路面行车状态的情况下达到降噪要求,是比较推崇的方法。     

高架道路渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障的设计和降噪

针对道路交通噪声的频谱特性,提出了一种采用渐变空腔的微穿孔声屏障,根据微穿孔吸声理论推导了渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障吸声性能的计算方法,并对其吸声性能进行预测计算和实验室测量.采用RLS 90预测模型计算渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障的降噪效果,并对高架道路试验工程段进行了声屏障降噪效果的现场测量.结果表明,渐变空腔微穿孔声屏障在道路噪声的主要频谱范围内具有良好的吸声性能,吸声频带为2个倍频程,峰值可达0.7;高架道路声屏障降噪效果的计算值和实测值吻合良好,声屏障和防撞墙总高度为4 m,对6层以下高度的建筑物有良好的降噪效果,最大降噪效果达10.3 dB.     

电梯结构噪声分析和控制

文中根据民用电梯的一般结构布局,通过对声传播途径分析,得到电梯噪声扰民是受结构噪声影响的结论。通过对电梯系统和电梯与支架组成系统的力平衡分析,得出电梯结构噪声主要是主机支架设计不合理和安装不当产生的。文章提出了结构噪声防治措施,并对结构噪声扰民的多台电梯实施了工程控制措施,均取得了预期的降噪效果。     

道路交通噪声控制措施的技术、经济比较分析

积极采取措施控制道路交通噪声对于沿线土地的集约化开发和利用而言意义重大,尤其是在土地稀缺的城市.对低噪声路面、高架桥底吸声、声屏障、绿化、建筑隔声等常用道路交通噪声控制措施的优缺点、适用条件、降噪效果、经济成本等进行了分析与比较.并指出实际应用中,必须根据道路工程特点、道路两侧土地利用现状与规划情况,以及道路交通噪声对...     

噪声污染不能成治污盲点

正假期想睡个好觉,没想到不容易:7:00不到,隔壁装修的电钻就开始"突突"拆墙;23:00开始,工程车、渣土车就轰轰地进隔壁小区施工了。居民想投诉这些扰民的噪声,也不容易。首先是向谁举报。《环境噪声污染防治法》规定,不同噪声归不同部门管理:工业噪声、建筑施工噪声归环保部门管;交通运输噪声、生活噪声,原则上归公安部门管。像笔者遇到的半夜装运施工垃圾的情形,到底属于建筑施工噪声还是交通运输噪声、     

灰色聚类法在玉环县声功能区划中的应用

运用灰色聚类法对玉环县各区域进行了声环境评价,并运用MATLAB软件进行编程运算,同时根据玉环县城区的总体规划及噪声监测值进行检验,确定了玉环县声环境功能区划。结果表明,利用灰色聚类法得出的声环境功能区划结果科学合理,可为城市的噪声污染防治工作提供可靠依据。     

城市天然气加气站噪声影响分析及噪声控制技术简

城市天然气加气站位于城市道路和居民区周边。由于加气站地理位置特殊,声源复杂,与周边道路对环境的影响叠加,还要考虑通风散热等问题,噪声治理难度大。目前,国内关于城市天然气加气站的噪声控制研究的报道较少。本研究以合肥市长江西路天然气加气站为例,根据城市天然气加气站加气工艺噪声源及邻近交通噪声对周围环境进行叠加影响预测,根据预测结果和通风散热等工艺要求设计冷却塔安装进风、出风消声器和隔声罩,压缩机安装局部通风隔声罩及压缩机房东墙内安装隔声墙及通风隔声窗等措施。经检验,研究结果好于《工业企业厂界噪声排放标准（GB12348-2008）》中的2类标准的夜间50 dB（A）的标准。该研究设计技术工艺、参数先进合理,费用低且实际简单,为国内天然气加气站噪声预测及治理提供较好的示范作用。     

用空气弹簧降低变压器结构噪声的工程实践

绿岛华庭变压器安装于居民住宅楼一层,其运行噪声长期对楼上居民产生干扰。文中详细分析了变压器产生结构噪声的机理,介绍了一种自适应装置的空气弹簧减振器,用该减振器对变压器结构噪声进行了卓有成效的治理。     

State Standards,Regulations, and Responsibilities in Noise Pollution Control

In the near future the State of Minnesota will adopt noise pollution standards and regulations based on the findings presented in this paper. Comprehensive noise standards are presented for all sources of noise, including airports, highways, and industrial sources. Two of the three dimensions of noise—intensity and frequency—are measured by the use of the unit dBA, whereas the third dimension—duration—is measured by use of the temporal distribution, expressed as L_x, where x is the sound pressure level in dBA exceeded x% of the time. Standards are established for five zones: 1. residential—single family, 2. residential— apartments, public buildings, 3. commercial, 4. manufacturing, and 5 industrial. The L_x standards apply to most noises including industrial and highway noises. Aircraft noise and impulse noise standards are also discussed. The six phase implementation plan for noise abatement is discussed.     

Surface Transportation Noise and Its Control

Surface transportation creates most of the noise pollution imposed on our communities today. Reduction of this noise impact requires effective preparation and enforcement of regulations to control noise sources, and methods and locations of operation. At the Federal level, such action has begun, within the limited authority available. Concurrently, research and development programs are demonstrating that means to satisfy noise control regulations are technically practical and economically reasonable. This paper provides a brief review of Federal regulatory areas and corresponding R&D activities pertinent to surface transportation noise abatement.     

Predicting Potential Sound Levels : A Case Study in an Urban Area

Allowable sound pressure levels for industrial, commercial and residential sources of noise are typically governed by state and/or local noise regulations. This paper presents a six-step methodology which was successfully applied by a supermarket in Massachusetts to secure state permission to build and operate a new 52,000 square foot store. This multiple step process included baseline noise monitoring, obtaining reference sound levels of the proposed rooftop refrigeration equipment, predicting future sound levels, and recommending soundlevel mitigation techniques. Post-construction monitoring at the store verified that actual worst-case sound levels agreed with predicted values.     

Perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust in Tokyo

We investigated perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs) in size-fractionated street dust to identify their occurrence, contributions from traffic, and potential routes of entry into waters. Street dust was collected from residential areas and heavily trafficked areas in Tokyo and sorted into fine (<63 microm) and coarse fractions (63-2000 microm). Five PFS species were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUA). In fine fractions, PFS contents were significantly higher in heavily trafficked street dust than in residential street dust, but in coarse fractions, no significant differences were observed. Additionally, in heavily trafficked areas, PFS contents were significantly higher in fine fractions than in coarse fractions, but in residential areas, no significant differences were observed. PFS compositions differed between size fractions, not locations, indicating differences in sources between size fractions. Fine particles from traffic contributed to PFSs in street dust. Street dust possibly acts as the origin of PFSs in street runoff and eventually enters waters. This is the first report of PFSs in street dust.     

A Comprehensive Strategy to Reduce Residential Wood Burning Impacts in Small Urban Communities

Paniculate control strategies in the U.S. have historically focused on the reduction of industrial emissions. In recent years, however, area sources such as residential wood combustion have been recognized as significant and rapidly increasing sources of particulate emissions. In some areas of the country it will be necessary to substantially reduce residential wood burning emissions in order to attain or maintain acceptable levels of total and respirable particulate matter. A comprehensive strategy to reduce residential wood burning impacts has been developed for the Medford-Ashland area, 1 a community of about 100,000 population situated in a poorly ventilated valley in Oregon. Portions of this strategy will be applied in other areas of Oregon. The strategy may be applicable to urban communities in other states as well.     

The effect of residential and agricultural runoff on the microbiology of a Hawaiian ahupua'a.

The objective of this project was to study the relationship between environmental runoff and the incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (ARMO) in freshwater streams. Five water systems along the windward coast of the island of O'ahu were evaluated. Samples were collected from sites upstream of residential or agricultural areas, throughout these areas, and at sites of entrance into oceans or bays. It was hypothesized that the incidence of ARMO would increase as the stream received runoff from residential and agricultural areas. The percentage of ARMO did not increase as the streams passed through residential or agricultural areas. Surprisingly, pristine sites, well upstream from residential or agricultural areas, contained bacteria resistant to at least one antibiotic. Areas most affected by runoff did not show a significant increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant organisms, suggesting that the incidence of antibiotic resistance is not simply a function of contamination with agricultural or residential runoff. The correlation of antibiotic resistance with heavy metal resistance was evaluated, because others (Fasim et al., 1999; Lazar et al., 2002; Nies, 1999) have shown that antibiotic and heavy metal resistance are each carried on extrachromosomal plasmids. The vast majority of ARMO were also resistant to concentrations of heavy metals reported in the sediments of indicator streams (Waihee, system III), suggesting that an antibiotic-resistant bacterium has a high probability of having dual resistance to a heavy metal. A 3.2-kb plasmid (pSTAMP) was isolated from a bacterium with dual antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. Further analysis of the plasmid is currently in progress.     

Dependence of home outdoor particulate mass and number concentrations on residential and traffic features in urban areas

The associations between residential outdoor and ambient particle mass, fine particle absorbance, particle number (PN) concentrations, and residential and traffic determinants were investigated in four European urban areas (Helsinki, Athens, Amsterdam, and Birmingham). A total of 152 nonsmoking participants with respiratory diseases, not exposed to occupational pollution, were included in the study, which comprised a 7-day intensive exposure monitoring period of both indoor and home outdoor particle mass and number concentrations. The same pollutants were also continuously measured at ambient fixed sites centrally located to the studied areas (fixed ambient sites). Relationships between concentrations measured directly outside the homes (residential outdoor) and at the fixed ambient sites were pollutant-specific, with substantial variations among the urban areas. Differences were more pronounced for coarse particles due to resuspension of road dust and PN, which is strongly related to traffic emissions. Less significant outdoor-to-fixed variation for particle mass was observed for Amsterdam and Birmingham, predominantly due to regional secondary aerosol. On the contrary, a strong spatial variation was observed for Athens and to a lesser extent for Helsinki. This was attributed to the overwhelming and time-varied inputs from traffic and other local sources. The location of the residence and traffic volume and distance to street and traffic light were important determinants of residential outdoor particle concentrations. On average, particle mass levels in suburban areas were less than 30% of those measured for residences located in the city center. Residences located less than 10 m from a street experienced 133% higher PN concentrations than residences located further away. Overall, the findings of this multi-city study, indicated that (1) spatial variation was larger for PN than for fine particulate matter (PM) mass and varied between the cities, (2) vehicular emissions in the residential street and location in the center of the city were significant predictors of spatial variation, and (3) the impact of traffic and location in the city was much larger for PN than for fine particle mass.     

NO2 and SO2 dispersion modeling and relative roles of emission sources over Map Ta Phut industrial area, Thailand

Map Ta Phut industrial area (MA) is the largest industrial complex in Thailand. There has been concern about many air pollutants over this area. Air quality management for the area is known to be difficult, due to lack of understanding of how emissions from different sources or sectors (e.g., industrial, power plant, transportation, and residential) contribute to air quality degradation in the area. In this study, a dispersion study of NO2 and SO2 was conducted using the AERMOD model. The area-specific emission inventories of NOx and SO2 were prepared, including both stack and nonstack sources, and divided into 11 emission groups. Annual simulations were performed for the year 2006. Modeled concentrations were evaluated with observations. Underestimation of both pollutants was Jbund, and stack emission estimates were scaled to improve the modeled results before quantifying relative roles of individual emission groups to ambient concentration overfour selected impacted areas (two are residential and the others are highly industrialized). Two concentration measures (i.e., annual average area-wide concentration or AC, and area-wide robust highest concentration or AR) were used to aggregately represent mean and high-end concentrations Jbfor each individual area, respectively. For AC-NO2, on-road mobile emissions were found to be the largest contributor in the two residential areas (36-38% of total AC-NO2), while petrochemical-industry emissions play the most important role in the two industrialized areas (34-51%). For AR-NO2, biomass burning has the most influence in all impacted areas (>90%) exceptJor one residential area where on-road mobile is the largest (75%). For AC-SO2, the petrochemical industry contributes most in all impacted areas (38-56%). For AR-SO2, the results vary. Since the petrochemical industry was often identified as the major contributor despite not being the largest emitter, air quality workers should pay special attention to this emission group when managing air quality for the MA.