三江平原泥炭地微量元素垂直分布特征

采用冬季采样，现场分层的方法，系统地研究了三江平原河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭地微量营养元素和有益元素的垂直分布特征。结果表明，微量营养元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B和有益元素Ni、Sr、Ti、V、Co均有在G层急剧积累的趋势，Fe、Mn、B、Zn、Ti、Sr质量分数在Ase层明显高于泥炭层，某些微量元素间具有显著的相关性。     

三江平原泥炭地过去10ka泥炭储量与碳储量的模型估算

三江平原是中国泥炭地主要集中区域之一,其泥炭储量与碳储量对中国泥炭地碳收支平衡有着重要影响.该类研究目前多数是基于野外样点采集数据的整合分析,本研究通过利用全新世泥炭模型(HPM)估算三江平原10 000年(10 ka)至今的泥炭储量与碳储量,并与已有文献结果进行对比分析.结果表明:三江平原泥炭发育高峰期约为距今9 ka和2 ka左右,7 ka和8 ka左右泥炭地发育极少或忽略不计;总泥炭储量约为0.086 Pg(0.074-0.106 Pg),其中碳储量约为0.025 Pg(0.022-0.031 Pg).尽管由于泥炭地性质不同等原因使得结果与已有文献有一些误差,但对结果的分析也验证了这一方法的可行性,值得进一步研究与完善.     

泥炭沼泽地碳循环研究

介绍了在泥炭沼泽湿地中碳循环的研究方法，手段和研究内容，阐述了主要的研究结果。     

泥炭净化含油污水的技术和方法

泥炭比重小，重量轻，富含有机质，是一种吸附能力很强的吸油。本文通过大量试验论述了泥炭净化含油污水的实验条件和方法。结果表明，泥炭经热加工处理后，由原来的亲水性变成疏水性，在含油污水中实现吸油而不吸水；采用不同的净化方式效果不同，静态方式泥炭可吸附其自身重量的５－１０倍的油，动态吸油高达１０倍以上。藓类泥炭，草本泥炭及木本泥炭对油的吸附效果不同，分别可吸附油６Ｌ／ｋｇ－９．５Ｌ／ｋｇ，４Ｌ／ｋｇ－８     

改性泥炭对水溶液中铬的去除

为克服泥炭利用过程中存在的一些问题，对原泥炭进行了改性处理，并将改性后的泥炭与树脂结合以增强改性泥炭的机械强度。通过静态试验方法研究了改性泥炭对来自水溶液中的铬离子的吸附特性。结果表明：改性泥炭对水溶液中的铬的吸附等温过程符合Freundlich吸附等温方程，其吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程。溶液的pH值对铬的去除产生显著的影响，在pH在1．5－3．0时，改性泥炭对6价铬的去除效果最好。     

磐石等四种泥炭脱除硫化氢能力的研究

本文介绍用自采的磐石等四种泥炭，以硫化氢为试验气体，用同一套试验设备，在相同条件下进行脱臭能力为比的试验研究。并由试验中总结出影响泥炭脱臭能力的物理及化学因素。     

遮光对亚热带山地大泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre L.)生长及维管植物控制效果的影响

控制亚热带山地泥炭藓湿地中维管植物的生长可以帮助泥炭藓湿地快速恢复.以亚热带山地大泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre L.)为研究对象,采用人工覆盖遮光网控制遮光率,探究遮光对大泥炭藓生长及维管植物控制效果的影响.结果显示:(1)大泥炭藓的生长状态方面,在无遮光下及遮光处理下,随着遮光率的增加,大泥炭藓的头状枝...     

湿地碳汇功能探讨:以泥炭地和芦苇湿地为例

大量研究表明湿地是地球表层系统中的重要碳汇,对于吸收大气中的温室气体,减缓全球气候变暖有重要作用.由于近几十年来全球气候变暖和人类活动的影响,湿地碳汇功能不断减弱.文章以泥炭地和芦苇Phragmites australis湿地为例来分析湿地的碳汇功能发现:农业排水、土地利用方式的改变、大气中CO2体积分数升高、全球气候变化等人为和自然因素影响了泥炭地的碳汇功能,泥炭地的碳蓄积能力下降,逐渐由"碳汇"转变为"碳源";尽管芦苇湿地是CH4的重要来源,但其对CO2具有较强的碳汇作用,综合来看芦苇湿地的仍是温室气体的净汇;人工芦苇湿地污水净化系统的温室气体排放量高于天然芦苇湿地.分析表明,研究泥炭地和芦苇湿地在全球气候变化下的响应及反馈机制,确定合理的湿地开发模式将是未来湿地碳汇研究的主要方向.     

三江平原泥炭沼泽土剖面P、K养分分布特征及影响因素分析

在三江平原湿地植物生长季节，选择具有代表性的毛果苔草-狭叶甜茅(Carex lasiocarpa-Glyceria spiculosa)湿地发育的泥炭沼泽土为研究对象，逐月分层采集土样，测定P、K含量，同时进行相关环境因子的测量。借助SPSS软件和灰色关联分析技术，探讨泥炭沼泽土P、K养分含量特征及影响因子的影响程度。结果表明：泥炭沼泽土P、K含量在剖面垂直方向具有明显的分层现象，P、K含量与土层的二次相关性均较好，相关系数除潜育层外均在0．94以上。泥炭沼泽土各土层速效P和速效K含量在植物生长季节内均呈明显的动态变化，一元三次非线性回归模拟均得到理想的模拟效果。同一环境因子对同一土层全P、全K、速效P或速效K的影响程度各异；同一环境因子对不同土层P、K的影响系数也不同；因此，不同环境因子对同一土层某一对象的影响系数更不相同。     

木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以木本泥炭为吸附材料,用于去除水中的Cr(Ⅵ).研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、木本泥炭用量、缓冲液浓度和初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,以及溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸附的影响.结果表明,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随溶液pH值的增大而减小,当溶液pH值为4时,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力最强,3.33 g·L~(-1)木本泥炭对100 mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量为29. 98 mg·g~(-1);当磷酸盐缓冲液浓度在0. 10—0.20 mol·L~(-1)范围内时,随着缓冲液浓度的增大Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量逐渐减小;木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准一级反应动力学,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;当溶液pH值小于6时,Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸率低于0.32%.     

Carbon dioxide and methane emission from subsurface peatlands and its controlling factors北大核心CSCD

Peatland is an efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) sink on the continent and plays an important role in global carbon cycle. Climate change and human activities, two of the notable global environmental issues, have accelerated the degradation of peatlands during recent years. Global warming will increase the rate of aerobic decomposition in the surface of peatlands. Carbon stored in the subsurface of peatlands will be metabolized if the climatic conditions become favorable for decomposition. This study reviewed the carbon circle of subsurface peatland in natural environment and in environments disturbed by human activity or climate change. Furthermore, the major factors (environmental and human factors) that affect the carbon cycle were also discussed. According to a previous study, subsurface peatland will rapidly participate in the carbon cycle when the peatland is degraded. Water level, vegetation, and temperature were the main natural factors affecting the carbon cycle, whereas drainage, farming, and grazing were the main anthropogenic factors. Further studies should focus on different soil layer carbon dynamics, inorganic carbon content, and conservation and restoration of peatlands. The study methods should be a combination of macro with micro scale and focus on developing deep peat research techniques. Most of the previous studies focused on greenhouse gas emission and their response factors in short-term experiments. Thus, the mechanism and process of subsurface carbon are not clear and needs further study. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Hydroclimatic variability drives episodic expansion of a floating peat mat in a North American kettlehole basin

The coming century is predicted to feature enhanced climatic variability, including increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme climatic events. Ecologists are faced with the critical challenge of anticipating potentially nonlinear ecosystem responses to these changes. High-resolution paleoecological data sets that capture past ecosystem responses to climate variability provide valuable long-term perspectives on the sensitivity of ecosystems to climate-forced state shifts. We used a suite of paleoecological analyses at Titus Bog in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA, to test the hypothesis that the development and expansion of floating peatlands in kettlehole basins represents a threshold response to hydroclimate variability. In contrast with expectations of gradual autogenic peat mat expansion, our results indicate that peat mat expansion at Titus Bog was highly episodic and occurred in three distinct pulses centered on 800, 650, and 400 cal yr BP. Each of these expansion events coincided with or immediately followed decadal-to-mutlidecadal droughts recorded in regional paleoclimate reconstructions. These patterns indicate that peatland development in kettlehole basins can follow nonlinear trajectories, with episodes of rapid advancement triggered by climatic forcing. Future climate changes may increase the likelihood of peatland expansion in kettlehole basins, potentially leading to abrupt changes in adjacent lake ecosystems.     

Similar cation exchange capacities among bryophyte species refute a presumed mechanism of peatland acidification

Fen-bog succession is accompanied by strong increases of carbon accumulation rates. We tested the prevailing hypothesis that living Sphagna have extraordinarily high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and therefore acidify their environment by exchanging tissue-bound protons for basic cations in soil water. As Sphagnum invasion in a peatland usually coincides with succession from a brown moss-dominated alkaline fen to an acidic bog, the CEC of Sphagna is widely believed to play an important role in this acidification process. However, Sphagnum CEC has never been compared explicitly to that of a wide range of other bryophyte taxa. Whether high CEC directly leads to the ability to acidify the environment in situ also remains to be tested. We screened 20 predominant subarctic bryophyte species, including fen brown mosses and bog Sphagna for CEC, in situ soil water acidification capacity (AC), and peat acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). All these bryophyte species possessed substantial CEC, which was remarkably similar for brown mosses and Sphagna. This refutes the commonly accepted idea of living Sphagnum CEC being responsible for peatland acidification, as Sphagnum's ecological predecessors, brown mosses, can do the same job. Sphagnum AC was several times higher than that of other bryophytes, suggesting that CE (cation exchange) sites of Sphagna in situ are not saturated with basic cations, probably due to the virtual absence of these cations in the bog water. Together, these results suggest that Sphagna can not realize their CEC in bogs, while fen mosses can do so in fens. The fen peat ANC was 65% higher than bog ANC, indicating that acidity released by brown mosses in the CE process was neutralized, maintaining an alkaline environment. We propose two successional pathways indicating boundaries for a fen-bog shift with respect to bryophyte CEC. In neither of them is Sphagnum CE an important factor. We conclude that living Sphagnum CEC does not play any considerable role in the fen-bog shift. Alternatively, we propose that exclusively indirect effects of Sphagnum expansion such as peat accumulation and subsequent blocking of upward alkaline soil water transport are keys to the fen-bog succession and therefore for bog-associated carbon accumulation.     

How expert insight into alpine peatland conservation complements global scientific evidence

Experts can provide valuable information to fill knowledge gaps in published research on management effectiveness, particularly for threatened ecosystems, for which there is often limited evidence and the need for prompt intervention to ensure their persistence. One such ecosystem, alpine peatland, is threatened by climate change and other pressures, provides vital ecosystem services, and supports unique biodiversity. In a workshop, we gathered and synthesized into an accessible format information from experts on interventions used, threat context, and intervention effectiveness for Australian alpine peatland and used this knowledge to evaluate local relevance of the global literature for this threatened ecosystem. Experts identified 15 interventions used to conserve Australian peatlands, most of which enhanced or restored peatland condition and effectively addressed diverse threats. Experts’ perspectives and global studies were strongly aligned, suggesting that research on peatland management may be broadly relevant across contexts, despite the distinct characteristics of Australian systems. Our workshop-based expert elicitation approach provided insights into current management practices unavailable in the literature.     

铜污染土壤添加有机物质的生物效应Ⅰ. 对黑麦草生物量的影响

试验研究了泥炭和堆肥对铜污染土壤盆栽黑麦草生物量的影响。结果表明,在未添加有机物质的情况下,随着污染土壤铜含量的增加,黑麦草生物量呈明显减少的趋势（呈显著负相关）,地下部分对铜毒害的反应比地上部分更敏感;导致黑麦草生物量减产20%的土壤铜含量在200～400 mg/kg之间。添加有机物质能显著促进黑麦草尤其是其地下部分的生长,使中度、重度铜污染土壤上的三茬黑麦草生物量平均增加80%～200%,并提高了导致黑麦草严重减产的土壤铜临界浓度。堆肥的增产效果好于泥炭。在试验的9个月内,有机物质仍能维持对受铜污染的土壤上的黑麦草生长的促进作用。     

可溶性有机质对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响

为掌握可溶性有机质(DOM)对憎水性有机污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响,本研究选取四环多环芳烃——芘作为目标污染物,通过批平衡实验研究了不同分子量组分DOM对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响.结果表明,吸附和解吸数据均可以用Freundlich模型很好地拟合(R2＞0.93).DOM的添加抑制了泥炭对芘的吸附,并且分子量...     

Variation of salts and available nutrients in salt-affected soil during leaching process under the influence of organic ameliorators

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential influence of three organic ameliorators (peat, biochar and leonardite) on salts and nutrients in salt-affected soils during intermittent leaching. Results showed that nearly 90% of salt was removed from columns in the leaching process and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil after leaching was reduced by 67.3% (control, CK), 62.9% (peat), 70.1% (biochar) and 55.0% (leonardite). Total N loss declined by 26.2% (peat), 11.7% (biochar) and 55.5% (leonardite) compared with CK in the process of leaching. The maintaining N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?) of soil after leaching was 8.25, 7.31, 11.31 and 14.48?mg/kg for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Final P loss was 0.47, 0.31, 0.54, 0.27?mg/column in leaching for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Soluble P of soil after leaching was measured as 6.95 (CK), 5.62 (peat), 8.52 (biochar) and 3.33 (leonardite) mg/kg. Leaching could remove the salt effectively but with nutrient loss in the process. The findings of this study suggest that organic ameliorators (biochar, peat or leonardite) play an important role in retaining nutrients during leaching as well as supplying nutrients after leaching to offer practical assistance for the amendment of salt-affected soil in the Yellow River Delta.     

污染土壤添加有机物质对黑麦草吸收铜的影响

研究了泥炭和堆肥对铜污染土壤盆栽黑麦草吸收铜状况的影响。结果表明 ,黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量皆随土壤污染水平提高而增加 ,地下部的增幅远大于地上部 ;添加有机物质明显降低了黑麦草地上、地下部的含铜量 ,平均降幅近 3 0 %。泥炭降低黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量的作用随土壤污染水平的提高而逐渐变小 ,而堆肥的作用至重度污染水平仍较明显 ;在近 4 0 0mg/kg铜污染水平上 ,有机物质表现出最佳降低植株铜吸收量的效果。有机物质的控制作用与土壤pH有关 ,并在 3茬黑麦草的试验期间内得以维持     

Natural bitumens versus oil pollution in the Vlasina lake peat

Free and associated bitumens were isolated by sequential extraction from Vlasina lake peat (SE Serbia) and were investigated in order to differentiate between oil pollution and natural bitumens. Four peat samples were collected at different depths, on a peat island. Gas chromatographic (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of three markedly different bitumen fractions. Here we show that the free bitumens are representing the native peat bitumens. The two associated bitumens are mainly the products of bacterial rework of organic substance, which were then trapped by two differing mechanisms. The bitumens characteristics and association features exclude a contribution of oil pollution.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).