湿地碳汇功能探讨:以泥炭地和芦苇湿地为例

大量研究表明湿地是地球表层系统中的重要碳汇,对于吸收大气中的温室气体,减缓全球气候变暖有重要作用.由于近几十年来全球气候变暖和人类活动的影响,湿地碳汇功能不断减弱.文章以泥炭地和芦苇Phragmites australis湿地为例来分析湿地的碳汇功能发现:农业排水、土地利用方式的改变、大气中CO2体积分数升高、全球气候变化等人为和自然因素影响了泥炭地的碳汇功能,泥炭地的碳蓄积能力下降,逐渐由"碳汇"转变为"碳源";尽管芦苇湿地是CH4的重要来源,但其对CO2具有较强的碳汇作用,综合来看芦苇湿地的仍是温室气体的净汇;人工芦苇湿地污水净化系统的温室气体排放量高于天然芦苇湿地.分析表明,研究泥炭地和芦苇湿地在全球气候变化下的响应及反馈机制,确定合理的湿地开发模式将是未来湿地碳汇研究的主要方向.     

三江平原泥炭地微量元素垂直分布特征

采用冬季采样，现场分层的方法，系统地研究了三江平原河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭地微量营养元素和有益元素的垂直分布特征。结果表明，微量营养元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B和有益元素Ni、Sr、Ti、V、Co均有在G层急剧积累的趋势，Fe、Mn、B、Zn、Ti、Sr质量分数在Ase层明显高于泥炭层，某些微量元素间具有显著的相关性。     

石灰泥炭对镉铅锌污染土壤上小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了在镉、铅、锌污染土壤上,石灰和泥炭对小白菜生长状况及对污染元素(Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ)和养分元素(Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃｕ,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ)吸收的影响。结果表明,石灰消除了重金属的毒害症状．显著促进小白菜的生长、显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收。石灰对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭对小白菜生长的改善效果及对铜、铅、锌吸收的抑制效果较石灰差。提高酸性土壤ｐＨ值是减少作物对重金属吸收的有效方法。     

三江平原泥炭沼泽土剖面P、K养分分布特征及影响因素分析

在三江平原湿地植物生长季节 ,选择具有代表性的毛果苔草 -狭叶甜茅 (Carexlasiocarpa Glyceriaspiculosa)湿地发育的泥炭沼泽土为研究对象 ,逐月分层采集土样 ,测定P、K含量 ,同时进行相关环境因子的测量。借助SPSS软件和灰色关联分析技术 ,探讨泥炭沼泽土P、K养分含量特征及影响因子的影响程度。结果表明 :泥炭沼泽土P、K含量在剖面垂直方向具有明显的分层现象 ,P、K含量与土层的二次相关性均较好 ,相关系数除潜育层外均在 0 .94以上。泥炭沼泽土各土层速效P和速效K含量在植物生长季节内均呈明显的动态变化 ,一元三次非线性回归模拟均得到理想的模拟效果。同一环境因子对同一土层全P、全K、速效P或速效K的影响程度各异 ;同一环境因子对不同土层P、K的影响系数也不同 ;因此 ,不同环境因子对同一土层某一对象的影响系数更不相同。     

可溶性有机质对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响

为掌握可溶性有机质(DOM)对憎水性有机污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响,本研究选取四环多环芳烃——芘作为目标污染物,通过批平衡实验研究了不同分子量组分DOM对芘在泥炭和高岭土上吸附和解吸的影响.结果表明,吸附和解吸数据均可以用Freundlich模型很好地拟合(R2＞0.93).DOM的添加抑制了泥炭对芘的吸附,并且分子量...     

Interaction between peat, humic acid and aqueous metal ions

Analysis of peat samples from four regions of the British Isles indicates that the concentrations of Al, Pb and common transition metals tend, as expected, to be higher in regions subject to industrial pollution, but that the concentrations of the nontransition metals Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn tend to be higher in regions remote from industrial pollution. Humic acids were extracted from the most polluted and least polluted of the peat samples and some characteristics of these acids were compared with those of two commercial acids. Values for stability constants of complexes formed between humic acids extracted from peat and Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ or Pb²⁺ have been obtained by an ionexchange equilibrium method. Of the three metal ions examined, Pb²⁺ was found to form the most stable humic acid complexes, followed by Cu²⁺: this order agrees with the findings of Irving and Williams and of Bunzl. Implications to the binding of actinide and other heavy metal ions in aqueous humic acid are discussed.     

Reinvigorating the sustainable development research agenda: the role of the sustainable development goals (SDG)

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) contain a set of 17 measures to foster sustainable development across many areas. It offers a good opportunity to reinvigorate sustainable development research for two main reasons. First, it comprises many areas of SD research, which have become mainstream thanks to the UN SDGs. Second, the fact that the UN and its member countries have committed to attaining SDGs by 2030 has added a sense of urgency to the need to perform quality research on SD on the one hand, and reiterates the need to use the results of this research on the other. Even though the basic concept of sustainability goes back many centuries, it has only recently appeared on the international political agenda. This is partly due to an awakening of the fact that the human ecological pressure on the planet is still much larger than what nature can renew or compensate for. Based on this state of affairs, this paper presents an outline of the process leading to the agreement on the UN SDGs, and looks at some of the ecological aspects as a result of continued pressure of human activities on natural resources. Furthermore, a set of research needs is proposed – also based holistically on updated research trends – discussing the degree of urgency of some measures and explaining why the UN SDGs need to be accorded greater priority in international sustainable development research efforts.     

植物根系分泌物研究方法评述

根系分泌物是植物与土壤微环境进行物质、能量和信息交流的重要媒介,对根系分泌物数量、种类的研究是植物营养、化感作用、环境修复等研究领域的重要内容。目前,根系分泌物研究中应用的收集方法主要有溶液培收集、土培收集、基质培收集和连续性根系分泌物收集系统等;分离纯化方法主要有树脂法、衍生化与萃取法、层析法和分子膜与超速离心法;检测方法有生物活性测定方法和仪器分析方法。文章结合实例综合论述了这些根系分泌物收集、分离纯化以及测定的方法,为研究者找到合适的根系分泌物研究方法提供参考。     

改良剂对红蛋植物修复污染土壤重金属铅和镉效果的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了在重度重金属混合污染土壤上,施用不同配比的石灰和泥炭（T1,泥炭0 g·kg^-1土,石灰2 g·kg^-1土;T2,泥炭30 g·kg^-1土,石灰0 g·kg^-1土;T3,泥炭50 g·kg^-1土,石灰0g·kg^-1土;T4,泥炭30 g·kg^-1土,石灰2g·kg^-1土;T5,泥炭50 g·kg^-1土,石灰2g·kg^-1土）对红蛋（Echinodorus osiris）生长及其去除污染土壤铅、镉量的影响,探讨了化学修复和植物提取修复技术相结合修复重金属污染土壤的可能性。研究结果表明,施用石灰显著提高了土壤pH,施用泥炭不显著;施用石灰和泥炭后土壤中交换态铅、镉含量较CK显著降低,红蛋地上部和地下部铅、镉含量较CK有不同程度降低,T4、T5处理降低不显著;T3、T4、T5处理显著地提高了红蛋的铅单株迁移量和年迁移量,年迁移量分别为CK的2.1倍、2.6倍和2.8倍;T1、T2、T3、T4、T5处理显著地提高了红蛋的镉单株迁移量和年迁移量,年迁移量分别为CK的1.8倍、2.9倍、2.9倍、2.8倍和2.9倍,其主要原因在于施用土壤改良剂改善了红蛋的生长,显著增加了地上部生物量。结合经济效益方面因素考虑,以施用泥炭30g·kg^-1土和石灰2g·kg^-1土的处理更适合推广运用。     

Variation of salts and available nutrients in salt-affected soil during leaching process under the influence of organic ameliorators

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential influence of three organic ameliorators (peat, biochar and leonardite) on salts and nutrients in salt-affected soils during intermittent leaching. Results showed that nearly 90% of salt was removed from columns in the leaching process and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil after leaching was reduced by 67.3% (control, CK), 62.9% (peat), 70.1% (biochar) and 55.0% (leonardite). Total N loss declined by 26.2% (peat), 11.7% (biochar) and 55.5% (leonardite) compared with CK in the process of leaching. The maintaining N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?) of soil after leaching was 8.25, 7.31, 11.31 and 14.48?mg/kg for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Final P loss was 0.47, 0.31, 0.54, 0.27?mg/column in leaching for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Soluble P of soil after leaching was measured as 6.95 (CK), 5.62 (peat), 8.52 (biochar) and 3.33 (leonardite) mg/kg. Leaching could remove the salt effectively but with nutrient loss in the process. The findings of this study suggest that organic ameliorators (biochar, peat or leonardite) play an important role in retaining nutrients during leaching as well as supplying nutrients after leaching to offer practical assistance for the amendment of salt-affected soil in the Yellow River Delta.