Community structure and vertical distribution of cyclopoid copepods in the Red Sea

The species abundance, vertical distribution and diurnal vertical migration of cyclopoid copepods was analyzed in the central Red Sea in October–November 1980. Samples were taken to a depth of 450 m with a multiple opening — closing plankton net with 0.1-mm mesh-size. Selected important species were allocated to five different groups according to their depth distributions during daytime. The greatest number of species (9) was found in the lower epipelagic zone (40 to 100 m), below the strong seasonal thermocline. The lowest number of species (1) occurred in the upper part of the upper mesopelagic zone (100 to 250 m), which is characterized by a strong dissolved oxygen gradient. Five species had a bimodal vertical distribution, with dual peak abundances in the epipelagic and upper mesopelagic zones. Distinct differences in distribution patterns were noted between sexes and/or developmental stages. The vertical range of diurnally migrating species was small, usually less than 50 to 100 m. Characteristic diurnal changes in the vertical succession of dominant species occur within the epipelagic zone (0 to 100 m). Species-specific vertical distribution patterns are compared with published data from other areas. A conspicuous difference in the proportion of carcasses was noted between species: small species (<0.5 mm in length) had a much higher proportion of carcasses, usually between 20 and 40% of the total standing stock, than larger ones (<5%). The potential causes of this phenomenon, which may be due to (1) methodological bias, (2) a lower sinking velocity of small carcasses, or (3) a higher mortality rate of small species, are discussed.     

Vertical distribution and feeding patterns of midwater fish in the central equatorial Atlantic

Fishes and zooplankton were obtained (March–April 1979 and partly in August 1974) from 45 hauls taken during the day and at night in the central equatorial Atlantic between Latitude 3°N and 2°S from the surface to 1250-m depth, using the RMT 1+8, a combined opening-closing plankton and micronekton trawl. The vertical distribution of 30 myctophid species is described. All species migrate in a diel pattern, Ceratoscopelus warmingii and Lampanyctus photonotus down to at least 1250 m. During daytime most species aggregated at 400-to 700-m depth, therefore only partly occupying the depth of the Deep Scattering Layer (400 to 500 m at 15 kHz). The feeding patterns of seven of the most abundant species were compared, with a total of 1 905 stomach contents being analysed. All seven species are regarded as opportunistic predators, which feed predominantly during the night on calanoid copepods. A total of 66 species of calanoid copepods were identified among the prey items, with smaller species definitely being in the minority. Stomachs of C. warmingii (700 to 1 250 m depth) and Lepidophanes guentheri (500 to 900 m depth) from daytime samples contained copepod species restricted to the upper 150 m of the water column, including Undinula vulgaris, Nannocalanus minor, and Euchaeta marina, thereby confirming an extended vertical migration of predators. Differences in diet and preferences between species in their total food spectrum are described.     

Spatial and temporal feeding patterns of copepods from the North Pacific centra gyre

Spatial and temporal feeding patterns (determined from an index of gut fullness) are described for 10 typical species of calanoid copepods collected from the North Pacific central gyre (September 1968 to June 1977), an area where the zooplankton is food limited and there were a-priori reasons to suspect that feeding and competition for food were important in regulating zooplankton community structure. Over 100 samples from 11 cruises to the eastern part of the gyre were examined, and patterns of gut fullness were related to environmental variables and the copepod species structure. The copepods studied all tended to be omnivores and food generalists. Males had lower indices of gut fullness than females but both males and females of a species had similar spatial and temporal feeding patterns. Guts were usually fuller at night than during the day, even in nonmigrating species; however, within nighttime depth distributions, no depths were preferred for feeding. There were also differences between species in mean gut fullness, but different species tended to have similar spatial and temporal feeding patterns. There was considerable spatial variability, and locales could be identified in which most species had higher indices of gut fullness. The copepods were not necessarily more abundant in these locales, nor did these tend to be areas of above average chlorophyll concentration. These patterns were consistent with relatively nonselective feeding, and there was no evidence that these species separate their niches by feeding at differing places or times.     

Direct sampling and in situ observation of a persistent copepod aggregation in the mesopelagic zone of the Santa Barbara Basin

Observations from a one-person submersible (Wasp) in fall, 1982, revealed a persistent aggregation of non-migrating, Stage V copepodites of Calanus pacificus californicus Brodsky in a band 20±3 m thick at a depth of 450 m, about 100 m above the bottom of the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Copepod abundances, calculated from nearest-neighbor distances measured directly from the submersible, yielded maximum densities of 26×10⁶ copepodites m^-3. Quiescent behavior, low laminarinase activity, low protein content, high lipid content and evidence of low excretion rate all suggest that these copepodites were in a state of diapause. Diapausing C. pacificus californicus at other locations along the eastern Pacific coast were also captured in discrete depth plankton tows. Both the submersible observations and the net collections suggest that the dense aggregation of diapausing copepods we observed in the Santa Barbara Basin was a phenomenon associated with seasonal upwelling cycles, and that such aggregations occur during non-upwelling periods when food is scarce in surface waters. Numerous predators, especially the deep sea smelt Leuroglossus stilbius, were observed feeding upon the aggregated copepods; thus, in contrast to the conventional picture of surface-dominated food distribution, deep-water aggregations of C. pacificus californicus may support the mesopelagic community during periods of low food availability in surface waters.     

Biomasses,catch rates and abundances of demersal fishes,particularly predators of prawns,in a tropical bay in the Gulf of Carpentaria,Australia

The demersal fish fauna of Albatross Bay, in the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia, was sampled on seven cruises from August 1986 to November 1988, using a random stratified trawl survey. Four depth zones between 7 and 45 m were sampled during both day and night. The mean biomass of fish from all seven cruises was 297 kg ha^–1 for days trawls and 128 kg ha^–1 for night trawls. The overall mean catch rates were 922 kg h^–1 for day trawls and 412 kg h^–1 for night trawls. There were marked differences between cruises in both the biomass and catch rate. Approx 890 000 fish of 237 species were collected. Of these, 25 species comprised 82% of the total biomass and 74% of the overall catch rate. The dominant families were Leiognathidae, Haemulidae and Clupeidae, with Sciaenidae and Dasyatidae important at night.Leiognathus bindus was the most abundant species. Twenty-five species occurred in more than 50% of trawls, withCaranx bucculentus the most frequently caught (96% of all trawls). Thirty four species were predators on prawns; their absolute mean biomass was 50 kg ha^–1 during the day and 39 kg ha^–1 at night. The corresponding catch rates were 171 and 125 kg h^–1. Multiple-regression analyses were used to discriminate the effects of diel, seasonal, depth and cruise patterns. Of the 31 most abundant species, 15 showed diel patterns of abundance; 11 species showed seasonal patterns of abundance; 23 species had differential depth distribution; and 13 species showed significant cruise-to-cruise variation in abundance. Cruise variations in abundance were tested against salinity, temperature, tidal exchange, plankton biomass and prawn abundances as well as periods (and lags) of total rainfall prior to sampling. Only total rainfall showed any significant correlation. Total rainfall over a period of 6 wk immediately prior to sampling showed significant positive correlations with the abundances of five species, with overall daytime catch rates, and with the suite of 34 prawn predators. Rainfall and river runoff into Albatross Bay were significantly correlated. In Albatross Bay, the complex of factors affecting fish abundances and the magnitude of between-cruise differences indicate that such tropical communities may be unpredictable and are not seasonally constant. The high catch rates in Albatross Bay relative to similar tropical areas elsewhere are discussed and attributed to the light exploitation of the Albatross Bay stocks. Other than a prawn fishery, there is no commercial trawling in Albatross Bay. Hence, the only fishing mortality is a result of by-catch from prawn trawling. The annual total of such fish by-catch is probably less than 10% of the estimated standing stock of 93 000 tonnes.     

Differing distributions of potentially competing amphipods,copepods and gastropods among specimens of the intertidal alga Pelvetia fastigiata

Possible competitive interactions are inferred from the distributions and abundances of species within three invertebrate groups (Hyale spp., Ampithoe spp. and thallusdwelling species) among unmanipulated and experimental specimens of the brown alga Pelvetia fastigiata collected between 1974 and 1976, inclusive, at La Jolla, California, USA. During the fall, when the vagile amphipods Hyale grandicornis and H. frequens were relatively abundant, they were found mostly on specimens of P. fastigiata at upper mid-intertidal and mid-tide levels, respectively. H. grandicornis often dispersed to mid-tide levels, but the two species cooccurred on few plants. Although H. frequens infrequently occupied P. fastigiata in the spring, H. grandicornis still generally sheltered in upper mid-intertidal plants, in part, because the net reproduction rates of H. grandicornis were low when space was available. The tubiculous amphipod A. tea usually was the only Ampithoe species on P. fastigiata; however, A. lindbergii and A. pollex sometimes dispersed to and released broods on this alga, particularly during the early summer when abundances of A. tea were relatively low. Similarly, net immigration rates of other thallus-dwelling copepods were relatively high when abundances of Scutellidium lamellipes were low. Moreover, several copepods were most abundant on different specimens of small isolated plants, and thallus-dwelling gastropods on larger plants at sites with relatively low densities of S. lamellipes on P. fastigiata; such copepods and gastropods generally were not abundant on aggregated plants sheltering large numbers of S. lamellipes. Such differences suggest that competition for food or space is among the factors causing negative correlations in the densities of Ampithoe spp. and thallusdwelling species on P. fastigiata.     

Spring phenological responses of marine and freshwater plankton to changing temperature and light conditions

Shifts in the timing and magnitude of the spring plankton bloom in response to climate change have been observed across a wide range of aquatic systems. We used meta-analysis to investigate phenological responses of marine and freshwater plankton communities in mesocosms subjected to experimental manipulations of temperature and light intensity. Systems differed with respect to the dominant mesozooplankton (copepods in seawater and daphnids in freshwater). Higher water temperatures advanced the bloom timing of most functional plankton groups in both marine and freshwater systems. In contrast to timing, responses of bloom magnitudes were more variable among taxa and systems and were influenced by light intensity and trophic interactions. Increased light levels increased the magnitude of the spring peaks of most phytoplankton taxa and of total phytoplankton biomass. Intensified size-selective grazing of copepods in warming scenarios affected phytoplankton size structure and lowered intermediate (20–200?μm)-sized phytoplankton in marine systems. In contrast, plankton peak magnitudes in freshwater systems were unaffected by temperature, but decreased at lower light intensities, suggesting that filter feeding daphnids are sensitive to changes in algal carrying capacity as mediated by light supply. Our analysis confirms the general shift toward earlier blooms at increased temperature in both marine and freshwater systems and supports predictions that effects of climate change on plankton production will vary among sites, depending on resource limitation and species composition.     

Sublittoral epifaunal communities at Signy Island,Antarctica. I. The ice-foot zone

Photographs were taken every 0.5 m along three transects of 5.5 m length on shallow rock faces at Signy Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer of 1991/1992. The percentage cover of substratum ranged from 0 to 100% and the colonising communities included representatives of ten phyla. The zone from mean low-water neap level to 1.5 m depth was mostly devoid of organisms as a result of the seasonal formation of the encrusting ice foot. Coralline and macroalgae dominated from 2 to 3 m, and animal groups from 3.5 to 5.5 m. Bryozoans, and to a lesser extent sponges, were the most abundant animal phyla. Within the bryozoans a succession of colonisation of different species was observed, the most abundant two of which occupied >80% of substratum in places. Substratum type seemed to be the main factor influencing community development in the shallow sublittoral at Signy Island, although ice impact prevents community development in the top 1.5 m and limits it over the rest of the transect down to 5.5 m. Depth and profile of substratum also influenced communities within this depth range (particularly taxonomic composition).     

Vertical distribution of epiplanktonic Chaetognaths in the upper 100 m of the Hilutangan Channel,Cebu, The Philippines

A study was made on the vertical distribution of Chaetognatha in the Hilutangan Channel, based on analyses of 48 plankton samples. Thirty-min horizontal plankton tows were performed at depths of 1, 20, 50, 70 and 100 m in January 1972. Thirteen species of 3 genera of maturing and mature chaetognaths were identified and counted. Sagitta inflata was the most common and abundant species (63.0%), folloed by S. neglecta (9.7%), S. robusta (8.6%), S. regularis (5.4%), S. serratodentata (4.2%), Krohnitta pacifica (2.9%), S. bedoti (2.3%) and S. decipiens (2.0%). S. pulchra (0.7%), S. ferox (0.5%), K. subtilis (0.3%), Pterosagitta draco (0.2%) and S. hexaptera (0.2%) were represented by less than 1% each. Of these 13 species in the upper 100 m, 12 were epiplanktonic while one species, S. decipiens, is generally considered to be mesoplanktonic. Three species were classified as neritic, 3 as neritic-oceanic, and 6 as oceanic, indicating the dominant influence and strong influx of oceanic water into the Hilutangan Channel. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen content did not seem to influence the vertical distribution. Examination of gut contents showed that copepods, followed by arrow worms, were most common in the guts of the chaetognaths studied.     

Ecology of recurrent groups of pteropods,euphausiids, and chaetognaths in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea

Seventy-five species of pteropods (20 species), euphausiids (26 spcies), and chaelognaths (29 species) occur in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea. All but one of these species are present in the South China Sea, while only 17 species (7 pteropods, 1 euphausiid, and 9 chaetognaths) are consistently present in the Gulf of Thailand. Abundances of South China Sea species have significant positive rank correlations with depth of water, salinity, and dissolved oxygen and negative correlations with temperature. These species are most abundant in the northern, oceanic, two-thirds of the South China Sea and many of them are vertical migrators or live at depth. Species in the Gulf of Thailand may be divided into two subgroups based on their tolerance for the semi-estuarine environment. Species in the most tolerant subgroup are more abundant within the Gulf of Thailand than in the South China Sea and have significant negative rank correlations with depth of water, salinity, and dissolved oxygen and positive correlations with temperature. The shallow, low-salinity environment of the Gulf is not as favorable for the species of the second sub-group. Rank correlations with depth of water, salinity, temperature, and oxygen are the same in sign but lower in value than for the South China Sea species, and maxisium abundances occur in the 50 to 200 m water depths of the southern third of the South China Sea. Species inhabiting the Gulf of Thailand are mostly non-migrators which are epipelagic even in the open ocean. The proportion of tolerant species diffiers among the major taxonomic groups, reflecting differing adaptive strategies.     

Summer zooplankton distribution in a Georgia Estuary

Zooplankton were collected with Van Dorn bottles at two estuarine stations near Savannah, Georgia, USA, during summer, 1974, from the surface, 2 m, 4 m, and at the bottom of the water column at 2-h intervals for 11 days. Acartia tonsa occurred at the surface at night and during high and rising tides in higher concentrations than at the same depth during daylight and other tide stages. The highest bottom concentrations of this calanoid copepod occurred at high tide. A negative phototaxic response was also apparent in this species. While not quantitatively sampled by Van Dorn bottles, harpacticoid copepods and Pseudodiaptomus coronatus Were distributed in a manner similar to that of A. tonsa. Copepod nauplii, on the other hand, were always more abundant at the surface than at the bottom, with the highest concentration occurring during low tide. The distribution pattern of nauplii appears to be a function of dilution and concentration by tidally induced changes in water volume, whereas more advanced copepod stages follow a complexly controlled distribution pattern linked with tidal mixing dynamics as outlined in a previous study by Jacobs (1968).     

Some aspects of the life history of the subarctic copepodNeocalanus cristatus (Calanoida) in Sagami Bay,central Japan

A typical subarctic copepod,Neocalanus cristatus, occurred in the mesopelagic layer (500 to 1000 m) in Sagami Bay, central Japan, throughout the year. Specimens were collected from 1982 to 1986. A small number of adult females were distributed from 800 to 900 m only, but no adult males were collected. This species appeared to be abundant in April and August, when intermediate Oyashio water flowed strongly into Sagami Bay. Mean prosome lengths of copepodite stages IV and V and adults were 4.33, 6.87 and 6.87 mm, respectively. The condition factor [wet wt/(prosome length)³ × 100] of copepodite stage V did not vary remarkably, and mean values ranged from 4.7 to 5.0. Prosome length, body weight and condition factor ofN. cristatus collected from Sagami Bay were smaller than those of copepods in the northern North Pacific.N. cristatus transported from the north cannot molt to adult stages (except for those originating in mesopelagic waters) due to the adverse environmental conditions in Sagami Bay; instead, they die in the mesopelagic layer and sink to the bathypelagic layer (1 000 to 1 400 m), close to the bottom. Since nauplii and early copepodite stages did not occur in any season,N. cristatus probably do not reproduce in Sagami Bay.     

Distribution and abundance of choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae) across the ice-edge zone in the Weddell Sea,Antarctica

Choanoflagellates are thought to be an important component of oceanic microbial food webs, but little quantitative data exists on their abundance,, distribution, or relationship to potential food sources. In an Antarctic ice edge zone (northern Weddell Sea, March 1986), choanoflagellate abundance varied over two orders of magnitude in the upper 100 m. The lowest abundances were recorded at the bottom of the water column under ice cover and the highest abundances occurred in the upper 30 m of open water. Species that were predominantly in colonies dominated the open-water samples. Abundances of total choanoflagellates and some individual species were correlated with primary and secondary biomass and production, indicating a response to gradients in potential food sources. This suggests that choanoflagellates are tightly coupled with their food sources and supports the contention that they may an important link between bacteria-sized particles and metazoan grazers.     

Distribution,abundance, and substrate preferences of demersal reef zooplankton at Lizard Island Lagoon,Great Barrier Reef

Demersal zooplankton, those plankton which hide within reef sediments during the day but emerge to swim freely over the reef at night, were sampled quantitatively using emergence traps planced over the substrate at Lizard Island Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef. Densities of zooplankton emerging at night from 6 substrate types (fine, medium, and coarse sand, rubble, living coral and reef rock) and from 5 reef zones (seaward face, reef flat, lagoon, back reef, and sand flat) were determined. A large population of nocturnal plankton including cumaceans, mysids, ostracods, shrimp, isopods, amphipods, crustacean larvae, polychaetes, foraminiferans and copepods are resident members of the reef community at Lizard Island. The mean density of plankton emerging throughout the reef was 2510±388 (standard error) zooplankton/m² of substrate. Biomass averaged 66.2±5.4 mg ash-free dry weight/m² of substrate. Demersal zooplankton exhibited significant preferences for substrate types and reef zones. The highest mean density of zooplankton emerged from coral (11,264±1952 zooplankton/m²) while the lowest emerged from reef rock (840±106 zooplankton/m²). The density of demersal plankton was six times greater on the face than in any other zone, averaging 7900±1501 zooplankton/m². Copepods dominated samples collected over living coral and rubble while foraminiferans, ostracods and decapod larvae were most abundant from sand. Plankton collected with nets at night correlated only qualitatively with plankton collected in emergence traps from the same location. Although abundant, demersal plankton were not numerous enough to meet the metabolic needs of all corals at Lizard Island Lagoon. Demersal plankton appear especially adapted to avoid fish predation. The predator-avoidance strategies of demersal plankton and maintenance of position on the reef are discussed. Our results indicate that much of the zooplankton over coral reefs actually lives on the reef itself and that previous studies using standard net sampling techniques have greatly underestimated plankton abundance over coral reefs.     

Plankton community dynamics of the central Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: Analysis of data from Ikeda et al.

Plankton data collected by Ikeda et al. (1980) from the central region of the Great Barrier Reef, and spanning two years (1976 through 1978) of zooplankton records, have been analyzed extensively for spatial and temporal patterns. Estimates of net zooplankton (including chaetognaths, copepods, and larvaceans) and microzooplankton (juvenile copepods, encompassing nauplii and copepodites, and ciliates) were assessed at three stations across the 60 km lagoon. Temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a were also measured. A cross-lagoonal gradient was identified in the plankton, concurring with results of related surveys of benthic taxa, such as scleractinian corals, soft corals, macro-algae, fish, sponges, crinoids, etc. Two associations of net zooplankton were identified. The first was associated primarily with the inner lagoon; the second with the outer lagoon. The inshore association was characterized by higher abundances of almost all net zooplankton taxa, particularly chaetognaths, copepods, polychaetes, decapods, and meroplanktonic larvae as well as higher concentrations of chlorophyll a. This inshore association wove back and forth across the lagoon through time, dominating the lagoon entirely during periods of high river discharge, reaching the mid-shelf platform reefs in this region, and sometimes being entirely absent during dry periods. Both seasonal and annual peaks in plankton abundance were generally linked with degree of runoff. Summer/autumn peaks of abundance were evident in chaetognaths, copepods, and larvaceans while annual variation was detected in the former two as well as in chlorophyll a concentrations. Depth stratification was noted in juvenile copepods and chlorophyll a concentrations at the center of the lagoon, with higher abundances recorded in deeper waters. The central Great Barrier Reef lagoon was found to be typical of other tropical coastal waters where plankton community dynamics are controlled primarily by physical factors. We suggest that any substantial changes in river discharge in this area will affect plankton production.A.I.M.S. Contribution No. 242     

Plankton inhabiting the surface layer of the southern and southwestern lagoon of New Caledonia

In the southern and southwestern coral reef lagoon of New Caledonia and the adjacent oceanic waters, 42 neuston samples were collected from the upper surface layer (0 to 10 cm) along nine transects from the coast to the coral barrier reef and the open ocean immediately beyond the reef, in March and April 1979. There was a progressive numerical decrease in zooplankton densities from the coast to the reef and from the reef to the open sea. Generally, 80 to 95% of the surface plankton consisted of holoplankton and 5 to 20% of meroplankton. Zooplankton was very abundant in littoral bays with a marked eutrophication. In a few samples collected in very shallow waters close to coral patches, cladocerans were numerous and constituted up to 75% of the total plankton, whilst in other samples collected above greater depths, copepods made up 60 to 85% of the total plankton. In the coral reef lagoon of south and southwest New Caledonia, typically hyponeustonic copepods (pontellids) often comprised 5% of the total copepod populations.     

Distribution patterns of meiofauna associated with a sublittoral<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Laminaria</Emphasis> bed in the Cantabrian Sea (north-eastern Atlantic)

This study deals with meiofauna associated with a sublittoral population of the kelp Laminaria ochroleuca located on the northern coast of Spain. By sampling once a year over a 4-year period, we examined patterns of faunal distribution as a function of some environmental factors at the meso-scale level (depth, and exposure to waves and surge). We also examined the relationship between L. ochroleuca abundance (as dry weight biomass and number of plants per sampling quadrat) and abundance and diversity of meiofauna. Finally, we investigated patterns of within-plant distribution (algal frond vs. algal holdfast), using also the meiofauna of the adjacent bottom as a referent to estimate the level of "phytal dependence" of the meiofauna collected on L. ochroleuca. We found that the bulk of permanent meiofauna consisted of nematodes, copepods, mites, polychaetes, tanaids and ostracods, with copepods being predominant on the fronds of the alga and nematodes in the holdfasts. The temporary meiofauna consisted of juvenile amphipods, bivalves and gastropods, together with barnacle nauplii and cyprids. Abundance and major composition of meiofaunal taxa were unrelated to both depth and hydrodynamic exposure of the sampling quadrats. However, we detected significant qualitative and quantitative faunal differences as a function of microhabitat. All meiofaunal groups were more abundant in holdfast samples than in frond and bottom samples. The gross taxonomic composition of meiofauna in bottom samples was similar to that in holdfast samples, but substantially different from that of meiofauna associated with the fronds. The L. ochroleuca holdfasts, in which dense aggregations of meiofauna can occur, appear to function as ecotone between phytal and rocky-bottom microhabitats. All together, our results suggest that the distribution of meiofauna within the Laminaria bed is mostly affected by factors operating at the microhabitat level rather than the meso-scale level.Communicated by L. Hagerman, Helsingør     

Diel vertical migration and feeding patterns of Mysis mixta (Crustacea,Mysidacea) in the Baltic Sea

The extent of the nocturnal vertical migration of Mysis mixta Lilljeborg varied between early July and late October (of 1985 and 1986) in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea. Migration was more restricted in early July and late October. Seasonal changes in surface light levels and transparency were sufficient to explain the observed differences. Mysids avoided light levels above 10^-4 lux throughout the study period. Smaller juveniles migrated higher up than larger juveniles and adults. A two-layered distribution with part of the population close to the bottom was observed at night. Zooplankton were more abundant in water layers above the main concentration of mysids. M. mixta fed on phytoplankton, detritus, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers and tintinnids. Diel changes in gut fluorescence indicated a higher intake of phytoplankton at night, but levels were low compared to primarily herbivorous zooplankton. Comparisons of stomach contents of mysids caught at the bottom in the evening and in the water column at night showed a higher ingestion of zooplankton at night and of detritus during the day. Mysids caught at the bottom at night had an intermediate diet. Copepods and cladocerans constituted between 90 and 100% of ingested material by weight in all mysid groups.     

Observations on the diurnal vertical migrations of an oceanic animal community

Diurnal changes in abundance caused by vertical migrations have been examined in populations of copepods, ostracods, euphausiids, amphipods, decapods, chaetognaths, siphonophores and fish. The animals were taken in a series of hauls made over a 24 h period with an opening-closing midwater trawl system (RMT 1+8), consisting of a net of 1 m² mouth area combined in the same frame as one of 8 m² mouth area. The samples were taken at 250 m depth in a position 30°N; 23°W on 7/8 April 1972. The specific composition of the community and the numbers of individuals changed continuously with time. The numbers of fish, decapods and chaetognaths increased at night, but those of copepods, ostracods and euphausiids decreased. More species of fish, decapods and copepods were present by night than by day, whereas the numbers of species per haul for other groups remained fairly constant. The relative abundances of groups caught by the RMT 1 have been analysed, but similar treatment of the RMT 8 samples was impossible as only 3 groups were taken from this net. Non-migrants were a minority in every group except chaetognaths. Migrant species have been put into one of 6 transitory categories according to their patterns of abundance and hence migrations. Within each category, migratory behaviour varied both inter- and intraspecifically. The patterns of abundance of many species were smooth and continuous, suggesting slow migratory cycles of small amplitude. Conversely, extensive migrants had discontinuous patterns and presumably more rapid movements. Few migrants had a steady numerical plateau between their upward and downward migrations, and most apparently moved up or down continuously. The presence of migratory species in the sampled layer depended upon the time of day or night. It is concluded that, in a vertical series of hauls, the depths of occurrence of migrants will vary with the sampling time. Further-more, a vertical series will show a species minimum migration range but not necessarily its maximum. Individuals of some species were out of phase with the migrations of their main populations. There is evidence that the distributions and migrations of some species of decapods, euphausiids, copepods and fish could be related to the distribution of underwater light. Three pairs of congeneric copepod species were both spatially and temporally segregated for at least part of their diurnal cycles. Such an orderly arrangement could provide a means of reducing competition between species. Some species, however, overtook others on their migrations and the pattern of underwater light cannot, therefore, regulate the distribution of all species in the same way.     

Microplankton of the Gulf of Elat: Aspects of seasonal and bathymetric distribution

The components of 4 major groups of microplankton were identified and their numerical abundance determined in net samples collected at depth intervals down to 600 m at a permanent station off the H. Steinitz Marine Biological Laboratory, Elat. The samples analyzed were collected once a fortnight over a period of 1 year beginning in June 1974. The groups studied were the Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Pyrrhophyta of the phytoplankton and the Tintinnina of the microzooplankton. The pattern of vertical distribution of the phytoplankton as a whole showed a general decrease in cell numbers with increasing depth. The blue-green algae, consisting mainly of Trichodesmium sp. trichomes, were confined primarily to the upper 100 m. The diatoms were unevenly distributed, with one species, a minute centric diatom, Thalassiosira subtilis, associated with a massive bloom during March 1975 between 300 and 400 m. The peridinians, the group with the largest number of species, included forms which were evenly distributed throughout the whole water column and forms limited either to the upper or deeper water strata in accordance with their light intensity preferences. The mass occurrence of newly-emerged dinoflagellate cysts of Pyrophacus horologicum, a weakly-armoured dinoflagellate, in the 200 to 300 m depth interval during April 1975, suggests that reproductive processes in dinoflagellates may also be light-controlled. The tintinnids, like the phytoplankton groups, were most abundant in the upper 100 m with a gradual decrease in numbers of individuals, though not in species, in the deeper water strata. The overall yearly pattern of microplankton distribution indicates 3 peaks: late fall and early summer peaks consisting primarily of blue-green algae and one in early spring consisting of several species of diatoms and peridinians and of species of tintinnids which thrive in the same niches as the phytoplankton. Both phytoplankton and tintinnid production was lowest during the summer months.