环境安全研究

在过去的二十多年里,在北美洲,欧洲和整个世界涌现出了大量探索现有的安全条件和环境之间存在潜在联系的文献。与此同时还探讨了一些想法,这些研究探索包含了一些经典思想的印记,并且是对两个几乎同时发生的重大事件的反应：一个是“冷战”的结束,迫使人们重新思考安全的概念。另一个是把全球变暖的科学证据提到了全球性的政策制定议程上的急迫性得到了广泛的认同和关注。大量的学术文献已经验证了大尺度的环境变化过程,如：气候变化和森林砍伐之间的关系。这些文献在各种尺度上探讨了自然资源的变化对于社会政治的影响。这些文献还从环境前景的角度分析了其对军事活动的影响,以便于了解环境因素对于国家冲突和化解国家冲突的影响。这些研究还从国家安全的角度探索了环境变化对于人类健康的影响。这些研究从不同的层面来考量安全问题,这些等级包括：全球,地区,国家,国家内行政区划以及全人类。这些研究还包括脆弱的人类安全体系在环境变化中可能发生的贫穷和不公正。这些研究还包括在不同的安全背景下的战略对于保护环境以及适应环境压力的影响。     

PROFILE: Indigenous Institutions and Environmental Assessment: The Case of Ghana

/ The search for sustainable development provides the impetus forexamining the role of indigenous institutions and their ecological knowledgein environmental assessment and local sustainability. This paper attempts totrace the evolution of environmental assessment in Ghana. Focusing on theAshanti Region, the paper further discusses the nature and operations ofindigenous institutions, their ecological knowledge, beliefs, practices, andsocial norms that are relevant to environmental assessment process in thecountry. Some of the challenges that emerge from the discussions arehighlighted. There is a need to establish environmental assessment andcooperative management boards that would include representatives ofindigenous institutions. In addition, the introduction of technicaldictionaries and training manuals based on indigenous ecological knowledgeand their humane environmental practices will further improve theenvironmental assessment process in Ghana.KEY WORDS: Environmental assessment; Indigenous institutions; Indigenousecological knowledge; Sustainable development; Environmental assessmentboards     

Integrated Environmental Management: Moving from Theory to Practice

Integrated environmental management (IEM) and related concepts promoting holistic approaches to environmental management have been evolving rapidly over the past few decades. Although considerable research has examined the substantive dimensions of these concepts, practitioners have forged ahead applying IEM without a clear operational model. The authors link elements of ecosystem management and related fields with interaction to offer a new operational definition and practice paradigm. Interaction among stakeholders and with the public generally is the key operational component for IEM. Focusing on stakeholder interactions, the authors analyse the principle communication and conflict resolution tools employed in integrated approaches. Two illustrative cases from the state of Wisconsin demonstrate the application of interaction techniques and tools in pursuing integrated environmental management.     

A Brief Introduction to the China Environmental Management College

The China Environmental Management College(CEMC) which is subordinateto the National Environmental Protection Agency(NEPA) is the only adult collegefor environmental management staff training in China. CEMC is located in Qin-     

A Brief Introduction to the China Environmental Management College

The China Environmental Management College(CEMC) which is subordinate to theNational Environmental Protection Agency(NEPA) is the only adult college for environ-mental management staff training in China. CEMC is located in Qinhuangdao, a famousseaside city 200 kilometres northeast of Beijing. It covers an area of some 6.4 hectares.With a pleasant environment the college campus looks really inviting.     

互联网环境管理——一种新的环境管理方法

本文调查了我国官方环保网站的现状和存在的问题，提出了互联网环境管理的定义、功能、运作机制和官方环保网站的基本要求。     

现行环境保护法的环境保护监督管理体制的适应性

本文对我国现行《中华人民共和国环境地》的环境保护监督管理体制是否适应新时期的要求进行了评述,提出了三项存在的不足,并对怎样弥被现行环境体制的缺陷提出一些见解。     

Applying Integrated Resource and Environmental Management to Transmission Right-of-way Maintenance

The concept of a substantive integrator is introduced as a method for integrated resource and environmental management as a means to assimilate different resource values at the operational or field level. A substantive integrator is a strategic management tool for integrating multiple uses into corporate management regimes that traditionally manage for single values. Wildlife habitat management is presented as a substantive integrator for managing vegetation on electric utility power line corridors. A case study from northern British Columbia provides an example of wildlife habitat management as a means to integrate other resource values such as aesthetics, access and subsistence along British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority's transmission rights-of-way.     

Environmental Information Management in Municipalities

This paper presents results from a study on the present needs for and management of environmental information in three Swedish municipalities. It was found that there are considerable differences between the municipalities studied, regarding needs for environmental information as well as approaches and tools used for providing the information needed--differences that seem closely related to the structures of the municipalities. The paper ends with a discussion on some general requirements for municipal environmental information management. Besides a need for analytical tools, it is argued that municipalities would have to pay more attention to political aspects of the environmental situation in environmental decision making, and thus in environmental information management.     

环境管理要坚持严字当头

本文从多方面论述了环境管理必须坚持严字当头的重要性,深刻分析了地方环境管理严不起来的种种原困,在此基础上,提出了一系列相关的建议和途径。     

Toward Environmental Management Systems in Australian Agriculture to Achieve Better Environmental Outcomes at the Catchment Scale

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are being trialed for Australian agricultural industries as society becomes more concerned about agricultures environmental performance. EMS is a structured approach used by farm businesses to assess, monitor, and improve environmental performance. Use of EMS in conjunction with other policy tools (such as financial incentives and regulation) in agriculture could enhance management of both on-farm and off-farm environmental issues. Based on the international standard ISO14001, EMS was designed to be applied at the individual business level. However, governments in Australia are exploring its potential to be applied at a catchment scale, among other things, for the purpose of linking farm-level actions to catchment targets. In Australia, governments and catchment management bodies are using Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) as the framework to try to achieve environmental targets set out in catchment plans. In this article, we compare aspects of the EMS and ICM frameworks and comment on the potential of using EMS to achieve catchment-scale environmental outcomes. We conclude that EMS could be a useful policy tool to improve farm management and to contribute, in part, to better off-site outcomes at the catchment/landscape scale. Recommendations on the use of EMS at the catchment scale are discussed. These include using an educational approach for EMS delivery, linking the EMS process to catchment targets, and ensuring catchment targets are realistic and achievable.     

From Environmental Auditing to Integrated Environmental Management: Local Government Experience in the United Kingdom and Japan

Local authority experien ce with state of the environment reporting in the UK is discussed and com pared with the Japanese approach to integrated environmental management. Two case studies are presented, Lancashire County Council and Osaka Prefectural Government, and the progress made by each authority is examined. The paper argues that two very different approaches to local environm ental m anagement have evolved in the UK and Japan. The Japanese approach is essentially technocratic and pre-occupied with pollution control issues. In contrast, the UK approach has evolved out of the town planning tradition with its emphasis on conservation and am enity issues. Local authorities in Japan have greater jurisdictional powers, financial and technical resources to devote to environmental management. This allows them more direct control over the policy-making process. Constraints on local authority financial resources in the UK, and fragmentation of environmental responsibilities between various organizations, have resulted in a form of environm ental management which is based on interorganizational co-operation.     

浅谈环境工程的成本控制与管理

文章通过对环境工程成本构成进行分析 ,提出目标成本的实现是治污企业适应市场经济的有力保障 ,通过建立工程成本控制管理体系 ,可以达到降低成本提高效益的目的     

Managing Indirect Environmental Impact within Local Authorities' Standardized Environmental Management Systems

Many local authorities use standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) to improve their environmental management. These authorities often find it difficult to manage environmental impact caused by their exercise of authority i.e. indirect environmental impact (IEI) within their EMSs. Since this is connected to their core activities, it is important to understand how IEI could be more efficiently managed with respect to EMS work. The purpose for this paper is to study if and how IEI could be managed within the framework of EMS. In this study we have identified two different approaches to managing IEI. Because managing IEI is complex, it is often ignored when initiating EMSs or managed by explicitly avoid mentioning the concept. Managing IEI is seen as a matter of maturity within the organization. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding a developed definition of IEI and how management of IEI could be facilitated.     

Environmental Management in India: Recent Challenges to the Indian Forest Service

This paper examines the impact of various social, economic and political changes on the work of the Indian Forest Service, the elite organization concerned with environmental management in India. It is noted that whilst many leading authors criticize this organization, nobody has taken the time to analyse the role of the Indian Forest Service and the way it has responded to the many challenges it has faced in the last 20 years. This paper seeks to rectify this by focusing on three key challenges: (1) due to economic liberalization the actual work that the forest officer is expected to undertake has changed beyond recognition; (2) political manipulation and correspondingly accusations of corruption have increased; (3) social changes and their impact on recruitment into the Indian Forest Service. It is concluded that, despite the many challenges which the Indian Forest Service has faced over the years, it is remarkably resilient and remains the most powerful agent in rural India.