Assessing the Effects of Management Alternatives on Habitat Suitability in a Forested Landscape of Northeastern China

Forest management often has cumulative, long-lasting effects on wildlife habitat suitability and the effects may be impractical to evaluate using landscape-scale field experiments. To understand such effects, we linked a spatially explicit landscape disturbance and succession model (LANDIS) with habitat suitability index (HSI) models to assess the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern China. LANDIS was applied to simulate future forest landscape changes under four management alternatives (no cutting, clearcutting, selective cutting I and II) over a 200-year horizon. The simulation outputs were linked with HSI models for three wildlife species, the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia). These species are chosen because they represent numerous species that have distinct habitat requirements in our study area. We assessed their habitat suitability based on the mean HSI values, which is a measure of the average habitat quality. Our simulation results showed that no one management scenario was the best for all species and various forest management scenarios would lead to conflicting wildlife habitat outcomes. How to choose a scenario is dependent on the trade-off of economical, ecological and social goals. Our modeling effort could provide decision makers with relative comparisons among management scenarios from the perspective of biodiversity conservation. The general simulation results were expected based on our knowledge of forest management and habitat relationships of the species, which confirmed that the coupled modeling approach correctly simulated the assumed relationships between the wildlife, forest composition, age structure, and spatial configuration of habitat. However, several emergent results revealed the unexpected outcomes that a management scenario may lead to.     

气动马达降噪研究

针对石油钻井工艺使用气动马达产生的噪声影响,对其污染特性进行了探讨,研究选定了气动马达消声器,经现场使用井场周围噪声值可以降低8～16dB（A）,达到了既不影响气动马达的排气功率,又有利于改善井场周围声学环境的效果。     

成灌铁路声屏障景观设计探讨

随着高速铁路迅猛发展,铁路噪声控制措施的景观性要求越来越高;本文通过成灌铁路声屏障设计,探讨以景观设计的理念设计满足功能要求的降噪措施,将人文景观、生态环境、工程特征融为一体。     

Use of Hydrologic Landscape Classification to Diagnose Streamflow Predictability in Oregon

We implement a spatially lumped hydrologic model to predict daily streamflow at 88 catchments within the state of Oregon and analyze its performance using the Oregon Hydrologic Landscape (OHL) classification. OHL is used to identify the physio‐climatic conditions that favor high (or low) streamflow predictability. High prediction catchments (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of (NS) > 0.75) are mainly classified as rain dominated with very wet climate, low aquifer permeability, and low to medium soil permeability. Most of them are located west of the Cascade Mountain Range. Conversely, most low prediction catchments (NS < 0.6) are classified as snow‐dominated with high aquifer permeability and medium to high soil permeability. They are mainly located in the volcano‐influenced High Cascades region. Using a subset of 36 catchments, we further test if class‐specific model parameters can be developed to predict at ungauged catchments. In most catchments, OHL class‐specific parameters provide predictions that are on par with individually calibrated parameters (NS decline < 10%). However, large NS declines are observed in OHL classes where predictability is not high enough. Results suggest higher uncertainty in rain‐to‐snow transition of precipitation phase and external gains/losses of deep groundwater are major factors for low prediction in Oregon. Moreover, regionalized estimation of model parameters is more useful in regions where conditions favor good streamflow predictability.     

广州市机动车排放污染及控制对策的探讨

为了实现广州市创建国家环境保护模范城市的目标,机动车排放污染的控制是必须抓紧抓好的一个重要环节。基于此,针对广州市机动车的发展及排放污染情况,探讨了强化机动车排气污染控制应着力抓好的几个工作重点。     

强噪音环境下基于震动信号的车辆适应性分析

传统的分析方法在强噪声环境下分析车辆适应性的能力较差,分析结果不准确,为了解决这一问题,基于震动信号研究了一种新的车辆适应性分析方法,采用场景模拟测试手段进行采集并记录不同强噪音干扰下小车的适应性,确定震动传感器系统的组成,在不同噪音频段和地点下采集数据,分别研究了发动机、工作轮胎与地面的摩擦、不同路面的状况对车辆适应性的影响,从震动结构和震动传感器两方面进行改进,提高车辆的适应性。实验结果表明,强噪音环境下基于震动信号的车辆适应性分析方法分析能力更强,分析结果准确率更高。     

机动车尾气污染危害分析与防治对策

随着我国经济的快速发展,城市化进程加快,城市空气污染越来越严重,雾霾天气在全国范围持续出现。监测表明,我国城市空气开始呈现出煤烟和机动车尾气复合污染的特点。我国机动车保有量正以每年13％的速度增长,已连续四年成为世界机动车产销第一大国,机动车污染已成为我国空气污染的重要来源,是造成灰霾、光化学烟雾污染的重要原因,机动车污染防治的紧迫性日益凸显,成为亟待解决的重要问题。     

朝阳市机动车尾气污染防治对策研究

朝阳市环境空气质量指数在早晚出行高峰期间达到峰值,表明机动车尾气的污染物排放对空气质量的影响非常显著。通过分析机动车保有量、各车型所占比例、运行等具体情况,提出机动车尾气污染防治对策,即按时段、道路、车型分别进行监管,从而达到降低机动车尾气污染物排放的目的,最终实现环境空气质量的明显改善。     

Representative Landscapes in the Forested Area of Canada

Canada is a large nation with forested ecosystems that occupy over 60% of the national land base, and knowledge of the patterns of Canada’s land cover is important to proper environmental management of this vast resource. To this end, a circa 2000 Landsat-derived land cover map of the forested ecosystems of Canada has created a new window into understanding the composition and configuration of land cover patterns in forested Canada. Strategies for summarizing such large expanses of land cover are increasingly important, as land managers work to study and preserve distinctive areas, as well as to identify representative examples of current land-cover and land-use assemblages. Meanwhile, the development of extremely efficient clustering algorithms has become increasingly important in the world of computer science, in which billions of pieces of information on the internet are continually sifted for meaning for a vast variety of applications. One recently developed clustering algorithm quickly groups large numbers of items of any type in a given data set while simultaneously selecting a representative—or “exemplar”—from each cluster. In this context, the availability of both advanced data processing methods and a nationally available set of landscape metrics presents an opportunity to identify sets of representative landscapes to better understand landscape pattern, variation, and distribution across the forested area of Canada. In this research, we first identify and provide context for a small, interpretable set of exemplar landscapes that objectively represent land cover in each of Canada’s ten forested ecozones. Then, we demonstrate how this approach can be used to identify flagship and satellite long-term study areas inside and outside protected areas in the province of Ontario. These applications aid our understanding of Canada’s forest while augmenting its management toolbox, and may signal a broad range of applications for this versatile approach.     

新标准下我国燃煤电站烟气除尘技术发展趋势

燃煤电站是我国主要的烟尘排放源,本文在调查了我国燃煤电站烟气除尘技术现状的基础上,介绍了适应新标准以及我国国情的各种新技术,根据各种新技术的特点,结合我国烟气除尘装备的市场规模,分析了新标准下我国燃煤电站烟气除尘技术的应用前景及发展趋势。     

我国机动车污染防治行业2011年发展综述

综述了2011年我国机动车污染防治行业的发展环境,以及行业的技术发展进展、新技术开发应用情况和市场特点;介绍了行业主要(骨干)企业的发展情况;分析了2011年行业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了解决对策和建议,并对行业的发展进行了展望。     

我国机动车污染防治行业2009年发展综述

综述了2009年我国机动车污染防治行业的发展环境及市场特点、主要(骨干)企业发展情况,分析了2009年行业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了解决对策和建议,并对行业的发展进行了展望。     

轻型机动车尾气排放标准的比较

介绍了不同国家及地区的轻型机动车尾气排放标准,总结了不同标准中车辆类型的划分准则,比较了各标准严格程度的差异。解释了中国采用欧洲排放标准的必要性,阐述了提高排放标准对控制环境污染的重要作用,对未来相关政策的制定提出一些建议。     

我国机动车污染防治行业2010年发展综述

综述了2010年我国机动车污染防治行业的发展环境及市场特点、主要(骨干)企业发展情况,分析了2010年行业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了解决对策和建议,并对行业的发展进行了展望。     

汽车尾气净化减排技术进展

评述了国内外汽车尾气净化减排技术的新进展及应用情况。     

我国机动车污染防治行业技术发展综述

综述了近年来我国机动车污染防治行业的市场特点,介绍了重型柴油机排放控制技术、摩托车排放控制技术、轻型柴油车排放控制技术,以及机动车污染防治行业的新技术开发应用情况,并对机动车的排放控制技术进行了发展预测。     

城市机动车尾气污染特征与防治对策

通过对平顶山市主要交通道口空气中NOx、CO、NO2 、Pb的调查 ,分析了城市机动车尾气污染的特征 ,并提出了减少与控制机动车尾气排放 ,改善城市大气环境质量的防治对策     

我国机动车污染防治行业技术发展综述

综述了我国机动车污染防治行业的技术发展进展及市场特点,介绍了机动车污染防治行业的新技术开发应用情况,并对行业的骨干企业和市场特点进行了分析。     

机动车污染防治行业发展综述

简述了近几年我国机动车污染防治行业发展的总体概况;介绍了我国机动车排放法规的实施情况,以及机动车污染防治行业发展的现状;总结了机动车污染防治委员会近年来的主要工作;提出了机动车污染防治行业应开展机动车污染防治技术基础研究工作的建议。     

Decision Tree Algorithm for Detection of Spatial Processes in Landscape Transformation

The conversion of landscapes by human activities results in widespread changes in landscape spatial structure. Regardless of the type of land conversion, there appears to be a limited number of common spatial configurations that result from such land transformation processes. Some of these configurations are considered optimal or more desirable than others. Based on pattern geometry, we define ten processes responsible for pattern change: aggregation, attrition, creation, deformation, dissection, enlargement, fragmentation, perforation, shift, and shrinkage. A novelty in this contribution is the inclusion of transformation processes causing expansion of the land cover of interest. Consequently, we propose a decision tree algorithm that enables detection of these processes, based on three parameters that have to be determined before and after the transformation of the landscape: area, perimeter length, and number of patches of the focal landscape class. As an example, the decision tree algorithm is applied to determine the transformation processes of three divergent land cover change scenarios: deciduous woodland degradation in Cadiz Township (Wisconsin, USA) 1831–1950, canopy gap formation in a terra firme rain forest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (Amazonian Ecuador) 1997–1998, and forest regrowth in Petersham Township (Massachusetts, USA) 1830–1985. The examples signal the importance of the temporal resolution of the data, since long-term pattern conversions can be subdivided in stadia in which particular pattern components are altered by specific transformation processes.