长江流域生态协同治理路径研究

长江流域生态治理关键在于协同推进.作为全国七大江河流域开展协同治理的先行样本,长江流域生态协同治理已经取得积极进展,但仍存在不少障碍和壁垒,提出需从治理目标、治理主体、治理内容、治理措施等多维度入手,优化协同治理机制,形成共抓大保护的合力.     

生态文明治理体系和治理能力现代化的几个核心问题研究

生态文明治理现代化是国家治理现代化的重要组成部分,本文从国家治理现代化出发,分析了我国生态文明治理体系和治理能力现代化的概念与内涵,针对当前生态文明治理体系和治理能力存在的五个方面问题,提出了生态文明治理体系现代化需要坚持完善的生态环境保护、资源高效利用、生态保护修复、生态环保责任等四个重点方向,提出了生态文明治理能力现代化需要改革创新的领导能力、决策能力、法治能力、科学精准治理能力、基础保障能力、市场化治理能力、公众参与能力等七大关键领域,这是加快推进生态文明治理体系和治理能力现代化的迫切需求。     

美国州际生态治理对我国跨区域生态治理的启示

美国州际生态治理体系由政府治理、府际合作治理以及特殊组织治理所构成。政府治理涵盖环境管制、生态立法与司法裁决,府际合作治理包含州际协议与央地合作,特殊组织为依照公司化运作的田纳西领域管理局。中、美两国在生态治理领域有一定的相似性,我国跨区域生态治理在立足国情的基础上,可借鉴美国的治理经验,以实现跨区域生态问题的"善治"。     

推进我国生态环境治理体系现代化的几点思考

当前我国生态环境治理成效显著,生态环境治理体系建设也取得良好的效果,但我国生态环境治理体系现代化在立法、执法和司法方面面临着生态环境治理法律体系仍需完善、生态环境多元协商治理模式急需完备、环境司法审判机制有待健全等挑战.结合我国实际情况,给出完善生态环境治理法律体系、构建多元协商共治的生态环境治理模式、健全环境司法审判...     

跨域治理理论比较与启示

我国幅员辽阔,有关公共事务的治理问题层出不穷,尤其在跨行政区域的公共事务治理上有效的治理手段捉襟见肘,这对我国的公共管理提出了严峻挑战.从跨域治理理论的兴起与发展人手,在详细分析三种跨域治理经典理论的基础上,比较了各种跨域治理理论的特征,总结出跨域治理理论对我国在此类问题上的几点启示.     

跨域治理理论比较与启示

我国幅员辽阔,有关公共事务的治理问题层出不穷,尤其在跨行政区域的公共事务治理上有效的治理手段捉襟见肘,这对我国的公共管理提出了严峻挑战。从跨域治理理论的兴起与发展入手,在详细分析三种跨域治理经典理论的基础上,比较了各种跨域治理理论的特征,总结出跨域治理理论对我国在此类问题上的几点启示。     

区块链技术在京津冀大气污染治理中的应用研究

借助于区域协同治理和区块链技术的优势,来克服传统大气污染治理过程中地方政府各自为政的局面,降低大气环境治理成本,提高京津冀大气污染治理的效益.基于协同治理理论,在对京津冀大气污染治理和区块链技术的现有相关文献梳理分析之后,发现京津冀大气治理中存在组织结构分散、地方政府间的各自为政和民众的无效参与等问题.通过构建基于区块...     

跨行政区划湿地保护司法协同治理的探索——以大纵湖湿地为例

在湿地环境资源开发与保护的过程中，传统行政区划治理机制已不能满足跨行政区划湿地保护系统治理需求。湿地环境的协同治理需要法治化，应重塑司法治理理念，构建新型、全面、高效的司法协同治理机制，形成湿地生态系统的整体治理格局。以江苏省大纵湖湿地为例，分析跨行政区划协同治理的必要性与不足，通过建立生态功能区公益优先制度、完善执法司法配套协作机制的方式探索跨行政区域司法协同保护与治理制度，以期促进湿地治理在生态系统内坚持公益优先，协商共治，促进人与自然和谐发展。     

NGO与治理理念:“分享治理权”的中国经验

NGO的理念根源于多中心治理的治理秩序观,其基本模型是政府与社会分享治理权,形成分工合作的治理体系。中国当代NGO的功能局限与发展困境根源于政府奉行的单一中心的治理理念,由此对社会以及NGO的发育施加了过度的管制。中国古代的治理理念和制度经验,尤其是秦汉之变,为我们提供了分享治理权的本土资源。秦制奉行苛法集权,削弱贵族和传统家族网络,建立单一中心的王权制,以战时体制而速灭六国,却又迅速崩溃。汉制重建社会,通过儒生社团和家族制创设政府之外的社会治理组织和制度架构,成为古代社会稳定之根基。从垄断治理权到分享治理权,NGO的发展转型应从中国自身的治理理念与技术中获得再生资源。     

跨域生态治理“碎片化”的限度审视与整体性治理机制研究

突破行政区划,构建跨域生态治理的有效实践机制是推进生态文明、建设美丽中国的迫切需要。数字技术建构了全新的治理场域,也形塑着新的治理模式。本文将跨域生态治理置于数字化时代的宏大视野,研究认为：传统跨域生态治理模式面临难以突破的“碎片化”瓶颈,主要表现为治理目标碎片化、治理资源碎片化和治理主体碎片化,究其原因在于利益失衡下的府际不合,“技”“智”缺位下的整合失力和能力动力双匮下的参与缺失。基于此,在系统解构整体性治理理论内涵的基础上,数字化时代跨域生态治理与整体性治理在价值、工具和场域方面存在高度耦合。最后,提出通过科学补偿和考核优化建立利益共享机制,通过资源整合与整体智治建立科学施策机制、信息共享与诉求回应建立多元协同机制,形塑整体性治理的协调、整合、信任机制,以期推进“碎片化”问题的弥合解决和跨域生态治理现代化的实现。     

海洋石油开发中含油污水处理与溢油防治技术

海洋石油工业清洁生产的关键是防止油污染,而油污染的主要来源是日常排放的含油污水中的油及事故性溢油。首先概述了海上含油污水的处理方法及其原理,并结合实际论述了主要采用的处理工艺,并分析了各工艺技术的处理效果和存在的问题。文章还叙述了海上溢油事故及防止溢油事故发生所应采取的多方位预防措施;建立管理体系,加强管理,通过培训来提高全员操作管理水平,建立溢油处置应急计划和组织系统。在溢油控制方面建立海上溢油漂移模拟程序,对溢油进行实时监控,并对采用的溢油处理装置及方法进行了评述     

Modeling Long-Term Risk to Environmental and Human Systems at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Scope and Findings from the Initial Model

The Groundwater Protection Project at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site in Washington State is currently developing the means to assess the cumulative impact to human and ecological health and the regional economy and cultures from radioactive and chemical waste that will remain at the Hanford Site after the site closes. This integrated system is known as the System Assessment Capability (SAC). The SAC Risk/Impact Module discussed in the article uses media- and time-specific concentrations of contaminants estimated by the transport models of the integrated system to project potential impacts on the ecology of the Columbia River corridor, the health of persons who might live in or use the corridor or the upland Hanford environment, the local economy, and cultural resources. Preliminary Monte Carlo realizations from the SAC modeling system demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale uncertainty analysis of the complex relationships in the environmental transport of contaminants on the one hand and ecological, human, cultural, and economic risk on the other. Initial impact results show very small long-term risks for the 10 radionuclides and chemicals evaluated. The analysis also helps determine science priorities to reduce uncertainty and suggests what actions matter to reduce risks.     

A Framework for Incorporating the Impact of Water Quality on Water Supply Stress: An Example from Louisiana,USA

Water of poor quality can directly impact the budget of water available for key user groups. Despite this importance, methods for quantifying the impact of water quality on water availability remain elusive. Here, we develop a new framework for incorporating the impact of water quality on water supply by modifying the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI). We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by investigating the impact of high salinity waters on the availability of irrigation water for agriculture in Louisiana. The WaSSI was deconstructed into sectoral components such that the total available water supply could be reduced for a particular demand sector (agricultural irrigation in this example) based on available water quality information. The results for Louisiana highlight substantial impacts on water supply stress for farmers attributable to the landward encroachment of saline surface water and groundwater near the coast. Areas of high salinity near the coast also increased the competition for freshwater resources among the industrial, municipal, and agricultural demand sectors in the vicinities of the municipal areas of Lake Charles, Lafayette, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The framework developed here is easily adaptable for other water quality concerns and for other demand sectors, and as such can serve as a useful tool for water managers.     

Considering Climate Change in the Estimation of Long‐Term Flood Risks of Devils Lake in North Dakota

Terminal lakes are impacted by regional changes in climate. Devils Lake (DL), North Dakota, United States (U.S.), is a case in which a prolonged shift in the precipitation pattern resulted in a 10‐m water‐level rise over the past two decades, which cost over one billion U.S. dollars in mitigation. Currently, DL is 1.5 m from an uncontrolled overspill to the nearby Sheyenne River, which could lead to unprecedented environmental, social, and economic costs. Water outlets recently implemented in the lake to slow the water‐level rise and prevent an uncontrolled overspill are subject to significant concerns over the introduction of invasive species and downstream water quality. We developed a hydrological model of the DL basin using the soil and water assessment tool and analyzed DL's overspill probability using an ensemble of statistically downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) projections of the future climate. The results indicate a significant likelihood (7.3‐20.0%) of overspill in the next few decades in the absence of outlets; some members of the GCM integration ensemble suggest an exceedance probability of over 85.0 and 95.0% for the 2020s and 2050s, respectively. Full‐capacity outlets radically reduce the probability of DL overspill and are able to partially mitigate the problem by decreasing the average lake level by approximately 1.9 and 1.5 m in the 2020s and 2050s, respectively.     

THE INFLUENCE OF DRAW-DOWN ON RECREATION ON THE TRENT CANAL RESERVOIR-LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Water-based outdoor recreation constitutes an important benefit in many multiple-use projects. One problem frequently encountered, however, is the fluctuation of the water-level in a reservoir, especially if draw-downs occur during the summer recreation season. The Trent Canal in Ontario, Canada, forms a unique recreation waterway of some 240 miles of canal and navigable lakes and rivers. For the control of the water in the canal, the Canadian Federal government manages 44 reservoir-lakes as water-storage sites to augment the flows in the canal. While most disputes in water allocation for recreation generally involve recreation uses versus other, non-recreation uses, in the case of the Trent Canal and its reservoir-lakes the dispute in water allocation exists between two competing recreation-uses: for recreation boating on the Canal and its waterway, and for recreation use of the reservoir-lakes. Each use has its own duty-of-water in terms of requirements, or water conditions, for its optimum use. On the reservoir-lakes, by far the largest recreation user-group, is made up of the owners of private shoreline summer cottages (cabins). Draw-downs on the reservoir-lakes, in some cases as much as 13 feet, hence constitute a negative externality imposed by the canal, especially since water-level lowering takes place continuously throughout the summer. In-depth interviews conducted with over 100 cottage-owners indicate four main conclusions. First, the previous user assumptions of the extent of the negative effect of water-level fluctuation on recreation had been exaggerated. Only in extreme draw-downs during infrequent dry years would draw-down constitute a serious imposition. Second, water-level fluctuation does constitute a form of inconvenience to the private riparian recreation property owners, but it does not generally reduce the quantity of recreation use of the reservoir-lakes. Third, there is evidence that reservoir-lake users have learned to adapt successfully to water-level draw-downs. Fourth, the shoreline physiography of the location of a riparian owner strongly influences the way in which draw-down affects attitudes and opinions. The complex jurisdictional split of the land and water resources of the region points to the need to establish a Trent Canal Authority, to oversee the proper use and development of the canal, its waterway, and the reservoir-lakes.     

THE EFFECTS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ON ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS1

ABSTRACT. The Texas Water Development Board, the principal water resource planning agency of the State, has been conducting extensive estuarine data collection activities and associated research to determine the required quantity and quality of fresh water inflows necessary to maintain various environmental conditions in Texas estuaries to preserve the estuarine ecosystems. These activities are a consequence of a statutory directive to the Board to make provisions in its State Water Plan for the effects of upstream water resource development on the associated estuaries. This paper reports on the results of the first phase of an extensive estuarine research project. The objectives of the research project are to (1) define the interrelationships between estuarine ecosystems and fresh water and nutrient inflows, and (2) develop and test quantitative simulation techniques which describe these relationships. In order to accomplish the first objective, physical and chemical water quality data and biological data on the estuarine ecosystems are being collected, compiled and analyzed. The second objective is being satisfied by the development of hydrodynamic and ecologic simulation models of the estuarine environment.     

OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION1

ABSTRACT: Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice. Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result. Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near-sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.     

Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,Florida, USA

Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida, USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original 75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence for long periods of time. University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521.     

OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHELBYVILLE AND CARLYLE LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Dams were built by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville and Carlyle in Illinois, in 1969 and 1967, respectively. The operation of the Shelbyville and Carlyle Lakes has changed over the years because of considerably lower bankfull channel capacities downstream of the dams than were adopted in the project designs. This study was conducted to review the present operation policy. Intent was to derive a policy for maximizing the overall benefits (or minimizing the overall damages) and to compare these benefits or damages with those with the present policy. The operating rules were optimized through a simulation model which was structured considering the physical nature of the system and the desirable operation in the best interest of various beneficial uses. The expected annual value of overall benefits from recreation and agriculture is shown to increase by $0.2 million with the optimal policy. With the optimal operation, the overall damages are reduced by 76 percent on the average over the 24 years of flow record at Shelbyville and Carlyle.     

Variability of soil-water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu

In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS((R)). It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5dSm(-1); pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed.