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1.
海外石油项目的环境合规性管理意义重大,环境合规性管理的关键问题是识别合适的规范体系。 从法学理论分析,资源国法律及其批准的国际公约、投资开发协议所要求的法律法规、金融机构的融资担保合 同中所要求的法律法规、投资母国的法律规范构成了对海外石油项目的硬法约束;国际组织通过约束跨国公司行为的协定指南、企业加入的自愿性承诺、国际行业标准以及被视为最佳实践和惯例的标准导则构成了软法约束。文章结合多个国际大石油公司的环境合规性实践分析,认为在实际管理中,可以根据规范来源与效力、企业追求目标等因素将上述规范区分为核心规范和其他规范,其中核心规范进一步区分为必选规范和可选规范。  相似文献   

2.
文章介绍了阿布扎比原油管线项目的基本概况,阐述了高端市场HSE管理的特点和要求,通过阿布扎比原油管线项目HSE管理过程的实践,项目执行过程中遇到的HSE管理问题,分析国内项目HSE管理与项目业主要求的区别,找到解决问题的办法,满足高端市场HSE管理要求。通过管理实践,总结出"在遵守当地法律法规和国际惯例的框架内,以人才为战略,开展国际标准培训,实施HSE专业化管理模式"的高端市场EPC项目HSE管理经验,为企业国际EPC项目的HSE管理提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
在海外开展石油工程建设时,健康安全环保(HSE)管理人员往往按照原有国内经验或者HSE体系要求进行管理,而忽视了当地法规要求。在哈萨克斯坦共和国(以下简称哈国),中方HSE管理人员将面临着较大考验,因为哈国本身法规体系比较健全,政府执法也相对严格,如果不熟悉当地法律法规而发生违规行为,可能会被当地政府巨额罚款或者提起诉讼,从而严重干扰正常生产经营活动。文章就哈国HSE法规体系做一些探讨,对安全生产法规、消防法规、环境保护法规、健康管理法规进行介绍,并提出了有关对策和措施,希望能对后来者有所借鉴。  相似文献   

4.
新《环境保护法》实施对于项目建设和投资并未提出新的要求,但程序更加规范、执法愈发严格,对项目建设周期及投资产生了一定的影响。对油气管道项目而言,主要体现在:生态红线划定、环评技术要求高等对项目建设周期的影响;环境应急预案备案要求对项目竣工环保验收的影响;长输管道压气站氮氧化物排放控制、应急物资储备要求增加了项目建设投资。针对新《环境保护法》实施后项目建设存在的问题,提出开展项目前置环境影响评价、公开生态红线信息、制定油气管道环境影响评价导则、编制油气管道应急物资配备行业标准或规范等建议。  相似文献   

5.
我国的农业非点源污染治理正处于攻坚期,但部分政策一定程度上缺少具体执行标准和规范,难以执行到位,法律法规碎片化、分散且难以评估执行效果。本文从美国治理非点源的国际经验出发,梳理了联邦层面的法律法规、农业环境管理机构的运作形式以及州层面流域管理规划和非点源控制计划。最后,根据国际经验提出了如下建议:一是建议要求各省在农业规划中加入推进农业流域治理清单;二是建议制定流域地表水质达标规划,实现点源与非点源联合管理;三是建议形成最佳管理实践规范技术指南,并对执行者进行相应补贴,形成监管机制;四是建议建立农业绿色补贴制度,鼓励地方形成可持续的农业发展机制。  相似文献   

6.
《青海环境》2005,15(1):44-44
环发〔2 0 0 4〕164号各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市环境保护局 (厅 )、发展和改革委 ,解放军环境保护局 ,新疆生产建设兵团环境保护局 :为适应社会主义市场经济和国家投资体制改革的需要 ,进一步规范建设项目环境影响评价分级审批管理 ,提高办事效率 ,根据《国务院关于投资体制改革的决定》 ,结合建设项目环境保护工作实际 ,现就建设项目环境影响评价分级审批的有关要求通知如下 :一、建设对环境有影响的项目 ,不论投资主体、资金来源、项目性质和投资规模 ,应当依照《环境影响评价法》和《建设项目环境保护管理条例》的规定 ,进行环境…  相似文献   

7.
石油作为"工业的血液"在社会生产生活的各个环节都起着不可或缺的作用,石油工业的可持续发展无疑是实现可持续发展战略的关键,但目前我国石油工业的可持续发展法律制度还不足以实现石油工业的可持续发展.为此,应建立以可持续发展为基本原则的法律制度体系,围绕环境、经济和社会的可持续发展,完善环境影响评价制度,建立资源区生态补偿制度,落实企业可持续发展报告制度,制定石油行业的HSE法律法规.  相似文献   

8.
环境、社会和治理(ESG)能给基础设施建设投资规制带来新理念,但是我国现行政策和项目中的ESG表现情况尚不清楚,有必要开展调查研究。本研究以规制政策和项目报告为研究对象,采用文本分析方法,对我国基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现进行调查研究。研究发现:(1)规制政策和项目报告中均已有一定程度的有关ESG表现方面的内容,但三个维度之间存在丰富性和完备性等方面的差异;(2)环境影响规制政策最完备,社会影响规制涉及安全评估、职业健康预评价等议题,其他议题未在文本中提及,项目治理规制政策数量最多,展现了我国自主的投资项目治理体系;(3)项目报告中的环境影响责任目标和措施相对完善,社会影响责任目标和措施则因项目和所处情境而异,项目治理责任目标和措施更多体现合规性要求,缺乏项目管理人自主动机。本研究提供了基础设施建设投资规制中的ESG表现调查情况,为我国以公共投资为主导的基础设施领域引入国际流行投资理念提供了决策依据。  相似文献   

9.
油气田开发新面临的环境风险及对策措施   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》(简称新《环保法》)实施以来,在国家环保监管力度加强、相关法律法规深入实施的背景下,探讨我国油气田企业所面临的新的环境风险。指出近两年生态红线保护的法律要求及环境风险监管要求;分析了油气田开发过程中的地下水环境风险,所面临的新的监管形势及其管理的缺失;阐述了建设项目环境保护监管更加严格;从页岩气开发主要环境风险及其面临的环境保护形势指出页岩气开发环境风险引起关注。从以上四个方面提出相应的对策措施。  相似文献   

10.
为协调人类与环境的关系,保护和改善环境,进而保护人民健康,保障经济社会持续、稳定地发展,国家制定了一系列的环境保护的法律法规。这一系列环境保护的法律法规,构成了我国环境保护法的基本体系,为我国公民在环境保护方面的行为作出了规范,并使我国的环境保护纳入了法制化的轨道。我国现在已经基本形成了一整套环境保护法律体系。 一、宪法   宪法是我国的根本大法,是我国环境保护法的立法依据,是我国环境保护法体系的基石。在宪法中有一系列关于环境保护的规定,如第九条第二款规定:“国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵…  相似文献   

11.
Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.  相似文献   

12.
The characterization of total and leachable metals in foundry molding sands   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Waste molding sands from the foundry industry have been successfully used as a component in manufactured soils, but concern over metal contamination must be addressed before many states will consider this beneficial use. Since there is little data available on this topic, the purpose of this study was to characterize total and leachable metals from waste molding sands. A total elemental analysis for Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn was conducted on 36 clay-bonded and seven chemically bonded molding sands. Total metal concentrations in the molding sands were similar to those found in agricultural soils. The leaching of metals (i.e. Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) was assessed via the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and ASTM water leach test. Based on the TCLP data, none of the 43 molding sands would meet the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) characteristic for toxicity due to high Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Compared to the TCLP results, the metal concentrations were generally lower in the SPLP and ASTM extracts, which is likely related to the buffering capacity of the extraction fluids.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT: Throughout the United States, land managers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of small streams for a wide range of resource benefits. Where channel morphology is modified or structural features are added, stream dynamics and energy dissipation need to be considered. Unit stream power, defined here as the time-rate loss of potential energy per unit mass of water, can be reduced by adding stream obstructions, increasing channel sinuosity, or increasing flow resistance with large roughness elements such as woody root systems, logs, boulders, or bedrock. Notable morphological features of small streams are pools, riffles, bed material, and channel banks. Pools, which vary in size, shape, and causative factors, are important rearing habitat for fish. Riffles represent storage locations for bed material and are generally utilized for spawning. The particle sizes and distributions of bed material influence channel characteristics, bedload transport, food supplies for fish, spawning conditions, cover, and rearing habitat. Riparian vegetation helps stabilize channel banks and contributes in various ways to fish productivity. Understanding each stream feature individually and in relation to all others is essential for proper stream management. Although engineered structures for modifying habitat may alter stream characteristics, channel morphology must ultimately be matched to the hydraulic, geologic, and (especially) vegetative constraints of a particular location.  相似文献   

14.
Is Amsterdam the “ideal city?” Many of the social, economic, and environmental problems facing Amsterdam are considerably less than those in cities in the USA, and in most cases, Western Europe. Amsterdam, at this moment in history, might be the world's greatest city because of its ability to ensure basic necessities, freedom, and creativity. Tolerance of drugs, sexual freedom, along with the integration of different races helps reduce many of the “social problems” faced by most cities. We have compared, on a per capita basis, differences between Amsterdam/Holland and the USA. The Netherlands is a tiny country, and comparisons are made on a city and per capita numbers at the national level. Our data show that Amsterdam has lower crime, murder, rape, drug usage (cocaine, marijuana), teenage pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, suicide, abortion rates, infant mortality, dependence on fossil fuels, and homelessness, and racial segregation is considerably less. People live longer because of Amsterdam's walkability and bike usage and access to parks. Indeed, the Netherlands leads both Western European and the USA in the proportion of trips made walking and bicycling, with significantly reduced car dependency. Ghettos are nearly non-existent compared with the segregation in the 1940s/1950s. Quality housing is supplied to everyone that gives pride of place compared with the stark, cold, and institutional “projects” provided by the US federal government. Amsterdam leads Western Europe by 35% in social housing, compared with runner-up UK, which has significantly less. The modernism of the 1960s where the poor were warehoused is nearly all gone. People living in Amsterdam seem more tolerant, secure, happier, and healthier compared with citizens in the USA. Great cities provide opportunities for all citizens to enhance their lives and ensure an unrivalled level of freedom. We demonstrate that social and environmental justice are tied together. Amsterdam is by no means perfect, but in comparison with many other democratic industrial cities, it is a far better place for citizens of all races, religions, and incomes.  相似文献   

15.
Lead shot deposited in fields and woodlands near shooting rangesand intense, upland, hunting adds an enormous tonnage of lead toenvironments, worldwide. This contamination is not remedied bybanning lead shot use only for waterfowl hunting. Lead pelletsdisintegrate extremely slowly, during which time they may beingested from the soil by wild birds, livestock, or silage-makingmachinery, and cause sublethal or fatal lead poisoning. Leadpellet corrosion products contaminate soil, surface waters, andground waters, often exceeding permissible levels. Plants do notconcentrate much lead from the soil, except when grown in acidicsoils of heavily-contaminated shooting ranges. Inheavily-contaminated sites, earthworms ingest leadcompounds which are bioaccumulated in higher consumersof food webs. Non-toxic substitutes made from steelor bismuth are available internationally and areeffective for all types of hunting and targetshooting. Many nations are slow to require their use,despite the marked awareness of the problems of leadshot contamination and toxicosis. This is due tohunters and international sport shooting organizationsopposing the use of non-toxic substitutes and overtemphasis by government agencies on the burden ofscientific proof for every situation, rather thantaking preventative action according to thePrecautionary Principle. The ethical approach ofDenmark and The Netherlands, which banned all uses oflead shot, is advocated as a precedent for othernations to adopt.  相似文献   

16.
In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.  相似文献   

17.
The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT: Information on biologically important physical and chemical variables is presented for Lake Oconee, a newly impounded pumped storage reservoir in Georgia. During its first summer, when no pumping occurred, temperature, oxygen, pH, inorganic nitrogen, and phosphorus were vertically stratified with severe hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. During the second summer, when pumped storage was in operation, more homogenous vertical profiles, generally higher oxygen, and lower dissolved nutrient concentrations were observed. These pumped storage effects were observed at all stations, rather than being confined to the immediate vicinity of the dam.  相似文献   

19.
Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.  相似文献   

20.
Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.  相似文献   

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