海外石油项目环境合规性规范体系研究

海外石油项目的环境合规性管理意义重大,环境合规性管理的关键问题是识别合适的规范体系。 从法学理论分析,资源国法律及其批准的国际公约、投资开发协议所要求的法律法规、金融机构的融资担保合 同中所要求的法律法规、投资母国的法律规范构成了对海外石油项目的硬法约束;国际组织通过约束跨国公司行为的协定指南、企业加入的自愿性承诺、国际行业标准以及被视为最佳实践和惯例的标准导则构成了软法约束。文章结合多个国际大石油公司的环境合规性实践分析,认为在实际管理中,可以根据规范来源与效力、企业追求目标等因素将上述规范区分为核心规范和其他规范,其中核心规范进一步区分为必选规范和可选规范。     

重大资源环境项目社会稳定风险评估体系研究

为维护社会稳定、从源头上预防和化解重大资源环境类项目可能引发的社会矛盾,充分发挥社会稳定风险评估制度防控化解社会稳定风险的价值,进一步确保评估结果的规范性、准确性。采用文献分析法、德尔菲法、AHP法进行研究,从合法性、合理性、可行性、可控性4个维度构建了由52个指标组成的的社会风险评估指标体系,并计算得到各指标权重。最终得出项目社会稳定风险值计算模型以及项目风险定级方法,评价以R<0.34为高风险,0.34≤R<0.68为中风险,0.68≤R≤1为低风险。在此基础上提出防范化解此类项目社会稳定风险的措施建议,为社会稳定风险定量化评估提供思路。     

环境技术评价体系研究

文章根据环境技术基础数据和信息的真实可靠性,提出环境技术会议评价和环境技术实证评价两种评价方式,同时提出建立技术评价专家信誉制度、公众监督、信息公开等质量保证措施,有助于加快环保科技成果转化应用,推动环保产业发展.     

污染源环境监管体系建设现状及对策研究

我国环境治理体系正在不断趋于完善,而有效的污染源环境监管体系是国家环境治理体系的基础和核心。本文从污染源环境监管体制、政策制度、实施运行机制以及监管能力保障等方面,系统梳理了党的十八大以来污染源环境监管体系建设主要改革举措和总体进展,分析了深化改革仍然存在的主要问题、原因和挑战。立足于进一步加强相关政策措施系统性、集成性,切实提高污染源环境监管的权威性、有效性和透明性,本文初步提出了污染源环境监管与服务体系建设的思路框架,并针对当前污染源环境监管存在的问题,从运行机制模式、监管保障体系、守法引导服务等方面提出对策建议。     

电工设备高原环境适应性与标准体系建设研究

介绍了电工设备高原环境适应性研究与标准制定的进展,提出高原环境条件下的模拟试验仍然是检测高原电工产品性能的有效手段.建立地方标准和企业标准体系,是发展高原特色电工产品的重要内容.     

大连市松木岛化工园区环境风险预警体系建设研究

松木岛化工园区是大连市“一个中心,四大基地”的重要组成部分。在总结国内工业园区环境风险监控预警技术的基础上,从有毒有害气体监测因子确定、监控平台建设、空气预警站网点建设、应急体系建设等方面深入研究了松木岛化工园区环境风险预警体系,分析了其存在的问题,并采取针对措施,为大连市各化工园区环境风险预警体系的建设和完善提供参考。     

基于任务成功率的装备综合保障工作体系及协同设计环境研究

本文介绍了基于任务成功率的装备综合保障工作体系框架,提出了可靠性、维修性、测试性、保障性、安全性协同设计环境要求,从而为进行可靠性、维修性、测试性、保障性、安全性综合优化设计奠定基础。     

环境经济形势指数评价体系研究——以2020年第二季度各地区环境经济形势分析为例

为量化比较各地区环境经济形势,为生态环境管理决策提供重要数据依据,考虑经济水平、绿色发展、生态环境三方面,建立包括15个指标的评价模型。通过构建指标加权总分(Sum of Indicators,SoI)与指标得分耦合协调度(Coupling Coordination Degree,CCD)分别表征地区发展水平与发展协调度,两量相乘获得环境经济形势指数(Environmental and Economic Situation Index,以下简称“EESI”)。根据截止2020年第二季度31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团(以下简称31地区)数据,核算并分析(1)空间分布层面,31地区EESI总体呈现南方表现优于北方,东部优于西部的规律;(2)SoI和CCD度线性相关性层面,31地区大部分相关度明显;(3)经济水平-绿色发展-生态环境三系统关联性层面,指标加权总分较高地区正相关明显,总分较低地区负相关性明显。本文指标体系与评价方法应用既为整合已有信息,也可探索更深层次形势分析,用于不同尺度研究对象彼此比较。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.