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1.
Anjos RM Juri Ayub J Cid AS Cardoso R Lacerda T 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(11):1055-1061
Health hazard from natural radioactivity in Brazilian granites, covering the walls and floor in a typical dwelling room, was assessed by indirect methods to predict external gamma-ray dose rates and radon concentrations. The gamma-ray dose rate was estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation method and validated by in-situ measurements with a NaI spectrometer. Activity concentrations of 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K in an extensive selection of Brazilian commercial granite samples measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry were found to be 4.5-450 Bq kg−1, 4.9-160 Bq kg−1 and 190-2029 Bq kg−1, respectively. The maximum external gamma-ray dose rate from floor and walls covered with the Brazilian granites in the typical dwelling room (5.0 m × 4.0 m area, 2.8 m height) was found to be 120 nGy h−1, which is comparable with the average worldwide exposure to external terrestrial radiation of 80 nGy h−1 due to natural sources, proposed by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radon concentrations in the room were also estimated by a simple mass balance equation and exhalation rates calculated from the measured values of 226Ra concentrations and the material properties. The results showed that the radon concentration in the room ventilated adequately (0.5 h−1) will be lower than 100 Bq m−3, value recommended as a reference level by the World Health Organization. 相似文献
2.
Merete Grung Anders Ruus Tor Fredrik Holth Rajdeep Singh Sidhu Dag Øistein Eriksen Ketil Hylland 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
The main effluent from oil and gas production, produced water, from some platforms in the North Sea contains elevated concentrations of 226Ra. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 226Ra in sediment would accumulate in and affect sediment-dwelling organisms. In addition, we wanted to determine if the bioavailability would be modulated by the presence of a scale inhibitor which is used during oil and gas production. Hediste diversicolor was therefore exposed to different levels of 226Ra (30–6600 Bq kg−1) in combination with scale inhibitor in the sediments in a flow through system. The levels of radioactivity in the exposures were close to levels that can be measured in proximity to oil/gas production facilities. 226Ra spiked to natural sediment partitioned into pore water and accumulated in the sediment-dwelling polychaete following a four-week exposure period. The results suggest that 226Ra did not bind strongly to sediment (low sediment:water partitioning coefficient), but it was not shown to bioaccumulate in any great extent (bioaccumulation factors of 0.019–0.022). Exposure of H. diversicolor in sediments with up to 6600 Bq kg−1226Ra had no measurable effect on the total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the organisms compared to control. So although they accumulated the alpha-emitter, the treatments did not appear to cause oxidative stress in polychaete tissues. 相似文献
3.
Danuta Smolka-Danielowska 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(11):965-968
The subject of the study covered volatile ashes created during hard coal burning process in ash furnaces, in power plants operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland. Coal-fired power plants are furnished with dust extracting devices, electro precipitators, with 99-99.6% combustion gas extracting efficiency. Activity concentrations ofTh-232, Ra-226, K-40, Ac-228, U-235 and U-238 were measured with gamma-ray spectrometer. Concentrations of selected rare soil elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y, Gd, Th, U) were analysed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Mineral phases of individual ash particles were identified with the use of scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS attachment. Laser granulometric analyses were executed with the use of Analyssette analyser. The activity of the investigated fly-ash samples is several times higher than that of the bituminous coal samples; in the coal, the activities are: 226Ra - 85.4 Bq kg−1, 40 K-689 Bq kg−1, 232Th - 100.8 Bq kg−1, 235U-13.5 Bq kg−1, 238U-50 Bq kg−1 and 228Ac - 82.4 Bq kg−1. 相似文献
4.
The activity concentrations of Beryllium-7 (7Be), a naturally occurring radioisotope produced in the atmosphere, were measured in leaves of birch-trees, above-ground parts of grass, soil and rainwater in the mountain massive Kralicky Sneznik (the northeast of the Czech Republic, altitude about 750 m) in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Dried and ground samples of the plants and soils, and water samples from wet deposition were used to determine the 7Be content using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. The 7Be values ranged from 147.0 to 279.6 Bq kg−1, from 48.7 to 740.8 Bq kg−1, from 2.1 to 8.7 Bq kg−1, and from 0.6 to 1.9 Bq kg−1 in birch-tree leaves, grass samples, soils, and rainwater, respectively. Insignificant inter-annual variations but significant increase in the 7Be activity concentrations during the spring and summer months were observed in birch-tree leaves and grass samples. The seasonal variation of the 7Be concentrations in grass samples correlated (R2 = 0.4663 and 0.6489) with precipitation. No similar correlation was found for 7Be in birch-tree leaves. Beryllium-7 content in birch-tree leaves and in aerial parts of grass was mainly caused by direct transport of 7Be from wet deposition into aerial parts of the observed plants. 相似文献
5.
Concentration factors for Cs-137 and Ra-226 transfer from seawater, and dried sediment or mud with detritus, have been determined for whole, fresh weight, Chelon labrosus individuals and selected organs. Cesium was detected in 5 of 22 fish individuals, and its activity ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 Bq kg−1. Radium was detected in all fish, and ranged from 0.4 to 2.1 Bq kg−1, with an arithmetic mean of 1.0 Bq kg−1. In regards to fish organs, cesium activity concentration was highest in muscles (maximum - 3.7 Bq kg−1), while radium was highest in skeletons (maximum - 25 Bq kg−1). Among cesium concentration factors, those for muscles were the highest (from seawater - an average of 47, from sediment - an average of 3.3, from mud with detritus - an average of 0.8). Radium concentration factors were the highest for skeleton (from seawater - an average of 130, from sediment - an average of 1.8, from mud with detritus - an average of 1.5). Additionally, annual intake of cesium and radium by human adults consuming muscles of this fish species has been estimated to provide, in aggregate, an effective dose of about 4.1 μSv y−1. 相似文献
6.
Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Constantin Papastefanou 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(3):191-200
Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides, i.e. of 40K and of 238U, 232Th and their decay products. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the released into the environment of some natural radioactivity (1.48 TBq y−1), the major part of which (99 %) escapes as very fine particles, while the rest in fly ash. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured in coals originated from coal mines in Greece varied from 117 to 435 Bq kg−1 for 238U, from 44 to 255 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq kg−1 for 210Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra (232Th) and from 59 to 227 Bq kg−1 for 40K. Fly ash escapes from the stacks of coal-fired power plants in a percentage of 3-1% of the total fly ash, in the better case. The natural radionuclide concentrations measured in fly ash produced and retained or escaped from coal-fired power plants in Greece varied from 263 to 950 Bq kg−1 for 238U, from 142 to 605 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq kg−1 for 210Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra (232Th) and from 204 to 382 Bq kg−1 for 40K. About 5% of the total ash produced in the coal-fired power plants is used as substitute of cement in concrete for the construction of dwellings, and may affect indoor radiation doses from external irradiation and the inhalation of radon decay products (internal irradiation) is the most significant. The resulting normalized collective effective doses were 6 and 0.5 man-Sv (GW a)−1 for typical old and modern coal-fired power plants, respectively. 相似文献
7.
Tatiana Semizhon Victoria Putyrskaya Gregor Zibold Eckehard Klemt 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Following the Chernobyl accident, 137Cs contamination levels of wild boar in some districts of Southern Germany are still exceeding thousands of Bq kg−1. While the long term 137Cs concentration in forest plants, mushrooms, and roe deer meat has decreased significantly, for wild boar it has remained constant during the last decade. Between 1998 and 2008, we analysed the muscle meat of 656 wild boars shot in the district (“Landkreis”) Ravensburg. The 137Cs activity concentration showed considerable variability from less than 5 up to 8266 Bq kg−1 and it followed a seasonal pattern, which is attributed to changes in dietary habits, fodder availability, meteorological conditions and specific behaviour of 137Cs in wild boar organism. Tag values for wild boars from the district Ravensburg varied from 0.008 to 0.062 m2 kg−1 during 2000–2008. 相似文献
8.
Significantly high radiation level and radionuclide concentration along Quilon beach area of coastal Kerala have been reported by several investigators. Detailed gamma radiation level survey was carried out using a portable scintillometer. Detailed studies on radionuclides concentration in different environmental matrices of high background areas were undertaken in the coastal areas of Karunagapalli, Kayankulam, Chavara, Neendakara and Kollam to study the distribution and enrichment of the radionuclides in the region. The absorbed gamma dose rates in air in high background area are in the range 43-17,400 nGyh−1. Gamma radiation level is found to be maximum at a distance of 20 m from the sea waterline in all beaches. The soil samples collected from different locations were analysed for primordial radionuclides by gamma spectrometry. The activity of primordial radionuclides was determined for the different size fractions of soil to study the enrichment pattern. The highest activity of 232Th and 226Ra was found to be enriched in 125-63 μ size fraction. The preferential accumulation of 40K was found in <63 μ fraction. The minimum 232Th activity was 30.2 Bq kg−1, found in 1000-500 μ particle size fraction at Kollam and maximum activity of 3250.4 Bq kg−1 was observed in grains of size 125-63 μ at Neendakara. The lowest 226Ra activity observed was 33.9 Bq kg−1 at Neendakara in grains of size 1000-500 μ and the highest activity observed was 482.6 Bq kg−1 in grains of size 125-63 μ in Neendakara. The highest 40K activity found was 1923 Bq kg−1 in grains of size <63 μ for a sample collected from Neendakara. A good correlation was observed between computed dose and measured dose in air. The correlation between 232Th and 226Ra was also moderately high. The results of these investigations are presented and discussed in this paper. 相似文献
9.
Joga Singh Harmanjit Singh Surinder Singh B.S. Bajwa R.G. Sonkawade 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Natural radioactive materials under certain conditions can reach hazardous radiological levels. So, it becomes necessary to study the natural radioactivity levels in soil to assess the dose for the population in order to know the health risks and to have a baseline for future changes in the environmental radioactivity due to human activities. The natural radionuclide (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) contents in soil were determined for 26 locations around the Upper Siwaliks of Kala Amb, Nahan and Morni Hills, Northern India, using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometric analysis. It was observed that the concentration of natural radionuclides viz., 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, in the soil varies from 28.3 ± 0.5 to 81.0 ± 1.7 Bq kg−1, 61.2 ± 1.3 to 140.3 ± 2.6 Bq kg−1 and 363.4 ± 4.9 to 1002.2 ± 11.2 Bq kg−1 respectively. The total absorbed dose rate calculated from activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K ranged from 71.1 to 162.0 nGy h−1. The radium equivalent (Req) and the external hazard index (Hex), which resulted from the natural radionuclides in soil, were also calculated and found to vary from 149.4 to 351.8 Bq kg−1and from 0.40 to 0.95 respectively. These values in Upper Siwaliks area were compared with that from the adjoining areas of Punjab. The radium equivalent activities in all the soil samples were lower than the limit (370 Bq kg−1) set in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report and the dose equivalent was within the safe limit of 1 mSv y−1. 相似文献
10.
L.Q. Xu L.G. Sun H. Yan Y.H. Luo Y.H. Wang 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(5):362-368
Several natural and anthropogenic radionuclides (210Pb, 226Ra and 137Cs) in guano-phosphatic coral sediments and pure guano particles collected from Ganquan, Guangjin, Jinqing and Jinyin Islands of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea, were analyzed. The Constant Initial Concentration (CIC) model and the Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model were applied for age calculation. The average supply rate of 210Pb was 126 Bq m−2 a−1, very close to the flux of northern hemisphere average (125 Bq m−2 a−1). The activities of anthropogenic radionuclides in the sediments were very low, indicating that human nuclear tests did not notably impact this region. The main source of radionuclides in the sediments was from atmospheric precipitation, and the organic matter derived from plant and produced by nutrient-rich guano could further enhance them. 相似文献
11.
Siak Kuan Lee Husin Wagiran Ahmad Termizi Ramli Nursama Heru Apriantoro A. Khalik Wood 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Natural background gamma radiation and radioactivity concentrations were investigated from 2003 to 2005 in Kinta District, Perak, Malaysia. Sample locations were distant from any ‘amang’ processing plants. The external gamma dose rates ranged from 39 to 1039 nGy h−1. The mean external gamma dose rate was 222 ± 191 nGy h−1. Small areas of relatively enhanced activity were located having external gamma dose rates of up to 1039 ± 104 nGy h−1. The activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K were analyzed by using a high-resolution co-axial HPGe detector system. The activity concentration ranges were 12–426 Bq kg−1 for 238U, 19–1377 Bq kg−1 for 232Th and <19–2204 Bq kg−1 for 40 K. Based on the radioactivity levels determined, the gamma-absorbed dose rates in air at 1 m above the ground were calculated. The calculated dose rates and measured dose rates had a good correlation coefficient, R of 0.94. To evaluate the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the gamma-absorbed dose rate and the mean population weighted dose rate were calculated. An isodose map for the Kinta District was also produced. 相似文献
12.
Concentrations of the natural radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K have been measured by γ-ray spectrometry in 796 topsoil samples from the Pearl River Delta Zone (PRDZ) of Guangdong, China. The mean concentrations for 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to be 140 ± 37 Bq kg−1, 134 ± 41 Bq kg−1, 187 ± 80 Bq kg−1 and 680 ± 203 Bq kg−1 dry mass, respectively. These values were all higher than the mean values in soil for China and the world. Outdoor air-absorbed dose rates, calculated from activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, ranged from 86 to 237 nGy h−1, with a mean value of 165 ± 46 nGy h−1. The corresponding annual outdoor effective dose rate per person was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.29 mSv y−1, with a mean value of 0.20 ± 0.06 mSv y−1, which was also higher than the world mean value of 0.07 mSv y−1. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and the external hazard index (Ir) resulted from the natural radionuclides in soil, were also calculated and found to vary from 230 to 676 Bq kg−1 and from 0.6 to 1.8, respectively. The Raeq and the Ir in all the investigated regions were up to 75% higher than the set limits of 370 Bq kg−1 and 1.0, respectively. 相似文献
13.
The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between 137Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of 137Cs, 60Co, and 131I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of 137Cs and 131I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between 137Cs in seawater and 137Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R2 = 0.8, p < 0.001). Similarly, correlation was good for Nerita and discharged concentration of 137Cs, 131I and 60Co (R2 = 0.55-0.73 and p < 0.001). The measurements over the years indicated that there is no accumulation of radionuclides in either the terrestrial or aquatic environments. The mean 137Cs decreased from the pre-operational levels: 7.0-3.6 Bq kg−1 in soil, 0.91-0.016 Bq L−1 in milk and 0.28-0.036 Bq kg−1 in vegetation. Similarly, the mean 90Sr in these matrixes decreased from 3.9 to 0.26 Bq kg−1; 0.37-0.011 Bq L−1 and 0.34-0.022 Bq kg−1 respectively. Cesium-137 of about 700 μBq m−3 was measured in the air filter disks during 1986 and there was a decrease of three orders of magnitude in concentration over the 25 years. The evaluation of environmental data indicated that the radionuclide concentrations and potential impacts, in terms of effective dose to the members of public, have significantly reduced since 1969. 相似文献
14.
The Sambhar Salt Lake hydrological system, including river waters, groundwaters, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines, has been analyzed for the salt content (TDS) and naturally occurring radionuclides (210Po, 210Pb and 226,228Ra). The abundance of these radionuclides and their activity ratios show a wide variation in different hydrological regimes, which helps to geochemically characterize the lake system. A significantly lower Ra to total dissolved solids (TDS) ratio in the brines (by two to three orders of magnitude), when compared to the groundwaters and river waters, suggests removal of dissolved Ra by co-precipitation with Ca–Mg minerals at an early stage of the brine evolution. The concentration of Ra in evaporating lake/pan waters saturates at a value of about 35 Bq L−1 over the salinity range of 100–370 g L−1; attributable to its equilibration with the clay minerals. The two distinct regimes, saline lake system (lake water, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines) and groundwaters have been identified based on their differences in the distribution of 226,228Ra isotopes. This observation points to the conclusion that the groundwaters and the lake brines are not intimately coupled in terms of their origin and evolution. The abundances of 210Po and 210Pb along with their activity ratios (210Po/210Pb) are markedly different among the surface lake waters/evaporating pans, sub-surface lake brines and groundwaters. These differences are explained in terms of different geochemical behaviour of these nuclides in presence of algae and organic matter present in these water regimes. 相似文献
15.
M. Saghirzadeh M.R. Gharaati Sh. Mohammadi M. Ghiassi-Nejad 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1698
Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for 226Ra was 12,766 Bq kg−1 whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34–60 Bq kg−1. A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with 226Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA. 相似文献
16.
Vegetables grown with phosphate fertilizer (conventional management), with bovine manure fertilization (organic management) and in a mineral nutrient solution (hydroponic) were analyzed and the concentrations of 238U, 226Ra and 228Ra in lettuce, carrots, and beans were compared. Lettuce from hydroponic farming system showed the lowest concentration of radionuclides 0.51 for 226Ra, 0.55 for 228Ra and 0.24 for 238U (Bq kg−1 dry). Vegetables from organically and conventionally grown farming systems showed no differences in the concentration of radium and uranium. Relationships between uranium content in plants and exchangeable Ca and Mg in soil were found, whereas Ra in vegetables was inversely correlated to the cation exchange capacity of soil, leading to the assumption that by supplying carbonate and cations to soil, liming may cause an increase of U and a decrease of radium uptake by plants. The soil to plant transfer varied from 10−4 to 10−2 for 238U and from 10−2 to 10−1 for 228Ra. 相似文献
17.
The present study was conducted to compare the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg−1 respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg−1 respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low 137Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations. 相似文献
18.
The vertical distribution of 137Cs activity in peat soil profiles and 137Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of 137Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m−2. In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of 137Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site 137Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr−1 at the open bog site and the migration centre of 137Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr−1 and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest 137Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq−1 DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg−1 DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq−1 DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. 137Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m2 kg−1 DM at the low pine site. 相似文献
19.
Fate of radium (Ra) in liquid regeneration brine wastes from water softeners disposed to septic tanks in the New Jersey Coastal Plain was studied. Before treatment, combined Ra (226Ra plus 228Ra) concentrations (maximum, 1.54 Bq L−1) exceeded the 0.185 Bq L−1 Maximum Contaminant Level in 4 of 10 studied domestic-well waters (median pH, 4.90). At the water table downgradient from leachfields, combined Ra concentrations were low (commonly ≤0.019 Bq L−1) when pH was >5.3, indicating sequestration; when pH was ≤5.3 (acidic), concentrations were elevated (maximum, 0.985 Bq L−1 - greater than concentrations in corresponding discharged septic-tank effluents (maximum, 0.243 Bq L−1)), indicating Ra mobilization from leachfield sediments. Confidence in quantification of Ra mass balance was reduced by study design limitations, including synoptic sampling of effluents and ground waters, and large uncertainties associated with analytical methods. The trend of Ra mobilization in acidic environments does match observations from regional water-quality assessments. 相似文献
20.
Radionuclide analyses were performed in tissue samples including muscle, gonad, liver, mammary gland, and bone of marine mammals stranded on the Portuguese west coast during January-July 2006. Tissues were collected from seven dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Stenella coeruleoalba) and one pilot whale (Globicephala sp.). Samples were analyzed for 210Po and 210Pb by alpha spectrometry and for 137Cs and 40K by gamma spectrometry. Po-210 concentrations in common dolphin’s muscle (D. delphis) averaged 56 ± 32 Bq kg−1 wet weight (w.w.), while 210Pb averaged 0.17 ± 0.07 Bq kg−1 w.w., 137Cs averaged 0.29 ± 0.28 Bq kg−1 w.w., and 40K 129 ± 48 Bq kg−1 w.w. Absorbed radiation doses due to these radionuclides for the internal organs of common dolphins were computed and attained a 1.50 μGy h−1 on a whole body basis. 210Po was the main contributor to the weighted absorbed dose, accounting for 97% of the dose from internally accumulated radionuclides. These computed radiation doses in dolphins are compared to radiation doses from 210Po and other radionuclides reported for human tissues. Due to the high 210Po activity concentration in dolphins, the internal radiation dose in these marine mammals is about three orders of magnitude higher than in man. 相似文献