粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜处理水中悬浮物的抗污染特性

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜是一种新型的廉价无机膜,为研究其抗污染性能,研究了自制的管式膜在处理几种典型料液中的分离性能和渗透性能.考察了过滤不同料液过程中的阻力构成和膜的抗污染特性,并且和文献报道的同类过程中其他膜材料的性能进行了比较.实验进行了2~45 h无反冲、无清洗的连续运行.在过滤粉煤灰悬浮液、高龄土悬浮液和斜生栅藻悬浮液过程中,截留率可以达到100%,过滤阻力低于类似条件下的其他膜材料,在长时间运行后仍能保持较高的通量,表现出良好的抗污染性能.在过滤活性污泥时,截留率达到99.8%,单位压力下过滤通量达到1 170 L/(m·h·MPa).和其他膜材料相比,单位压力下的过滤通量表现出明显的优势.     

The performance of biological and tertiary wastewater treatment procedures for rotaviruses A removal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Enteric viruses, generally found in sewage, are recognized as the main cause of waterborne and foodborne public health outbreaks. Among leading...     

Adsorption and breakdown of penicillin antibiotic in the presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in water

The fate and transport of antibiotics in natural water systems is controlled in part by interactions with nanometer (10⁻⁹ m) metal oxide particles. Experiments were performed by mixing solutions of ampicillin (AMP), a common, penicillin-class human and veterinary antibiotic, with 25 nm-TiO₂ (anatase) nanoparticles at different pH conditions. Both sorption and degradation of AMP were observed in the AMP-nanoparticle solutions. For AMP concentrations from ∼3 μM to 2.9 mM the overall AMP removal from solution can be described by linear isotherms with removal coefficients (K_r) of 3028 (±267) L kg⁻¹ at pH 2, 11,533 (±823) L kg⁻¹ at pH 4, 12,712 (±672) L kg⁻¹ at pH 6, and 1941 (±342) L kg⁻¹ at pH 8. Mass spectral analysis of AMP solutions after removal of the solid nanoparticles yielded ions that indicate the presence of peniclloic acid, penilloic acid and related de-ammoniated by-products as possible compounds resulting from the degradation of AMP at the TiO₂ surface.     

膜生物反应器在粪便污水处理中的研究与应用

本文对粪便污水及其处理技术作了简要介绍 ,重点综述了国内外膜生物反应器处理粪便污水的工艺、处理效果、透水量影响因素、膜清洗方法等方面的研究进展情况。     

连续式离子分离系统(ISEP)在水杨酸生产废水处理中的应用

采用连续式离子分离系统 (ISEP)处理水杨酸生产废水 ,结果表明 ,该系统对水杨酸生产废水有良好的处理效果。当进水CODCr为 180 0 0— 2 0 0 0 0mg/L时 ,经一步吸附处理 ,出水CODCr可实现达标排放 ,苯酚、水杨酸去除率接近10 0 % ,脱附液中高浓度苯酚、水杨酸等资源可有效回收利用     

Hydrous ferric oxide nanoparticles hosted porous polyethersulfone adsorptive membrane: chromium (VI) adsorptive studies and its applicability for water/wastewater treatment

In this present study, adsorptive membranes for Cr(VI) ion removal were prepared by blending polyethersulfone (PES) with hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) nanoparticles (NPs). The effects of HFO NPs to PES weight ratio (0–1.5) on the physicochemical properties of the resultant HFO/PES adsorptive membranes were investigated with respect to the surface chemistry and roughness as well as structural morphologies using different analytical instruments. The adsorptive performance of the HFO NPs/PES membranes was studied via batch adsorption experiments under various conditions by varying solution pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), and contact time. The results showed that the membrane made of HFO/PES at a weight ratio of 1.0 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity which is 13.5 mg/g. Isotherm and kinetic studies revealed that the mechanism is best fitted to the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model. For filtration of Cr(VI), the best promising membranes showed improved water flux (629.3 L/m² h) with Cr(VI) ion removal of 75%. More importantly, the newly developed membrane maintained the Cr(VI) concentration below the maximum contamination level (MCL) for up to 9 h.

     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

曝气耦合表面流湿地技术净化河道水体的工艺优化及该技术对药物类污染物的去除效果

采用曝气耦合表面流湿地工艺处理劣Ⅴ类河水,通过单因素实验和响应面分析优化工艺条件并探讨耦合技术对药物类污染物的去除效果。工艺优化后的曝气条件为：曝气量0.45 L·(min·L)⁻¹,水力停留时间1 d,曝气间歇时间2 h(每曝气1 h),曝气位置(曝气深度/水深)0.5处。此条件下耦合技术去除TN、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+}{\text{-}}{\rm{N }}$、TP和COD的效率为55.6%、78.7%、68.1%和53.4%。应用耦合技术处理了2个不同浓度级别(150 ng·L⁻¹和1 000 ng·L⁻¹)的含药物类污染物的河水。结果表明,耦合技术对酮洛芬、普萘洛尔、甲氧苄啶、罗红霉素、布洛芬和缬沙坦的去除效果皆优于对照实验,对罗红霉素和布洛芬的去除具有协同效应,同时,耦合技术对常规污染物TN、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+}{\text{-}}{\rm{N}}$和TP 的去除也具有协同效应。本研究可为河道治理中表面流湿地技术的改进及河道水体中药物类污染物的去除提供参考。     

磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒的制备及在水处理中的应用

众所周知,纳米颗粒在去除水中污染物的过程中易团聚,还会造成水体的二次污染。磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒因其能迅速从水中分离的特性而被广泛关注。改性之后的磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒在水中污染物的去除方面有很好的应用。对磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒及其载体或复合物的制备方法进行了概述,重点对水中污染物的去除从3个方面进行了阐述:磁性Fe3O4纳米材料对水中重金属的吸附、有机物的吸附及水中细菌和医疗废物的处理。     

The use of XAD-resins for the detection of mutagenic activity in water: I. Studies with surface water

A study of the effects of different XAD-resins, bed volume, flow rate, pH and type of eluent on the extraction of organic mutagens from surface water is presented. XAD-4/8 is as effective as XAD-2 in concentrating organic mutagens from surface water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is as efficient as acetone in eluting the adsorbed organic mutagens. The latter allows direct testing up to 0.5 ml of DMSO concentrate in the Ames test. Variation of the pH of the water after passing the XAD-4/8, followed by readsorption, shows that the majority of the mutagenic activity due to dissolved organics is adsorbed at neutral pH. Only a minor fraction is readsorbed at pH 3. Further a XAD-4/8 concentrate and a similar concentrate prepared by freeze drying gives similar mutagenic activity. This indicates that many of the organic mutagens are recovered in the XAD-4/8 concentrate.It is concluded that adsorption on XAD-4/8, followed by direct testing of the DMSO eluates in the Ames test, presents a rapid and relatively simple way to detect low concentrations of organic mutagens in surface water. The general suitability of the method is shown for different types of surface water.     

The use of XAD-resins for the detection of mutagenic activity in water: II. Studies with drinking water

The combined XAD-4/8-Ames test procedure for concentrating and detecting trace amounts of organic mutagens, as already described for surface water, is shown to be suitable for drinking water as well. DMSO is as effective as acetone in eluting the adsorbed mutagens, and optimal recovery of overall mutagenic activity is observed at a flow rate of 2–4 bed volumes/min. The drinking water of 6 cities in The Netherlands, which prepare their drinking water from the rivers Rhine and Meuse, has been tested for mutagenic activity. Mutagenic activity could be demonstrated in 4 cities. Dose-related responses are observed with concentrates of as little as 500 ml of drinking water and the 4 cities clearly differ with regard to the type of mutations induced (TA 98 or TA 100) and the effect of metabolic activation. The absence of mutagenic activity in drinking water of 2 cities indicates that by a proper combination of treatment processes the organics which are responsible for the detected mutagenic activity in drinking water can be removed to a high degree.     

含油污水处理用旋流气浮一体化设备的CFD数值模拟

借助商业计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent,对国内自主研发的含油污水处理用BIPTCFU-1型旋流气浮一体化设备进行内部流场的数值模拟研究,讨论了射流器挡板和缓流板等主要结构参数对设备分离性能的影响,并对污水处理量和回流比等运行参数对设备除油率的影响进行了评估。为下一步通过CFD数值模拟手段进行优化设计,进而成功研发含油污水旋流气浮一体化处理设备奠定了较为坚实的基础。     

木质膜耦合聚合物膜的重力驱动膜过滤系统增强水源水中重金属的去除及机制

针对聚合物膜的重力驱动膜过滤系统(gravity-driven membrane filtration system,GDM)对水源水中重金属去除效率低的问题,将其与木质膜(wood membrane,WM)耦合,以环保且廉价的方式提高重金属的去除效率。本研究比较了木质膜耦合聚合物微滤(microfiltration,MF)膜的GDM系统(GDM1)和聚合物微滤膜GDM系统(GDM2)对水源水中重金属的去除效能及机制。与GDM2相比,GDM1系统在木质膜的作用下,其微滤膜(GDM1-MF)上的生物膜更薄并呈现出更疏松的网状结构,因此,膜阻力更低,稳定通量更高。稳定运行后,GDM1系统对水中Fe、Mn和Cu的去除率分别达到67%、43%和59%,均高于GDM2(64%、15%和36%)。这是由于GDM1系统生物膜胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中蛋白含量以及—OH和—COOH基团更多,更有利于截留重金属。此外,GDM1-MF中存在更多的锰氧化细菌、酸杆菌门Acidobacteriota和黄杆菌属Flavobacterium,促进了Mn和Cu的去除。本研究为利用GDM系统去除水中重金属提供了新的思路和方法,对推动利用GDM系统处理重金属污染水源水的应用具有重大意义。     

浸没式超滤膜替代砂滤处理东江水的中试研究

针对传统饮用水处理工艺的升级改造问题,通过中试实验,系统考察浸没式超滤膜替代砂滤处理东江水的出水水质并研究高通量条件下的膜运行条件。结果表明,浸没式超滤膜出水浊度不受原水水质条件影响,均保持在0.1 NTU以下,与砂滤出水相比具有优势,但有机物去除率与砂滤相差不大。膜系统在高通量条件下运行时,过滤周期应作适当的缩短,采用合理的物理清洗来缓解膜污染,并辅助以有效的在线化学清洗可保证膜过滤的长期稳定运行。     

活性污泥中EPS的2种测定方法及其对膜通量的影响

以动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）中养殖废水为研究体系,探讨活性污泥中细菌胞外多聚物（EPS）的2种测定方法,蛋白质多糖加合法（EPS PSP）、TOC法（EPS TOC）及其与膜通量之间的相关性研究。结果表明,EPS PSP与EPS TOC的相关性较好,相关系数R2为0.9183;EPS PSP约为EPS TOC的80%左右。EPS TOC和EPS PSP与膜通量的相关系数较低,仅为0.490和0.412,说明造成膜污染的因素很多,相比之下,EPS TOC比EPS PSP更适合说明膜生物反应器中的污泥状态,更能体现膜污染的状况。     

Influencing factors and improvement paths of green water use efficiency in the Yellow River Basin: a new perspective based on ecogeographical divisions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Exploring the influencing factors and improvement paths of green water use efficiency (GWUE) based on different regions is very important for the...     

The fate and importance of organics in drinking water treatment: a review

In the pioneer days, the main driving forces for research of organics in drinking water treatment (DWT) were human health risks and optimisation of technology. The focus was on natural organic matter (NOM) structure, disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, NOM removal by means of coagulation, adsorption, and oxidation, and development of the most efficient water treatment trains. Surprisingly, after decades of research, rapid development of analytical techniques and progress in risk assessment, the same driving forces are still in the limelight — although the topics have changed slightly. The attention switched from trihalomethanes to a new generation of DBPs. The definition of hydrophilic/hydrophobic NOM depends on the technique used for characterisation. It has become evident that numerous organic compounds can threaten water supply sources. Some of them had been ignored or overlooked in the past, but have recently been detected by advanced analytical tools even in drinking water. Prioritisation becomes priority per se. As far as processes are concerned, mainstream research has been following three lines: fouling mechanisms, application of hybrid processes and interactions between synthetic organic chemicals, other water constituents and materials used in DWT. Significant development has been made in membrane technology. This paper presents a broad overview of the recent organics research. Although the state-of-the-art technologies seem to have an answer to each and every question raised, it is still necessary to deal with specific problems on a case-by-case basis mainly due to the unique nature of NOM and different xenobiotics that may appear in various types of waters. In the end, human health risk, which derives from the presence/absence of organics, is only the tip of the iceberg — underneath lies a whole new universe — the socio-economic aspect of water treatment and quality that deserves much more attention.     

颗粒物粒径和有机物分子量对超滤膜污染的影响

采用不同孔径和截留分子量的膜对原水进行预过滤,研究不同粒径的颗粒物和不同分子量的有机物对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,原水中浊度、CODMn、DOC和UV254的去除率逐渐提高,超滤膜运行的跨膜压力(TMP)比直接过滤原水时降低;经孔径为1.2μm和0.45μm的膜预过滤后,超滤膜运行的TMP仍上升较快,而经过截留分子量为100 kDa及以下膜预过滤后,膜污染比较缓慢。对膜阻力构成分析的结果表明,随着预过滤膜孔径或截留分子量的减小,超滤膜运行过程中的表面饼层阻力逐渐减小,堵孔阻力也有明显降低,但预膜滤不能有效降低膜的吸附阻力。超滤膜表面的扫描电镜观察结果表明,经过截留分子量在100 kDa及以下的膜预过滤后,超滤膜表面比较干净,此时的膜过滤阻力主要来源于吸附和堵孔阻力。     

FO深度处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的运行效能及膜污染特性

针对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液负压原位碱度脱氨出水中COD和氨氮浓度无法满足现行排放标准的问题,采用正渗透 (FO) 对出水进行进一步处理;探究膜朝向、汲取液浓度和错流速率对正渗透运行性能的影响,确定最佳运行参数;通过FO连续运行实验,确定正渗透连续运行下的膜清洗方案;采用三维荧光 (EEM) 结合平行因子分析方法 (PARAFAC) 对膜污染物质和特性进行分析。结果表明：活性层朝向汲取液 (AL-DS) 与活性层朝向原料液 (AL-FS) 模式相比,可以取得更高的初始通量,但膜通量下降速率更快,且具有更强的膜污染,物理清洗恢复率更低;而AL-FS的膜通量更稳定,且具有较低的膜污染趋势;汲取液浓度为2 mol·L⁻¹时,初始通量为14.81 L·(m²·h)⁻¹,运行10.5 h后,脱氨出水的浓缩倍数为10倍,出水水质可以达到排放标准;物理清洗后,通量恢复率为90%,膜污染程度较轻;提高错流速率至8 cm·s⁻¹可以减缓膜污染,而进一步提高错流速率对膜通量并没有明显的促进作用;连续运行实验结果证明将物理清洗与化学清洗相结合以实现高效的正渗透操作是可行的;膜污染主要成分为色氨酸类物质、腐殖质类物质和富里酸类物质,膜污染贡献大小为色氨酸类物质>富里酸类物质>腐殖质类物质。由此可知,采用FO深度处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液负压原位碱度脱氨出水,可以使出水达到排放标准,并且在FO运行过程中,通过选取合适的运行措施可以适当减缓膜污染,确保FO稳定运行。该研究结果可为FO处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液工业化规模提供理论基础和应用参考。     

盐度对序批式反应器与间歇曝气膜生物反应器污水处理效果的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR)与间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IAMBR)处理模拟生活污水,考察了进水盐度对两反应器污水处理效果的影响。研究表明,当进水盐度为0g/L(以NaCl质量浓度计,下同)时,SBR和IAMBR对总有机碳(TOC)、NH4+-N及TN的去除能力相当,IAMBR未表现出明显的优势;当进水盐度为10g/L时,SBR和IAMBR对TOC、NH4+-N及TN的去除产生明显的差异。IAMBR因为膜的截留与微生物富集作用,对污染物的去除无明显变化,依然保持了较高的污染物去除率,而SBR受盐度冲击影响较大,TOC、NH4+-N及TN的去除率均大幅降低,说明IAMBR具有较高的抗盐度冲击性能。